Jan. 1868, p. 38.
[318] "The Annals of Rural Bengal," 1868, p. 134.
[319] "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 95.
[320] Pallas, "Act. Acad. St. Petersburgh," 1780, part ii. p.
69. He was followed by Rudolphi, in his "Beytrage zur Anthropologie," 1812. An excellent summary of the evidence is given by G.o.dron, "De l"Espece," 1859, vol. ii. p. 246, &c.
[321] Sir Andrew Smith, as quoted by Knox, "Races of Man,"
1850, p. 473.
[322] See De Quatref.a.ges on this head, "Revue des Cours Scientifiques," Oct. 17, 1868, p. 731.
[323] Livingstone"s "Travels and Researches in S. Africa,"
1857, p. 338, 329. D"Orbigny, as quoted by G.o.dron, "De l"Espece," vol. ii. p. 266.
[324] See a paper read before the Royal Soc. in 1813, and published in his Essays in 1818. I have given an account of Dr.
Wells" views in the Historical Sketch (p. xvi) to my "Origin of Species." Various cases of colour correlated with const.i.tutional peculiarities are given in my "Variation of Animals under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 227, 335.
[325] See, for instance, Nott and Gliddon, "Types of Mankind,"
p. 68.
[326] Major Tulloch, in a paper read before the Statistical Society, April 20th, 1840, and given in the "Athenaeum," 1840, p. 353.
[327] "The Plurality of the Human Race" (translat.), 1864, p.
60.
[328] Quatref.a.ges, "Unite de l"Espece Humaine," 1861, p. 205.
Waitz, "Introduct. to Anthropology," translat. vol. i. 1863, p.
124. Livingstone gives a.n.a.logous cases in his "Travels."
[329] In the spring of 1862 I obtained permission from the Director-General of the Medical department of the Army, to transmit to the surgeons of the various regiments on foreign service a blank table, with the following appended remarks, but I have received no returns. "As several well-marked cases have been recorded with our domestic animals of a relation between the colour of the dermal appendages and the const.i.tution; and it being notorious that there is some limited degree of relation between the colour of the races of man and the climate inhabited by them; the following investigation seems worth consideration. Namely, whether there is any relation in Europeans between the colour of their hair, and their liability to the diseases of tropical countries. If the surgeons of the several regiments, when stationed in unhealthy tropical districts, would be so good as first to count, as a standard of comparison, how many men, in the force whence the sick are drawn, have dark and light-coloured hair, and hair of intermediate or doubtful tints; and if a similar account were kept by the same medical gentlemen, of all the men who suffered from malarious and yellow fevers, or from dysentery, it would soon be apparent, after some thousand cases had been tabulated, whether there exists any relation between the colour of the hair and const.i.tutional liability to tropical diseases. Perhaps no such relation would be discovered, but the investigation is well worth making. In case any positive result were obtained, it might be of some practical use in selecting men for any particular service. Theoretically the result would be of high interest, as indicating one means by which a race of men inhabiting from a remote period an unhealthy tropical climate, might have become dark-coloured by the better preservation of dark-haired or dark-complexioned individuals during a long succession of generations."
[330] "Anthropological Review," Jan. 1866, p. xxi.
[331] See, for instance, Quatref.a.ges ("Revue des Cours Scientifiques," Oct. 10, 1868, p. 724) on the effects of residence in Abyssinia and Arabia, and other a.n.a.logous cases.
Dr. Rolle ("Der Mensch, seine Abstammung," &c., 1865, s. 99) states, on the authority of Khanikof, that the greater number of German families settled in Georgia, have acquired in the course of two generations dark hair and eyes. Mr. D. Forbes informs me that the Quichuas in the Andes vary greatly in colour, according to the position of the valleys inhabited by them.
[332] Harlan, "Medical Researches," p. 532. Quatref.a.ges ("Unite de l"Espece Humaine," 1861, p. 128) has collected much evidence on this head.
[333] See Prof. Schaaffhausen, translat. in "Anthropological Review," Oct. 1868, p. 429.
[334] Mr. Catlin states ("N. American Indians," 3rd edit. 1842, vol. i. p. 49) that in the whole tribe of the Mandans, about one in ten or twelve of the members of all ages and both s.e.xes have bright silvery grey hair, which is hereditary. Now this hair is as coa.r.s.e and harsh as that of a horse"s mane, whilst the hair of other colours is fine and soft.
[335] On the odour of the skin, G.o.dron, "Sur l"Espece," tom.
ii. p. 217. On the pores in the skin, Dr. Wilckens, "Die Aufgaben der landwirth. Zootechnik," 1869, s. 7.
