"A dangerous situation existed in Everett after the battle of November 5. Public feeling ran high and anything might have happened. Half a thousand citizens were under arms enraged at the Industrial Workers of the World and deadly determined to stamp out their organization in Everett. It is no exaggeration to say that literally thousands of the working people of Everett were just as enraged toward the members of the Commercial Club who partic.i.p.ated in the gun battle. * * * As an instance of how high the feeling ran let me tell you that on the following morning the mayor of the city appeared on the (shingle weavers") picket line with a high power rifle and told the union pickets that he had every reason to believe that an attempt might be made by snipers to pick them off. He asked them to scatter as much as possible, make no demonstration whatever, and declared he would defend them with his life if necessary."
Mayor Merrill, equally guilty with the deputies who were on the dock, taking advantage of a means of spreading information that was denied to the workers, directly after the ma.s.sacre spoke from a soap box on the corner of Wetmore and California Avenues, telling all who would listen that he was not responsible for the trouble as the Commercial Club had taken the power away from him and put it in the hands of McRae. The insincerity of this vacillating lackey of the lumber trust was demonstrated by his brutal treatment of young Louis Skaroff, who with Chester Micklin and Osmond Jacobs, had been arrested and thrown into jail when the three, bravely taking their lives in their hands, attempted to speak on the corner of Hewitt and Wetmore two hours after the tragedy. It was on Monday night about ten o"clock that the night jailer took Skaroff into a room where Mayor Merrill and a man posing as an immigration officer were seated. The fake immigration officer tried to frighten the prisoner with threats of deportation, after which the jailer beat Skaroff across the head. Merrill arose and took a hand in the proceedings, buffeting the boy back and forth until he fell to the floor. Then, with the aid of the jailer, Skaroff"s fingers were placed, one by one, beneath the legs of an iron bed in the room while the ponderous mayor jumped up and down on the bed, mashing and tearing flesh and knuckles. Upon regaining consciousness the mutilated boy found himself in the jail corridor, crushed beneath Merrill"s ma.s.sive form, the mayor having grasped Skaroff by the hair in order to repeatedly hammer the lad"s head against the hard cement floor. Finding that Skaroff"s spirit could not be broken the cowards finally desisted.
Skaroff was released at the end of eleven days.
Chaos reigned in Everett following the tragedy. That night over five hundred deputies patrolled the streets, fearing just retribution for their criminal misdeeds. Those who had been on the dock as parties to the ma.s.sacre were overheard saying to each other, "We must stick together on this story about the first shot coming from the boat."
Certain officials called for the state militia which was mobilized in Seattle but not used. One militiaman, a young lad named Ted Kennedy, refused to serve, claiming that it was the same as strike duty. The fact that the militia was mobilized at once, and that Governor Ernest Lister went to Everett to confer with officials and mill owners there, when he had refused to furnish protection or even to make an investigation at the request of the I. W. W. a short time before showed the governor"s bias in favor of the employers. In this lumber district the militia was apparently the property of the mill owners.
A hastily gathered coroner"s jury in Everett on November 6th brought in a verdict that C. O. Curtis and Jefferson F. Beard met death from "gunshot wounds inflicted by a riotous mob on the Steamer Verona at the city dock." If any of the jury dissented from its false statement they were too spineless to express their opinion. The deliberations were under the direction of Coroner A. R. Maulsby and the members of the jury were Adam Hill, C. E. Anthony, O. H. King, Chris Culmback, C. Sandstein, and Charles F. Manning.
The inquest was a farce. Those who were outside the "deadline" and who were willing to swear that the first shots came from the dock were not permitted to testify, only sympathizers with the Commercial Club being called as witnesses. No real attempt to take testimony was made. The Seattle Central Labor Council on November 8th appropriated $100 for a more complete investigation after branding the Everett inquest as fraudulent in the following resolution:
"Whereas, It appears to this council that, following a lockout and open-shop campaign by Roland H. Hartley and others of Everett, Wash., the police and business men of that city have attempted to ruthlessly and lawlessly suppress all street speaking and demonstrations by labor organizations, and that unarmed men have been brutally beaten and terrorized, and
Whereas, This policy culminated in a b.l.o.o.d.y battle on Sunday, November 5, resulting in the death of seven or more men and the wounding of many more, and
Whereas, A fair inquest should be held to fix responsibility for this crime, and it appears that this has not been done, but that only witnesses favorable to the bosses have been heard;
Therefore, we demand another inquest, free from control by the forces opposed to labor, and a change of venue, if that be necessary."
