"Then, do the good attain their object?"
"It seems so."
"But if the bad were to attain the good which is _their_ object, they could not be bad?"
"No."
"Then, since both seek good, but while the one sort attain it, the other attain it not, is there any doubt that the good are endued with power, while they who are bad are weak?"
"If any doubt it, he is incapable of reflecting on the nature of things, or the consequences involved in reasoning."
"Again, supposing there are two things to which the same function is prescribed in the course of nature, and one of these successfully accomplishes the function by natural action, the other is altogether incapable of that natural action, instead of which, in a way other than is agreeable to its nature, it--I will not say fulfils its function, but feigns to fulfil it: which of these two would in thy view be the stronger?"
"I guess thy meaning, but I pray thee let me hear thee more at large."
"Walking is man"s natural motion, is it not?"
"Certainly."
"Thou dost not doubt, I suppose, that it is natural for the feet to discharge this function?"
"No; surely I do not."
"Now, if one man who is able to use his feet walks, and another to whom the natural use of his feet is wanting tries to walk on his hands, which of the two wouldst thou rightly esteem the stronger?"
"Go on," said I; "no one can question but that he who has the natural capacity has more strength than he who has it not."
"Now, the supreme good is set up as the end alike for the bad and for the good; but the good seek it through the natural action of the virtues, whereas the bad try to attain this same good through all manner of concupiscence, which is not the natural way of attaining good. Or dost thou think otherwise?"
"Nay; rather, one further consequence is clear to me: for from my admissions it must needs follow that the good have power, and the bad are impotent."
"Thou antic.i.p.atest rightly, and that as physicians reckon is a sign that nature is set working, and is throwing off the disease. But, since I see thee so ready at understanding, I will heap proof on proof. Look how manifest is the extremity of vicious men"s weakness; they cannot even reach that goal to which the aim of nature leads and almost constrains them. What if they were left without this mighty, this well-nigh irresistible help of nature"s guidance! Consider also how momentous is the powerlessness which incapacitates the wicked. Not light or trivial[L] are the prizes which they contend for, but which they cannot win or hold; nay, their failure concerns the very sum and crown of things. Poor wretches! they fail to compa.s.s even that for which they toil day and night. Herein also the strength of the good conspicuously appears. For just as thou wouldst judge him to be the strongest walker whose legs could carry him to a point beyond which no further advance was possible, so must thou needs account him strong in power who so attains the end of his desires that nothing further to be desired lies beyond. Whence follows the obvious conclusion that they who are wicked are seen likewise to be wholly dest.i.tute of strength. For why do they forsake virtue and follow vice? Is it from ignorance of what is good?
Well, what is more weak and feeble than the blindness of ignorance? Do they know what they ought to follow, but l.u.s.t drives them aside out of the way? If it be so, they are still frail by reason of their incontinence, for they cannot fight against vice. Or do they knowingly and wilfully forsake the good and turn aside to vice? Why, at this rate, they not only cease to have power, but cease to be at all. For they who forsake the common end of all things that are, they likewise also cease to be at all. Now, to some it may seem strange that we should a.s.sert that the bad, who form the greater part of mankind, do not exist. But the fact is so. I do not, indeed, deny that they who are bad are bad, but that they _are_ in an unqualified and absolute sense I deny. Just as we call a corpse a dead man, but cannot call it simply "man," so I would allow the vicious to be bad, but that they _are_ in an absolute sense I cannot allow. That only _is_ which maintains its place and keeps its nature; whatever falls away from this forsakes the existence which is essential to its nature. "But," thou wilt say, "the bad have an ability." Nor do I wish to deny it; only this ability of theirs comes not from strength, but from impotence. For their ability is to do evil, which would have had no efficacy at all if they could have continued in the performance of good. So this ability of theirs proves them still more plainly to have no power. For if, as we concluded just now, evil is nothing, "tis clear that the wicked can effect nothing, since they are only able to do evil."
"Tis evident."
"And that thou mayst understand what is the precise force of this power, we determined, did we not, awhile back, that nothing has more power than supreme good?"
"We did," said I.
"But that same highest good cannot do evil?"
"Certainly not."
"Is there anyone, then, who thinks that men are able to do all things?"
"None but a madman."
"Yet they are able to do evil?"
"Ay; would they could not!"
"Since, then, he who can do only good is omnipotent, while they who can do evil also are not omnipotent, it is manifest that they who can do evil have less power. There is this also: we have shown that all power is to be reckoned among things desirable, and that all desirable things are referred to good as to a kind of consummation of their nature. But the ability to commit crime cannot be referred to the good; therefore it is not a thing to be desired. And yet all power is desirable; it is clear, then, that ability to do evil is not power. From all which considerations appeareth the power of the good, and the indubitable weakness of the bad, and it is clear that Plato"s judgment was true; the wise alone are able to do what they would, while the wicked follow their own hearts" l.u.s.t, but can _not_ accomplish what they would. For they go on in their wilfulness fancying they will attain what they wish for in the paths of delight; but they are very far from its attainment, since shameful deeds lead not to happiness."