[336] Westwood, "Modern Cla.s.s. of Insects," vol. ii. 1810, p.
541. In regard to the statement about Tanais, mentioned below, I am indebted to Fritz Muller.
[337] Kirby and Spence, "Introduction to Entomology," vol. iii.
1826, p. 309.
[338] Even with those of plants in which the s.e.xes are separate, the male flowers are generally mature before the female. Many hermaphrodite plants are, as first shewn by C. K.
Sprengel, dichogamous; that is, their male and female organs are not ready at the same time, so that they cannot be self-fertilised. Now with such plants the pollen is generally mature in the same flower before the stigma, though there are some exceptional species in which the female organs are mature before the male.
[339] I have received information, hereafter to be given, to this effect with respect to poultry. Even with birds, such as pigeons, which pair for life, the female, as I hear from Mr.
Jenner Weir, will desert her mate if he is injured or grows weak.
[340] On the Gorilla, Savage and Wyman, "Boston Journal of Nat.
Hist." vol. v. 1845-47, p. 423. On Cynocephalus, Brehm, "Ill.u.s.t. Thierleben," B. i. 1864, s. 77. On Mycetes, Rengger, "Naturgesch.: Saugethiere von Paraguay," 1830, s. 14, 20. On Cebus, Brehm, ibid. s. 108.
[341] Pallas, "Spicilegia Zoolog." Fasc. xii. 1777, p. 29. Sir Andrew Smith, "Ill.u.s.trations of the Zoology of S. Africa,"
1849, pl. 29, on the Kobus. Owen, in his "Anatomy of Vertebrates" (vol. iii. 1868, p. 633) gives a table incidentally showing which species of Antelopes pair and which are gregarious.
[342] Dr. Campbell, in "Proc. Zoolog. Soc." 1869, p. 138. See also an interesting paper, by Lieut. Johnstone, in "Proc.
Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," May, 1868.
[343] "The Ibis," vol. iii. 1861, p. 133, on the Progne Widow-bird. See also on the Vidua axillaris, ibid. vol. ii.
1860, p. 211. On the polygamy of the Capercailzie and Great Bustard, see L. Lloyd, "Game Birds of Sweden," 1867, p. 19, and 182. Montagu and Selby speak of the Black Grouse as polygamous and of the Red Grouse as monogamous.
[344] The Rev. E. S. Dixon, however, speaks positively ("Ornamental Poultry," 1848, p. 76) about the eggs of the guinea-fowl being infertile when more than one female is kept with the same male.
[345] Noel Humphreys, "River Gardens," 1857.
[346] Kirby and Spence, "Introduction to Entomology," vol. iii.
1826, p. 342.
[347] One parasitic Hymenopterous insect (Westwood, "Modern Cla.s.s. of Insects," vol. ii, p. 160) forms an exception to the rule, as the male has rudimentary wings, and never quits the cell in which it is born, whilst the female has well-developed wings. Audouin believes that the females are impregnated by the males which are born in the same cells with them; but it is much more probable that the females visit other cells, and thus avoid close inter-breeding. We shall hereafter meet with a few exceptional cases, in various cla.s.ses, in which the female, instead of the male, is the seeker and wooer.
[348] "Essays and Observations," edited by Owen, vol. i. 1861, p. 194.
[349] Prof. Sachs ("Lehrbuch der Botanik," 1870, s. 633) in speaking of the male and female reproductive cells, remarks, "verhalt sich die eine bei der Vereinigung activ, ... die andere erscheint bei der Vereinigung pa.s.siv."
[350] "Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil," 1867, s. 216-269.
The results were calculated by Dr. Weisbach from measurements made by Drs. K. Scherzer and Schwarz. On the greater variability of the males of domesticated animals, see my "Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii.
1868, p. 75.
[351] "Proceedings Royal Soc." vol. xvi. July, 1868, p. 519 and 524.
[352] "Proc. Royal Irish Academy," vol. x. 1868, p. 123.
[353] "Ma.s.sachusetts Medical Soc." vol. ii. No. 3, 1808, p. 9.
[354] "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. 1868, p. 75. In the last chapter but one, the provisional hypothesis of pangenesis, above alluded to, is fully explained.
[355] These facts are given on the high authority of a great breeder, Mr. Teebay, in Tegetmeier"s "Poultry Book," 1868, p.
158. On the characters of chickens of different breeds, and on the breeds of the pigeon, alluded to in the above paragraph, see "Variation of Animals," &c., vol. i. p. 160, 249; vol. ii.
p. 77.