Capitalism stood forth in all its hideous nakedness on that day of red madness, and public opinion was such that the striking shingle weavers had but to persistently press their point in order to win. A conference of prominent men, held in Everett on Monday, decided that the situation could be relieved only by a settlement of the strike. The mill men, when called in, abruptly refused to grant a single demand so long as the men were still out, an att.i.tude they could not have maintained for long.
Listening to the false advice of "friends of labor" and "labor leaders"
the shingle weavers, albeit grudgingly, returned to their slavery, unconditional surrender being the price they were forced to pay for the doubtful privilege of "relieving the social tension." But with the pay envelopes that could not be stretched to cover the increased cost of living, the weavers, discouraged to an extent and lacking their former solidarity, were forced to down tools again within a few weeks by the greatest of all strike agitators--Hunger.
[Ill.u.s.tration: MAYOR GILL SAYS I. W. W. DID NOT START RIOT
Seattle Executive Places Blame for Sunday Tragedy on Citizens of Everett--Gives Prisoners Tobacco.
Providing the I. W. W."s. whose attempted armed invasion of Everett last Sunday resulted in seven deaths and injuries to forty-nine persons, with every comfort possible. Mayor H. C. Gill yesterday afternoon personally directed the carrying of 300 warm blankets and an a.s.sortment of tobacco to the 250 prisoners now held in the city jail.
In this manner Gilt replied to criticism in Seattle and Everett for not having stopped the I. W. W"s from going to the Snohomish County city. He supplemented this today by a.s.sailing Sheriff Donald McRae, of Snohomish County and the posse of special deputies who met the invading I. W. W."s at the boat.
"In the final a.n.a.lysis," the mayor declared, "it will be found these cowards in Everett who, without right or justification, shot into the crowd on the boat were the murderers and not the I. W. W."s.
Calls Them Cowards.
"The men who met the I. W. W."s at the boat were a bunch of cowards.
They outnumbered the I. W. W."s five to one, and in spite of this they stood there on the dock and fired into the boat, I. W. W."s, innocent pa.s.sengers and all.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: "McRae and his deputies had no legal right to tell the I.
W. W."s or anyone else that they could not land there. When the sheriff put his hand on the b.u.t.t of his gun and told them they could not land, he fired the first shot, in the eyes of the law, and the I. W. W."s can claim that they shot in self-defense."
Mayor Gill a.s.serted the Everett authorities have no intention of removing the I. W. W."s now in jail here to Snohomish County.
"They are afraid to come down here and get them," he declared, "because Everett is in a state of anarchy and the authorities don"t know where they"re at."
Asked what he would have done at Everett Sunday when the I. W. W."s appeared at that city, the mayor said he would have permitted them to land.
"After they had been allowed to come ash.o.r.e," he said, "I would have had them watched. Then if they violated the law I would have had them thrown in jail. There would have been no trouble that way."
No Fight in Seattle.
"Because Everett has been reduced to a state of anarchy by their high-handed methods of dealing with this situation it is no reason they are going to attempt to bring their fight down in Seattle, at least while I am mayor.
"If I were one of the party of forty I. W. W."s who was almost beaten to death by 300 citizens of Everett without being able to defend myself, I probably would have armed myself if I intended to visit Everett again.
"If the Everett authorities had an ounce of sense, this tragedy would have never happened. They have handled the situation like a bunch of imbeciles, and they have been trying to unload these men onto Seattle.
You don"t see any disturbances here, because we don"t use nickel methods."
The mayor charged that Everett officials were inconsistent in their handling of this situation. He said that they permit candidates for office to violate the city ordinances by speaking on the streets and yet run the I. W. W."s out of town if they endeavor to mount a soap box.]
The prisoners in Seattle were held incommunicado for several days. They were fed upon the poorest grade of prison fare, and were made to sleep on the winter-chilled cement floors without blankets. But Mayor Hiram Gill, realizing that public sentiment was with the imprisoned men, ordered that they be placed upon a proper diet, be given blankets and be allowed to see relatives and friends. On November 8th in the Seattle Times there appeared a statement by Gill that played a very important part in riveting the attention of the people upon the real criminals in the case. As the Times is a notoriously conservative and labor-hating sheet, being largely responsible for the raid on the I. W. W. and Socialist Halls on July 19, 1913, and for the attack by drunken sailors and soldiers on the I. W. W. hall on June 16, 1917, it can hardly be accused of exaggeration in favor of the workers in this interview.
