Articles agreed upon by and between Richard Oswald, Commissioner of his Britannic Majesty, for treating of peace with the Commissioners of the United States of America, on behalf of his said Majesty on the one part; and John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, three of the Commissioners of the said States, for treating of peace with the Commissioner of his said Majesty, on their behalf, on the other part, to be inserted in, and to const.i.tute the treaty of peace, proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said United States; but which treaty is not to be concluded until his Britannic Majesty shall have agreed to the terms of a peace between France and Britain, proposed or accepted of by his Most Christian Majesty, and shall be ready to conclude with him such treaty accordingly; it being the duty and intention of the United States not to desert their ally, but faithfully and in all things to abide by and fulfil their engagements with his Most Christian Majesty.
Whereas reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience are found by experience to form the only permanent foundation of peace and friendship between States, it is agreed to form the articles of the proposed treaty on such principles of liberal equality and reciprocity as that partial advantages (those seeds of discord) being excluded, such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse between the two countries may be established as to promise and secure to both perpetual peace and harmony.
His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz. New Hampshire, Ma.s.sachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign, and independent States; that he treats with them as such; and for himself, his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof; and that all disputes which might arise in future on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following are and shall remain to be their boundaries, viz.
From the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, being that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of St Croix river to the highlands which divide the rivers which empty themselves into the river St Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, and along the said highlands to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut river, thence down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north lat.i.tude, following the said lat.i.tude until it strikes the river Mississippi; thence by a line, to be drawn along the middle of the said river Mississippi, until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the 31st degree of lat.i.tude north of the equator; south, by a line to be drawn due east from the termination of the line last mentioned in the lat.i.tude of the 31st degree to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catahouchi, thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint river, thence straight to the head of St Mary"s river, and thence down along the middle of St Mary"s river to the Atlantic ocean; east, by a line from the mouth of said St Mary"s river to the mouth of the river St Croix in the Bay of Fundy, and by a line drawn through the middle of said river to its source, and from its source directly north to the aforesaid highlands, which divide the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ocean from those which empty themselves into the river St Lawrence, comprehending all islands within twenty leagues of any part of the sh.o.r.es of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the aforesaid boundaries of St Croix river and St Mary"s river shall respectively touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic ocean.
It is agreed, that all such royalists or refugees, as well as all such British merchants or other subjects as may be resident in any of the United States at the time of the evacuation thereof by the arms and garrisons of his Britannic Majesty, shall be allowed six months thereafter to remove to any part of the world; and also, at their election, to dispose of, within the said term, or to carry with them their goods and effects. And it is understood, that the said States shall extend such further favor to the said merchants, and such amnesty and clemency to the said refugees, as their respective circ.u.mstances and the dictates of justice and humanity may render just and reasonable; and particularly, that amnesty and indemnity be granted to all such of the said refugees, as may be unaffected by acts, judgments, or prosecutions, actually pa.s.sed or commenced a month previous to such evacuation.
That the subjects of his Britannic Majesty and the people of the said United States, shall continue to enjoy unmolested, the right to take fish of every kind on all the Banks of Newfoundland, also in the Gulf of St Lawrence, and all other places where the inhabitants of both countries used at any time heretofore to fish; and also to dry and cure their fish on the sh.o.r.es of the Isle of Sables, Cape Sables, and the sh.o.r.es of any of the unsettled bays, harbors or creeks of Nova Scotia, and of the Magdalen Islands. And his Britannic Majesty and the said United States will extend equal privileges and hospitality to each other"s fishermen as to their own.
Whereas certain of the United States, excited thereto by the unnecessary destruction of private property, have confiscated all debts due from their citizens to British subjects; and also in certain instances, lands belonging to the latter; and whereas, it is just that private contracts made between individuals of the two countries before the war, should be faithfully executed; and as the confiscation of the said lands may have a lat.i.tude not justifiable by the law of nations, it is agreed, that British creditors shall, notwithstanding, meet with no lawful impediment to recovering the full value or sterling amount of such _bona fide_ debts as were contracted before the year 1775. And also, that Congress will recommend to the said States, so to correct (if necessary) their said acts respecting the confiscation of the lands in America, belonging to real British subjects, as to render the said acts consistent with perfect justice and equity. As to the cession made of certain lands in Georgia, by a number of Indians there, on the 1st of June, 1773, for the purpose of paying the debts due from them to a number of traders, the American Commissioners say, that the State of Georgia is alone competent to consider and decide on the same; for that it being a matter of internal police, with which neither Congress nor their Commissioners are authorised to interfere, it must of necessity be referred to the discretion and justice of that State, who, without doubt, will be disposed to do what may be just and reasonable on the subject.
