If the War Department was reticent with reference to Colonel Kitchener"s expedition, it was even more so with regard to that of the Sirdar. Of the doings of the latter nothing was permitted to be made public until the 26th October, when it was officially announced that the Khalifa had fled from Jeb el Gheddeer, and, it being impossible to pursue him at that time, the Sirdar had given orders for the troops to return to Omdurman. It was added that a reconnaissance to Jeb el Gheddeer would be made by the Cavalry and Camel Corps before their return.
The Sirdar"s force, after leaving the river at Kaka, marched on the road to Jeb el Gheddeer as far as a place called Fungar. Here it was found that the Khalifa had got thirty hours" start and was moving in a northerly direction across a waterless district, where it would have been very difficult to follow him, and the evasive Abdullah was therefore allowed to go his way.
Notwithstanding that the official announcement was followed by the return of many of the troops to Omdurman, and by the appearance of the Sirdar in Cairo, people were reluctant to believe in the final abandonment of the expedition, and further developments were expected; nor were such expectations doomed to be disappointed.
On the 12th November it became known that the Khalifa was seven days"
journey from Jeb el Gheddeer and was making his way towards Abba Island, on the Nile, with a force estimated at considerably over 3,000 men.
In consequence of this information the Sirdar, on the 14th, suddenly started on his return to Omdurman, and the British troops in Cairo were ordered to prepare detachments to proceed to garrison Omdurman.
During the Sirdar"s absence Colonel Sir F. R. Wingate, then in command at Khartoum, learning that Dervishes had been seen in the neighbourhood of Abba, despatched Colonel Lewis, with two battalions of infantry and a flotilla of gunboats, to operate along the river and prevent raiding.
On Lewis reaching a place called Alobe, he found that a large Dervish force, under Ahmed Fedil, was encamped close by, but, at daylight, before Lewis was able to attack, they had all disappeared.
The Sirdar, on reaching Khartoum, at once ordered Wingate to follow up Abu Fedil.
On the 20th, Wingate, with 3,700 men, composed of the 9th and 13th Soudanese Battalions, one Battalion of Irregular Infantry, some Maxims, and fifty Cavalry, arrived at Faki Shoya, to the west of Abba Island, where he was joined by 250 of the Camel Corps, who crossed over from the right bank of the Nile.
On the evening of the 21st, the Egyptian troops marched towards Nefissa, 23 miles from the river, whither it was reported that Ahmed Fedil had retired. Nefissa was reached before daylight on the 22nd, and it was then discovered that Fedil had moved on to Abu Aadil, four miles further, where he was encamped with about 2,500 men.
The mounted troops, with guns and Maxims, were at once sent forward to engage the Dervishes and hold them in check until Wingate"s main body should come up. This movement was ably carried out. The mounted force promptly attacked the enemy"s camp with gun and rifle fire, meeting with a warm but badly-directed fire in return. The Dervishes rushed from the wood and charged up to within sixty yards of the guns, only, however, to be shot down in hundreds. Wingate then brought up the infantry in support, and, making a general advance, cleared the whole position. The Dervishes, utterly routed, bolted through the bush, followed by the Cavalry. Four thousand of the enemy are said to have been killed in the fight and pursuit. After the action, which began at 10 a.m. and lasted only about an hour, the troops halted to rest.
It now remained to find the Khalifa Abdullah, who was known to be advancing towards El Ghedid, with the object of joining his forces with those of Ahmed Fedil. Thither it was resolved to push on, and at midnight on the 22nd the troops again started, reaching El Ghedid about 10 a.m. on the 23rd. Here water, of which they were much in need, was found, and news came that the Khalifa and his army were encamped only seven miles off at Om Debrikat.
The Cavalry and Maxims were immediately sent out to reconnoitre, and having ascertained the Dervish position, the whole of Wingate"s force, at 12.20 a.m. on the 24th, advanced by moonlight to within three miles of the enemy, when a halt was called, and the troops deployed into attack formation. The advance was then resumed. Although strict silence was kept in the ranks, it soon became evident, from the sound of drums and horns, that the Khalifa was aware of Wingate"s approach. At 3.40 a.m. a gentle, rising slope, which laid between the troops and the Dervish camp, was reached; here the force halted and the men were allowed to sleep.