Following the publication of this interview the Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Seattle"s "Commercial Club," endeavored to father a movement looking to the recall of Gill from office. Back of this attempt were Judge Thomas Burke, Louis Lang, Jay Thomas, and four stall-fed ministers, the Reverends W. A. Major, E. V. Shailer, Wood Stewart and Carter Helm Jones. Of these, Thomas represented the liquor interests, Lang was the former police chief who had been discharged in disgrace and was herding scabs on the waterfront, Burke was chief spokesman for the low-wage open-shop interests, and as to the preachers--the less said the better. The lumber and shipping trusts had adequate representation at the "Law and Order" meeting as the attempted recall gathering was styled. But the whole thing fell flat when Gill himself offered to sign the recall for the opportunity it would give him to tell the real facts about the Everett case and the interests lined up behind the prosecution and the recall.
On the night of the tragedy a report was circulated in Seattle to the effect that every known I. W. W. would be arrested on sight. The answer to this was a street meeting at which nearly ninety dollars were collected as the first money toward the Everett Prisoners" Defense, and the packing of the hall for weeks thereafter by members and sympathizers who had not attended meetings for a long time. A temporary committee was chosen to handle the work of the defense of the imprisoned men, and this committee acted until November 16th, at which time at a ma.s.s meeting of I. W. W. members Herbert Mahler was elected secretary of the Everett Prisoners" Defense Committee, Charles Ashleigh, publicity agent, and W.
J. Houser, Morris Levine and Thomas Murphy as the committee. Richard Smith was afterward chosen to take the place vacated by Levine. This committee functioned thruout the case and up until the final audit of their account on June 12, 1917.
Within the jail a process of selection had gone on. One by one the free speech prisoners were taken from their cells and slowly led past a silent and darkened cell into whose gloomy depths the keenest eye was unable to penetrate. Again and again they were marched past the peephole, first with hats on and then with them off, while two sinister looking fingers were slid out of a narrow opening from time to time to indicate those who should be held.
"I"d give two of my fingers," muttered one of the prisoners bitterly, "to know the skunk that belongs to those two fingers."
Little did he and his fellow workers realize that they were to learn later, thru the development of the trial, that the princ.i.p.al person engaged in the despicable work was George Reese, a member of the I. W.
W. and of the I. L. A. It was on learning this that many of the actions of Reese were made clear; his connection with dock riots during the longsh.o.r.emen"s strike, his establishment of a "flying squadron" to beat up scabs on the waterfront, his open boast on the floor of I. L. A.
meetings that his pockets were lined with money gained by robbing the strike-breakers after they had been beaten up and his advice to other strikers to do likewise, his activities just prior to the various dock fires, his seemingly miraculous escape in every instance when strikers were arrested, his election as delegate from the longsh.o.r.emen to the Seattle Central Labor Council, his requests of prominent I. W. W.
members that they purchase various chemicals for him, his giving of phosphorus to members of the I. L. A. and the I. W. W. with instructions as to how and where to use it, his attempts to advocate violence at an Everett street meeting, his gathering of "souvenirs" on the Verona--all actions designed either to aid the employers in their fights against the workers or to furnish an excuse for his further employment as an "informer."
Well may the question be asked--What was Reese doing just as the Verona docked in Everett on November 5th? Was Reese merely a "stool pigeon" or was he an "agent provocateur?"
Aiding Reese in the selective process was Charles Smith, the other Pinkerton operative who had been on the boat. One of the men first picked out was I. P. McDowell, alias Charles Adams, and this individual was weak enough to fall for the promise of immunity offered by agents of the lumber trust if he would point out the "leaders" and then take the stand to swear that the men on the boat were armed and the first shot came from one of them. McDowell pointed out some of the men, but lacking the nerve to carry out the last part of the program he was held with the rest for trial. The seventy-four men thus picked were formally charged with murder in the first degree. The first charge carried the names of C. O. Curtis as well as that of Jefferson Beard, but later the name of Curtis was dropped from the information. The men so charged were:
Charles Auspos, alias Austin, age 38, teamster, born in Wisconsin.
James D. Bates, age 29, steam fitter, born in Illinois.
E. M. Beck, age 45, laborer, born in New York.
Charles Berg, age 22, laborer, born in Germany.
J. H. Beyer, age 56, painter, born in Michigan.
J. F. Billings, age 35, cook, born in Nebraska.
Charles Black, age 23, laborer, born in Pennsylvania.
J. J. Black, age 27, longsh.o.r.eman, born in Ma.s.sachusetts.
John W. Bowdoin, age 35, laborer, born in Sweden.