FOOTNOTES:
[K] The paradoxes in this chapter and chapter iv. are taken from Plato"s "Gorgias." See Jowett, vol. ii., pp. 348-366, and also pp. 400, 401 ("Gorgias," 466-479, and 508, 509).
[L]
"No trivial game is here; the strife Is waged for Turnus" own dear life."
_Conington_.
See Virgil, aeneid," xii. 764, 745: _cf_. "Iliad," xxii. 159-162.
SONG II.
THE BONDAGE OF Pa.s.sION.
When high-enthroned the monarch sits, resplendent in the pride Of purple robes, while flashing steel guards him on every side; When baleful terrors on his brow with frowning menace lower, And Pa.s.sion shakes his labouring breast--how dreadful seems his power!
But if the vesture of his state from such a one thou tear, Thou"lt see what load of secret bonds this lord of earth doth wear.
l.u.s.t"s poison rankles; o"er his mind rage sweeps in tempest rude; Sorrow his spirit vexes sore, and empty hopes delude.
Then thou"lt confess: one hapless wretch, whom many lords oppress, Does never what he would, but lives in thraldom"s helplessness.
III.
"Thou seest, then, in what foulness unrighteous deeds are sunk, with what splendour righteousness shines. Whereby it is manifest that goodness never lacks its reward, nor crime its punishment. For, verily, in all manner of transactions that for the sake of which the particular action is done may justly be accounted the reward of that action, even as the wreath for the sake of which the race is run is the reward offered for running. Now, we have shown happiness to be that very good for the sake of which all things are done. Absolute good, then, is offered as the common prize, as it were, of all human actions. But, truly, this is a reward from which it is impossible to separate the good man, for one who is without good cannot properly be called good at all; wherefore righteous dealing never misses its reward. Rage the wicked, then, never so violently, the crown shall not fall from the head of the wise, nor wither. Verily, other men"s unrighteousness cannot pluck from righteous souls their proper glory. Were the reward in which the soul of the righteous delighteth received from without, then might it be taken away by him who gave it, or some other; but since it is conferred by his own righteousness, then only will he lose his prize when he has ceased to be righteous. Lastly, since every prize is desired because it is believed to be good, who can account him who possesses good to be without reward? And what a prize, the fairest and grandest of all! For remember the corollary which I chiefly insisted on a little while back, and reason thus: Since absolute good is happiness, "tis clear that all the good must be happy for the very reason that they are good. But it was agreed that those who are happy are G.o.ds. So, then, the prize of the good is one which no time may impair, no man"s power lessen, no man"s unrighteousness tarnish; "tis very G.o.dship. And this being so, the wise man cannot doubt that punishment is inseparable from the bad. For since good and bad, and likewise reward and punishment, are contraries, it necessarily follows that, corresponding to all that we see accrue as reward of the good, there is some penalty attached as punishment of evil. As, then, righteousness itself is the reward of the righteous, so wickedness itself is the punishment of the unrighteous. Now, no one who is visited with punishment doubts that he is visited with evil.
Accordingly, if they were but willing to weigh their own case, could _they_ think themselves free from punishment whom wickedness, worst of all evils, has not only touched, but deeply tainted?
"See, also, from the opposite standpoint--the standpoint of the good--what a penalty attends upon the wicked. Thou didst learn a little since that whatever is is one, and that unity itself is good.
Accordingly, by this way of reckoning, whatever falls away from goodness ceases to be; whence it comes to pa.s.s that the bad cease to be what they were, while only the outward aspect is still left to show they have been men. Wherefore, by their perversion to badness, they have lost their true human nature. Further, since righteousness alone can raise men above the level of humanity, it must needs be that unrighteousness degrades below man"s level those whom it has cast out of man"s estate.
It results, then, that thou canst not consider him human whom thou seest transformed by vice. The violent despoiler of other men"s goods, enflamed with covetousness, surely resembles a wolf. A bold and restless spirit, ever wrangling in law-courts, is like some yelping cur. The secret schemer, taking pleasure in fraud and stealth, is own brother to the fox. The pa.s.sionate man, phrenzied with rage, we might believe to be animated with the soul of a lion. The coward and runaway, afraid where no fear is, may be likened to the timid deer. He who is sunk in ignorance and stupidity lives like a dull a.s.s. He who is light and inconstant, never holding long to one thing, is for all the world like a bird. He who wallows in foul and unclean l.u.s.ts is sunk in the pleasures of a filthy hog. So it comes to pa.s.s that he who by forsaking righteousness ceases to be a man cannot pa.s.s into a G.o.dlike condition, but actually turns into a brute beast."
SONG III.
CIRCE"S CUP.
Th" Ithacan discreet, And all his storm-tossed fleet, Far o"er the ocean wave The winds of heaven drave-- Drave to the mystic isle, Where dwelleth in her guile That fair and faithless one, The daughter of the Sun.
There for the stranger crew With cunning spells she knew To mix th" enchanted cup.