[417] 5 Moore, International Law Digest, 478-510, _pa.s.sim_.
[418] A Decade of American Foreign Policy, S. Doc. 123, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., p. 1347.
[419] _See_ Max Farrand, Records, II, 318-319.
[420] Youngstown Co. _v._ Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
[421] 17 Fed. Reg. 3139-3143.
"Whereas on December 16, 1950, I proclaimed the existence of a national emergency which requires that the military, naval, air, and civilian defenses of this country be strengthened as speedily as possible to the end that we may be able to repel any and all threats against our national security and to fulfill our responsibilities in the efforts being made throughout the United Nations and otherwise to bring about a lasting peace; and
"Whereas American fighting men and fighting men of other nations of the United Nations are now engaged in deadly combat with the forces of aggression in Korea, and forces of the United States are stationed elsewhere overseas for the purpose of partic.i.p.ating in the defense of the Atlantic Community against aggression; and
"Whereas the weapons and other materials needed by our armed forces and by those joined with us in the defense of the free world are produced to a great extent in this country, and steel is an indispensable component of substantially all of such weapons and materials; and
"Whereas steel is likewise indispensable to the carrying out of programs of the Atomic Energy Commission of vital importance to our defense efforts; and
"Whereas a continuing and uninterrupted supply of steel is also indispensable to the maintenance of the economy of the United States, upon which our military strength depends; and
"Whereas a controversy has arisen between certain companies in the United States producing and fabricating steel and the elements thereof and certain of their workers represented by the United Steel Workers of America, CIO, regarding terms and conditions of employment; and
"Whereas the controversy has not been settled through the processes of collective bargaining or through the efforts of the Government, including those of the Wage Stabilization Board, to which the controversy was referred on December 22, 1951, pursuant to Executive Order No. 10233, and a strike has been called for 12:01 A.M., April 9, 1952; and
"Whereas a work stoppage would immediately jeopardize and imperil our national defense and the defense of those joined with us in resisting aggression, and would add to the continuing danger of our soldiers, sailors, and airmen engaged in combat in the field; and
"Whereas in order to a.s.sure the continued availability of steel and steel products during the existing emergency, it is necessary that the United States take possession of and operate the plants, facilities, and other property of the said companies as hereinafter provided:
"Now, Therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Const.i.tution and laws of the United States, and as President of the United States and Commander in Chief of the armed forces of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:
"1. The Secretary of Commerce is hereby authorized and directed to take possession of all or such of the plants, facilities, and other property of the companies named in the list attached hereto, or any part thereof, as he may deem necessary in the interests of national defense; and to operate or to arrange for the operation thereof and to do all things necessary for, or incidental to, such operation.
"2. In carrying out this order the Secretary of Commerce may act through or with the aid of such public or private instrumentalities or persons as he may designate; and all Federal agencies shall cooperate with the Secretary of Commerce to the fullest extent possible in carrying out the purposes of this order.
"3. The Secretary of Commerce shall determine and prescribe terms and conditions of employment under which the plants, facilities, and other properties possession of which is taken pursuant to this order shall be operated. The Secretary of Commerce shall recognize the rights of workers to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining, adjustment of grievances or other mutual aid or protection, provided that such activities do not interfere with the operation of such plants, facilities, and other properties.
"4. Except so far as the Secretary of Commerce shall otherwise provide from time to time, the managements of the plants, facilities, and other properties possession of which is taken pursuant to this order shall continue their functions, including the collection and disburs.e.m.e.nt of funds in the usual and ordinary course of business in the names of their respective companies and by means of any instrumentalities used by such companies.
"5. Except so far as the Secretary of Commerce may otherwise direct, existing rights and obligations of such companies shall remain in full force and effect, and there may be made, in due course, payments of dividends on stock, and of princ.i.p.al, interest, sinking funds, and all other distributions upon bonds, debentures, and other obligations, and expenditures may be made for other ordinary corporate or business purposes.
"6. Whenever in the judgment of the Secretary of Commerce further possession and operation by him of any plant, facility, or other property is no longer necessary or expedient in the interest of national defense, and the Secretary has reason to believe that effective future operation is a.s.sured, he shall return the possession and operation of such plant, facility, or other property to the company in possession and control thereof at the time possession was taken under this order.
"7. The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to prescribe and issue such regulations and orders not inconsistent herewith as he may deem necessary or desirable for carrying out the purposes of this order; and he may delegate and authorize subdelegation of such of his functions under this order as he may deem desirable. Harry S. Truman. The White House, April 8, 1952."
[422] 343 U.S. 579, 583.
[423] Ibid. 584.
[424] 343 U.S. 579, 585-589.
[425] 2 Cr. 170 (1804).
[426] 343 U.S. 579, 660, 661.
[427] 343 U.S. 579, 684, citing 10 Annals of Congress, 619 (1800). _See also_ p. 418.
[428] 9 Stat. 302; R.S. ---- 5270-5279.
[429] For the controversy thereby precipitated between Hamilton ("Pacificus") and Madison (Helvidius), _see_ Edward S. Corwin, The President"s Control of Foreign Relations (Princeton University Press, 1916), Chap. I.
[430] The Act of June 5, 1794; 1 Stat. 381. The Act was the direct outcome of suggestions made by Washington in his message of December 5, 1793. 1 Richardson 139.
[431] 22 Opins. A.G. 13 (1898); Tucker _v._ Alexandroff, 183 U.S. 424, 435 (1902). An act was pa.s.sed May 27, 1921 (42 Stat. 8) which requires presidential license for the landing and operation of cables connecting the United States with foreign countries. Quincy Wright, The Control of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1922) 302 fn. 75.
[432] Santiago _v._ Nogueras, 214 U.S. 260 (1909).
[433] Madsen _v._ Kinsella, 343 U.S. 341 (1952).
[434] Charlton _v._ Kelly, 229 U.S. 447 (1913). _See also_ Botiller _v._ Dominguez, 130 U.S. 238 (1889).
[435] Sinclair _v._ United States, 279 U.S. 263, 289, 297 (1929).
[436] 12 Stat. 755.
[437] Berdahl, War Powers of the Executive in the United States (University of Illinois, 1921), 69.
[438] 343 U.S. 579, 695.
[439] 89 Cong. Rec. 3992 (1943).
[440] 57 Stat. 163.
[441] 343 U.S. 579, 697.
[442] 341 U.S. 114 (1951).
[443] _See_ Hooe _v._ United States, 218 U.S. 322, 335-336 (1910); United States _v._ North American Co., 253 U.S. 330, 333 (1920). _Cf._ Larson _v._ Domestic and Foreign Corp., 337 U.S. 682, 701-702 (1949).
[444] 341 U.S. 114, 119.
[445] _See_ p. 486.
[446] Brief for the United States, No. 278, October Term, 1914, pp. 11, 75-77, quoted by the Chief Justice in 343 U.S. 579, 689-691. a.s.sistant Attorney General Knaebel"s name was also on the Brief.
[447] 343 U.S. 579, 597.
[448] Ibid. 602.
[449] 343 U.S. 579, 631-632.