Soon after five, when only a faint light indicated the approach of day, numerous white figures, moving towards the Egyptian position, were recognized as Dervishes advancing to the attack. Wingate"s troops were at once on the alert, and opened fire on the indistinct ma.s.s. The fire was returned by the enemy"s riflemen, and in a few minutes the action became general. Half an hour later the enemy"s fire got slacker and slacker, and Wingate"s whole line advancing, swept through the Dervish position for two miles till the enemy"s camp was reached.
As the troops pa.s.sed over the field of battle, the deadly effect of the Egyptian fire was shown by the heaps of dead strewing the ground.
Amongst them was the Khalifa himself, who, surrounded by his bodyguard and princ.i.p.al Emirs, made a gallant stand, but fell riddled with bullets. He seems to have met his fate with dignity. Seeing that he was defeated, he resolved to die, and gathering his Emirs around him, they fell together. With him died Ahmed Fedil and Ali Wad Helu, also the Khalifa"s two brothers; Sennoussi Ahmed and Haroun Mohamed, as well as Sadik, the son of the Mahdi. The Khalifa"s son, Sheikh el Din, was amongst the wounded.
Wingate was leading the pursuing party of cavalry in front when the dead body of the Khalifa was discovered, and a little boy advanced towards Watson Bey, who was following with the other troops, took Watson"s hand, led him to a group of three dead bodies, and, pointing to a figure in the centre of the group, said, "That is my father." The other two were the Emirs Abu Fedl and Ali Wad Helu. On this being reported to Wingate, he directed that the burial of the dead Khalifa and his two companions should be carried out by their own people, with all due pomp and ceremony.
As soon as the news of the death of the Khalifa was spread the greater part of his followers laid down their arms and surrendered. Every man of importance, except Osman Digna, who left soon after the firing began, was either killed or made prisoner. The total number of prisoners taken was about 3,000, besides a crowd of women and children found in the Dervish camp. The victory was complete; the enemy, out of a force of from 5,000 to 6,000 men, lost over 1,000 in killed, as well as a vast collection of arms, grain, and munitions. Wingate"s losses were inconsiderable, amounting only to three men killed and twelve wounded.
After Wingate"s brilliant achievement his men moved back to the river.
Between the 21st and the 24th they had marched more than sixty miles over trying ground, had fought two decisive engagements, and destroyed the last army which the Khalifa was able to put into the field.
To Sir F. R. Wingate is due the conspicuous merit of effectually suppressing Mahdism for ever in the Soudan.
CONCLUSION.
It may reasonably be expected that the present work, a considerable portion of which is devoted to the intervention of England in Egypt, should not be brought to a close without some reference to the results attending it.
The military incidents, including the suppression of two formidable rebellions, the abandonment and reconquest of extensive territories, and the creation of a new national army, have already been mentioned.
Such of the political occurrences as were of sufficient general interest have also been touched upon. The effect of England"s action in the Valley of the Nile, so far as it relates to the moral and material condition of the country, has yet to be dealt with.
It is no exaggeration to say that never in the pages of history has there been an instance of such rapid recovery as that of Egypt during the last seventeen years. Unfortunately the exigencies of s.p.a.ce will not admit of more than a brief reference to the work which has been accomplished. For further and more complete information the reader would do well to consult Sir Alfred Milner"s "England in Egypt," a book already more than once quoted in these pages. In every direction a transformation has taken place. Finances have been put in order; revenue has increased; taxation has diminished; additional land has been brought into cultivation; the cotton crop (Egypt"s most valuable product) has been doubled; foreign trade has augmented; railway, postal, and telegraph services have been developed; the administration of justice and the prison system have been reformed; sanitary matters have been taken in hand; education has progressed, and lastly, the population has increased to an extent hitherto unknown.
In support of the preceding statements a few figures may ere be given with advantage.
The augmentation of the revenue may be seen from the following table:--
E.