Similar reasons and considerations constrain the Commissioners to give the like answer to the case of Mr Penn"s family.
From and immediately after the conclusion of the proposed treaty, there shall be a perpetual and firm peace, &c. (the same as the second article in the preceding set of articles.)
That the navigation of the river Mississippi from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open.
SEPARATE ARTICLE. It is hereby understood and agreed, that in case Great Britain at the conclusion of the present war shall be, or be put in possession of West Florida, the line of north boundary between the said Province and the United States, shall be a line drawn from the mouth of the river Yazoo, where it unites with the Mississippi, due east to the river Apalachicola, and thence along the middle of that river to its junction with the Flint river, &c.
FOOTNOTE:
[12] These Articles were agreed to after the return of the first set, which had been sent to England October 8th. See above p. 80.
H. STRACHEY TO THE COMMISSIONERS.
Paris, November 5th, 1782.
Gentlemen,
Knowing the expectation of the King"s Ministers, that a full indemnity shall be provided for the whole body of refugees, either by a rest.i.tution of their property or by some stipulated compensation for their losses, and being confident, as I have repeatedly a.s.sured you, that your refusal upon this point will be the great obstacle to a conclusion and ratification of that peace, which is meant as a solid perfect, permanent reconciliation and reunion between Great Britain and America, I am unwilling to leave Paris without once more submitting the matter to your consideration. It affects equally, in my opinion, the honor and the humanity of your country and of ours. How far you will be justified in risking every favorite object of America, by contending against those principles, is for you to determine.
Independence, and more than a reasonable possession of territory, seem to be within your reach. Will you suffer them to be outweighed by the gratification of resentment against individuals? I venture to a.s.sert, that such a conduct has no parallel in the history of civilized nations.
I am under the necessity of setting out by two o"clock today; if the time is too short for your reconsideration, and final determination of this important point, I shall hope that you will enable Mr Oswald to despatch a messenger after me, who may be with me before morning at Chantilly, where I propose sleeping tonight, or who may overtake me before I arrive in London, with a satisfactory answer to this letter.
I have the honor to be, &c.
H. STRACHEY.
TO RICHARD OSWALD.
Paris, November 5th, 1782.
Sir,
In answer to the letter you did us the honor to write on the 4th instant, we beg leave to repeat what we often said in conversation, viz; that the restoration of such of the estates of refugees as have been confiscated is impracticable, because they were confiscated by laws of particular States, and in many instances have pa.s.sed by legal t.i.tles through several hands. Besides, Sir, as this is a matter evidently appertaining to the internal polity of the separate States, the Congress, by the nature of our const.i.tution, have no authority to interfere with it.
As to your demand of compensation to those persons, we forbear enumerating our reasons for thinking it ill founded. In the moment of conciliatory overtures, it would not be proper to call certain scenes into view, over which a variety of considerations should induce both parties at present to draw a veil. Permit us therefore only to repeat, that we cannot stipulate for such compensation, unless on your part it be agreed, to make retribution to our citizens for the heavy losses they have sustained by the unnecessary destruction of private property.
We have already agreed to an amnesty more extensive than justice required, and full as extensive as humanity could demand. We can therefore only repeat that it cannot be extended farther. We should be sorry, if the absolute impossibility of our complying further with your propositions, should induce Great Britain to continue the war for the sake of those who caused and prolonged it. But if that should be the case, we hope that the utmost lat.i.tude will not be again given to its rigors.
Whatever may be the issue of this negotiation, be a.s.sured, Sir, that we shall always acknowledge the liberal, manly, and candid manner in which you have conducted it, and that we shall remain, with the warmest sentiments of esteem and regard, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servants,
JOHN ADAMS, B. FRANKLIN, JOHN JAY.
TO H. STRACHEY.
Paris, November 6th, 1782.
Sir,
We have been honored with your favor of the 5th inst., and as our answer to a letter we received from Mr Oswald on the same subject contains our unanimous sentiments respecting it, we take the liberty of referring you to the enclosed copy of that answer.
We have the honor to be, &c.
JOHN ADAMS, B. FRANKLIN, JOHN JAY.
_Third Set of Articles._
_Monday, November 25th, 1782._ The three Commissioners, Adams, Franklin, and Jay, met at Mr Oswald"s lodgings at the _Hotel de Muscovie_, and after some conferences Mr Oswald delivered them the following Articles, as fresh proposals of the British Ministry, sent by Mr Strachey, viz;
Articles agreed upon by and between Richard Oswald, the Commissioner of his Britannic Majesty, for treating of peace with the Commissioners of the United States of America, in behalf of his said Majesty, on the one part, and John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, three of the Commissioners of the said States, for treating of peace with the Commissioner of his said Majesty, on their behalf on the other part, to be inserted in, and to const.i.tute the treaty of peace, proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said United States, but which treaty is not to be concluded, until the terms of a peace shall be agreed upon between Great Britain and France, and his Britannic Majesty shall be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly.
