[237] E. Ray Lankester, "Comparative Longevity," 1870, p. 115.
The table of the intemperate is from Nelson"s "Vital Statistics." In regard to profligacy, see Dr. Farr, "Influence of Marriage on Mortality," "Nat. a.s.soc. for the Promotion of Social Science," 1858.
[238] "Fraser"s Magazine," Sept. 1868, p. 353. "Macmillan"s Magazine," Aug. 1865, p. 318. The Rev. F. W. Farrar ("Fraser"s Mag.," Aug. 1870, p. 264) takes a different view.
[239] "On the Laws of the Fertility of Women," in "Transact.
Royal Soc." Edinburgh, vol. xxiv. p. 287. See, also, Mr.
Galton, "Hereditary Genius," p. 352-357, for observations to the above effect.
[240] "Tenth Annual Report of Births, Deaths, &c., in Scotland," 1867, p. xxix.
[241] These quotations are taken from our highest authority on such questions, namely, Dr. Farr, in his paper "On the Influence of Marriage on the Mortality of the French People,"
read before the Nat. a.s.soc. for the Promotion of Social Science, 1858.
[242] Dr. Farr, ibid. The quotations given below are extracted from the same striking paper.
[243] I have taken the mean of the quinquennial means, given in "The Tenth Annual Report of Births, Deaths, &c., in Scotland,"
1867. The quotation from Dr. Stark is copied from an article in the "Daily News," Oct. 17th, 1868, which Dr. Farr considers very carefully written.
[244] See the ingenious and original argument on this subject by Mr. Galton, "Hereditary Genius," p. 340-342.
[245] Mr. Greg, "Fraser"s Magazine," Sept. 1868, p. 357.
[246] "Hereditary Genius," 1870, p. 357-359. The Rev. F. H.
Farrar ("Fraser"s Mag." , Aug. 1870, p. 257) advances arguments on the other side. Sir C. Lyell had already ("Principles of Geology," vol. ii. 1868, p. 489) called attention, in a striking pa.s.sage, to the evil influence of the Holy Inquisition in having lowered, through selection, the general standard of intelligence in Europe.
[247] Mr. Galton, "Macmillan"s Magazine," August, 1865, p. 325.
See, also, "Nature," "On Darwinism and National Life," Dec.
1869, p. 184.
[248] "Last Winter in the United States," 1868, p. 29.
[249] "On the Origin of Civilisation," "Proc. Ethnological Soc." Nov. 26, 1867.
[250] "Primeval Man," 1869.
[251] "Royal Inst.i.tution of Great Britain," March 15, 1867.
Also, "Researches into the Early History of Mankind," 1865.
[252] "Primitive Marriage," 1865. See, likewise, an excellent article, evidently by the same author, in the "North British Review," July, 1869. Also, Mr. L. H. Morgan, "A Conjectural Solution of the Origin of the Cla.s.s. System of Relationship,"
in "Proc. American Acad. of Sciences," vol. vii. Feb. 1868.
Prof. Schaaffhausen ("Anthropolog. Review," Oct. 1869, p. 373) remarks on "the vestiges of human sacrifices found both in Homer and the Old Testament."
[253] Sir J. Lubbock, "Prehistoric Times," 2nd edit. 1869, chap. xv. and xvi. _et pa.s.sim_.
[254] Dr. F. Muller has made some good remarks to this effect in the "Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil," Abtheil. iii.
1868, s. 127.
[255] Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire gives a detailed account of the position a.s.signed to man by various naturalists in their cla.s.sifications: "Hist. Nat. Gen." tom. ii. 1859, p. 170-189.
[256] See the very interesting article, "L"Instinct chez les Insectes," by M. George Pouchet, "Revue des Deux Mondes," Feb.
1870, p. 682.
[257] Westwood, "Modern Cla.s.s. of Insects," vol. ii. 1840, p.
87.
[258] "Proc. Zoolog. Soc." 1869, p. 4.
[259] "Evidence as to Man"s Place in Nature," 1863, p. 70, _et pa.s.sim_.
[260] Isid. Geoffroy, "Hist. Nat. Gen." tom. ii. 1859, p. 217.
[261] "Ueber die Richtung der Haare," &c., Muller"s "Archiv fur Anat. und Phys." 1837, s. 51.
[262] On the hair in Hylobates, see "Nat. Hist. of Mammals," by C. L. Martin, 1841, p. 415. Also, Isid. Geoffroy on the American monkeys and other kinds, "Hist. Nat. Gen." vol. ii.
1859, p. 216, 243. Eschricht, ibid., s. 46, 55, 61. Owen, "Anat.
of Vertebrates," vol. iii. p. 619. Wallace, "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," 1870. p. 344.
[263] "Origin of Species," 5th edit. 1869, p. 194. "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii.
1868, p. 348.
[264] "An Introduction to the Cla.s.sification of Animals," 1869, p. 99.
[265] This is nearly the same cla.s.sification as that provisionally adopted by Mr. St. George Mivart ("Transact.
Philosoph. Soc." 1867, p. 300), who, after separating the Lemuridae, divides the remainder of the Primates into the Hominidae, the Simiadae answering to the Catarhines, the Cebidae, and the Hapalidae,-these two latter groups answering to the Platyrhines.
[266] "Transact. Zoolog. Soc." vol. vi. 1867, p. 214.
[267] Mr. St. G. Mivart, "Transact. Phil. Soc." 1867, p. 410.
[268] Messrs. Murie and Mivart on the Lemuroidea. "Transact.
Zoolog. Soc." vol. vii. 1869, p. 5.
[269] Hackel has come to this same conclusion. See "Ueber die Entstehung des Menschengeschlechts," in Virchow"s "Sammlung.
gemein. wissen. Vortrage," 1868, s. 61. Also his "Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte," 1868, in which he gives in detail his views on the genealogy of man.
[270] "Anthropological Review," April, 1867, p. 236.
[271] "Elements of Geology," 1865, p. 583-585. "Antiquity of Man", 1863; p. 145.
[272] "Man"s Place in Nature," p. 105.
[273] Elaborate tables are given in his "Generelle Morphologie"
(B. ii. s. cliii. and s. 425); and with more especial reference to man in his "Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte," 1868. Prof.
Huxley, in reviewing this latter work ("The Academy," 1869, p.
42) says, that he considers the phylum or lines of descent of the Vertebrata to be admirably discussed by Hackel, although he differs on some points. He expresses, also, his high estimate of the value of the general tenor and spirit of the whole work.
[274] "Palaeontology," 1860, p. 199.
[275] I had the satisfaction of seeing, at the Falkland Islands, in April, 1833, and therefore some years before any other naturalist, the locomotive larvae of a compound Ascidian, closely allied to, but apparently generically distinct from, Synoic.u.m. The tail was about five times as long as the oblong head, and terminated in a very fine filament. It was plainly divided, as sketched by me under a simple microscope, by transverse opaque part.i.tions, which I presume represent the great cells figured by Kowalevsky. At an early stage of development the tail was closely coiled round the head of the larva.