1882 8,852,857 1883 8,934,675 1884 9,403,294 1885 10,169,678 1886 9,726,937 1887 9,774,684 1888 9,868,124 1889 9,992,758 1890 10,432,889 1891 10,828,733 1892 10,475,766 1893 10,425,353 1894 10,444,650 1895 10,698,023 1896 11,015,702 1897 11,442,937 1898 11,347,980 1899 (estimated) 10,600,000[180]
A noteworthy circ.u.mstance in connection with the growth of revenue is that it has been accompanied by an important diminution of taxation.
Taxes to the annual amount of E.1,132,666 have been remitted since the commencement of the Occupation, and the burden of taxation per head of the population has been reduced from E.1 2s. 6d. to 17s. 9d., a diminution of 20 per cent.
Whilst the revenue was steadily increasing, the expenditure was so well kept in hand that the chronic deficit which so long figured in Egyptian Budgets was replaced in 1887 by a surplus, and this, with the exception of the year 1888, has continued ever since.
The following table shows the general financial results obtained since the commencement of the British occupation:--
SURPLUS. DEFICIT.
E. E.
1883 -- 920,000 1884 -- 460,000 1885 -- 697,000 1886 -- 684,000 1887 111,000 -- 1888 -- 1,000 1889 160,000 -- 1890 591,000 -- 1891 951,000 -- 1892 769,000 -- 1893 720,000 -- 1894 785,000 -- 1895 1,088,000 -- 1896 630,000 -- 1897 690,161 -- 1898 1,376,000 --
Out of the surpluses thus arising a "General Reserve Fund" has been created, by which the stability of the finances has been secured, and a fund provided for expenditure on productive public works, and for other beneficial objects. On the 31st December, 1898, the sum to the credit of the "General Reserve Fund" amounted to E.3,893,000, of which E.2,616,000 was pledged for the execution of public works. In addition to this Fund there is another Reserve Fund, consisting of the acc.u.mulated economies resulting from the partial conversion of the Public Debt, and destined to form eventually a Sinking Fund. This amounted at the last-mentioned date to E.3,218,000.
The increase in the cotton crop, due mainly to extended irrigation, has been from 2,846,237 kantars[181] in 1882, to 5,954,000 kantars in 1898.
The improvement in the Foreign Trade is shown by the fact that the value of the exports of merchandise increased from E.10,418,213 in 1888 to E.11,706,258 in 1898, and the value of the imports during the same period from E.7,738,343 to E.10,811,151. The Customs Revenue (which amounted in 1882 to only E.624,312) was more than doubled between the dates above given, the returns in 1888 being E.959,939, and in 1898; E.2,040,000.[182]
The progress made by the railways, post office, and telegraph administrations since the commencement of the Occupation is shown by the following figures:--
RECEIPTS.
RAILWAYS. POST OFFICE. TELEGRAPHS.
E. E. E.
1883 1,213,000 102,000 67,000 1898 2,031,569 122,867 60,685[183]
According to Sir Elwin Palmer, 212 miles of new railways were opened between 1881 and 1897.
The advance made in regard to Education appears from the fact that the expenditure on Public Instruction in the fifteen years ending in 1897 increased by over 37 per cent., the number of Government schools rose from 29 to 51, and the number of pupils from 2,000 to over 11,000.
The increase in the population, before referred to, is the more remarkable when the drain occasioned by the repeated wars in the Soudan is taken into account. In 1882 the inhabitants of Egypt numbered 6,813,919, and in 1897, when the last census was taken, the population had risen to 9,734,405, showing an augmentation of no less than 2,920,486, or 43 per cent., in the s.p.a.ce of 15 years.
It may be observed that Lane gives the population of Egypt in the time of the Pharaohs as between six and seven millions. A French historian, M. Mengin, puts the population in the time of Mehemet Ali as only 2,900,000.
Hitherto, mention has only been made of the advantages actually accrued to Egypt under British guidance. But if the gigantic irrigation works recently undertaken in Upper Egypt, known as "The Reservoir Scheme,"
fulfil only partially the expectations formed with regard to them, the benefits which the country will receive in the future will far exceed anything in the past.
These works, the foundation stone of which was laid in January, 1899, will consist of a huge dam and lock across the Nile at a.s.souan, and a similar, though less extensive, construction at a.s.siout--the whole to be completed in five years from 1st July, 1898, at a cost of 4,800,000--spread over 30 years.