Whereas reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience are found by experience to form the only permanent foundation of peace and friendship between States, it is agreed to form the Articles of the proposed treaty on such principles of liberal equity and reciprocity, as that partial advantages, (those seeds of discord,) being excluded, such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse between the two countries may be established, as to promise and secure to both perpetual peace and harmony.
ARTICLE I. His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz, New Hampshire, Ma.s.sachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign and independent States, that he treats with them as such, and for himself, his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof; and, that all disputes which might arise in future on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following are and shall be their boundaries, viz;
ARTICLE II. From the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, viz; that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of St Croix river to the highlands, along the said highlands, which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river St Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut river, thence down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north lat.i.tude; from thence by a line due west on said lat.i.tude until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataroquy; thence along the middle of said river into Lake Ontario, through the middle of said Lake until it strikes the communication by water between that Lake and Lake Erie; thence along the middle of said communication, into Lake Erie, through the middle of said Lake, until it arrives at the water communication between that Lake and Lake Huron; thence along the middle of said water communication into Lake Huron; thence through the middle of the said Lake, to the water communication between that Lake and Lake Superior; thence through Lake Superior, northward of the Isles Royal and Philippeaux to the Long Lake; thence through the middle of said Long Lake, and the water communication between it and the Lake of the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods; thence through the said Lake to the most northwestern point thereof; and from thence on a due western course to the river Mississippi, thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the 31st degree of north lat.i.tude.
South by a line to be drawn due east from the determination of the line last mentioned, in the lat.i.tude of 31 degrees north of the equator to the middle of the river Apalachicola, or Catahouchi; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint river, thence straight to the head of St Mary"s river; and thence down along the middle of St Mary"s river to the Atlantic ocean. East by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river St Croix, from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source; and from its source directly north, to the aforesaid highlands, which divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic ocean from those which fall into the river St Lawrence; comprehending all Islands within twenty leagues of any part of the sh.o.r.es of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the point where the aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part, and East Florida on the other shall respectively touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic ocean; excepting such Islands as now are, or heretofore have been, within the limits of the said Province of Nova Scotia.
ARTICLE III. The citizens of the said United States shall have _the liberty_ of taking fish of every kind on all the banks of Newfoundland, and also in the Gulf of St Lawrence; and also to dry and cure their fish on the sh.o.r.es of the Isle of Sables and on the sh.o.r.es of any of the unsettled bays, harbors and creeks of the Magdalen Islands, in the Gulf of St Lawrence, so long as such bays, harbors and creeks shall continue and remain unsettled; on condition that the citizens of the said United States do not exercise the fishery, but at the distance of three leagues from all the coast belonging to Great Britain, as well those of the continent as those of the islands situated in the Gulf of St Lawrence. And as to what relates to the fishery on the coast of the Island of Cape Breton out of the said gulf, the citizens of the said United States shall not be permitted to exercise the said fishery, but at the distance of fifteen leagues from the coasts of the Island of Cape Breton.
ARTICLE IV. It is agreed, that the British creditors shall meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value, in sterling money, of such _bona fide_ debts as were contracted by any persons who are citizens of the United States, before the year 1775.
ARTICLE V. It is agreed, that rest.i.tution shall be made of all estates, rights and properties in America, which have been confiscated during the war.
ARTICLE VI. There shall be a full and entire amnesty of all acts and offences, which have been or may be supposed to have been committed on either side, by reason of the war, and in the course thereof; and no one shall hereafter suffer in life or person, or be deprived of his property, for the part he may have taken therein. All persons in confinement on that account, shall immediately on the ratification of the treaty in America, be set at liberty; all prosecutions which may be depending in consequence of any of the said offences, shall cease, and no fresh prosecutions shall at any time hereafter be commenced thereupon.
ARTICLE VII. There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between his Britannic Majesty and the said States, and between the subjects of the one, and the citizens of the other; wherefore all hostilities both by sea and land shall then immediately cease; all prisoners on both sides shall be set at liberty; and his Britannic Majesty shall with all convenient speed and without causing any destruction, withdraw all his armies, garrisons and fleets from the said United States, and from every port, place and harbor within the same, leaving in all fortifications the American artillery that may be therein. And shall also order and cause all archives, records and papers, belonging to any of the said States or their citizens, which in the course of the war may have fallen into the hands of his officers, to be forthwith restored and delivered to the proper States and persons to whom they belong.