The Evil That Men Do.
Stephen G. Michaud.
1.
"His Influence Is Everywhere"
You could say that Ted Bundy introduced me to Roy Hazelwood.
We first met on a russet Iowa autumn evening in 1984 in the crowded lobby of a Des Moines motel, where next day Roy and I were to address a professional symposium on serial murder.
The FBI man"s presence lent the annual gathering considerable cachet. It also guaranteed the symposium"s delighted organizers, a local college"s criminal justice program, an SRO audience of veteran homicide detectives drawn to dozy Des Moines to hear the world"s foremost authority on s.e.xual criminals.
My invitation had come on the strength of The Only Living Witness, the biography of Bundy that I"d published the preceding year with my coauthor, Hugh Aynesworth.
Ted was a figure of consuming interest to criminologists, and ours was the definitive treatment of his strange odyssey.
Once a dark legend throughout the West, a roving, phantom killer who murdered, undetected, for years, Bundy finally was convicted and condemned to death in Florida for the Super Bowl Sunday, 1978, bludgeon murders of two Chi Omega sorority sisters. He received a second death sentence for the throat-slash murder of a twelve-year-old Lake City, Florida, child, whose brutalized remains Ted had dumped beneath a derelict hog shed.
But it wasn"t the horror of such crimes that made him stand apart in the minds of the police. Rather, it was Ted"s extraordinary success. There were no living witnesses, besides Bundy, to any of his murders. Save for a single savage bite mark Bundy left in the b.u.t.tock of one Chi Omega victim, there also was not a single piece of incontrovertible physical evidence connecting Ted to any crime more serious than shoplifting. One prosecutor called him "the man with no fingerprints."
A onetime law student and young GOP volunteer in the state of Washington, Ted was handsome, witty, and poised, n.o.body"s idea of a deviant killer. But behind what the late psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley, coauthor of The Three Faces of Eve, famously termed the sociopath"s "mask of sanity," there was a hidden Bundy-the "ent.i.ty," as Ted first described him to me: a deviant killer who collected and preserved his victims" severed heads on cabinet shelves in his small Seattle apartment.
It was also the "ent.i.ty" who sought credit for the murders, even as the public Ted indignantly disclaimed them.
In an effort to exploit this split between the public and private Bundy, Hugh and I asked Ted if he would speculate on the type of offender who might have committed the many homicides for which he was a suspect-put himself in the killer"s shoes, so to speak.
Bundy, the supreme narcissist, promptly agreed to do so. He had much to tell.
On the audiotapes we later played for the detectives in Des Moines, Ted carefully explained what it was like to be a serial killer.
He said that a killer comes to hunting humans gradually. The appet.i.te builds from a young boy"s undifferentiated anger and morbidity of mind to a search for ever more violent p.o.r.nography, the visual and written material that Ted believed had shaped and focused his fantasy world.
Then comes the window peeping, followed eventually by crudely conceived and unsuccessful a.s.saults. In Ted"s case, these gave way, over time, to a sophisticated taste for the chase and its aftermath: the selection of what he called "worthy" victims, pretty and intelligent young daughters and sisters of the middle cla.s.s, nice girls whom Ted desired to possess, he said, "as one would possess a potted plant, or a Porsche."
No multiple murderer before or since has so vividly communicated the essence of his urge as Ted did on those Death Row tapes, or taught law enforcement more about the ways of a serial killer.
In the end, Hugh and I would learn, the apparent mystery of Ted Bundy was really only a matter of failed perception. The skulls and necrophilia-Bundy revisited some victims in their woodland graves for days-so difficult to reconcile with his attractive public persona were ghoulish but hardly unique examples of how the s.e.xual criminal attempts to create a fantasy that complements his underlying motivations-in Ted"s case, a monstrous hatred for women and a consuming, frantic quest for power-and then tries to realize that fantasy.
To the s.e.xual offender, possession is power, and total possession is absolute power.
Roy Hazelwood taught me that.
When I located Hazelwood that night in Des Moines, he was seated alone at a low table, savoring a nonfilter Lucky Strike and a sparkling gla.s.s of iced gin, habits he has since reluctantly abandoned. Roy"s gaze was obscured by the amber lenses in his aviator frames-a look he"d acquired in Vietnam-and he was bathed in a haze of blue cigarette smoke.
Cl.u.s.tered in knots throughout the lobby were dozens of heavy-limbed middle-aged men, each with a practiced grip on his own c.o.c.ktail-hour libation. A glance at their weary eyes and wary posture immediately confirmed that here was a room full of cops.
"Roy Hazelwood?" I asked, approaching the celebrated FBI agent.
"Yes." He stubbed out his Lucky. "You must be Michaud."
Hazelwood rose to extend his right hand. We shook.
"Have a seat," he directed. "Care for a drink?"
Roy wore a spiffy dark blue blazer, open-necked white shirt, gray slacks, and carefully polished black loafers, an arresting sartorial contrast to this writer in old chinos and the a.s.sembled homicide investigators in their cop mufti, double knits and short sleeves.
The scene is indelible in my mind, and years later the details still play exactly the same way in my memory. It"s humid, and the icy c.o.c.ktail gla.s.ses sweat rings through paper napkins onto the damp Formica tabletop. Ecru tufts of stuffing poke up through a hole in the red Naugahyde seat of my chair.
But what turned an otherwise ordinary night into an ineradicable memory was the conversation with Hazelwood. By evening"s end I"d already begun an extraordinary journey, a frequently harrowing fourteen-year exploration across the shadowy nether edge of human behavior, the psychic precincts of the s.e.xual criminal.
This book is the record of that trip.
Police departments from around the United States and Canada had paid $145 apiece for their detectives to attend the Des Moines meeting, a bargain ticket given some of the big-dog crime authorities scheduled to lecture.
Besides the meeting"s top draw, Hazelwood, speakers included Cook County, Illinois, state"s attorney William J. Kunkle, Jr. Four years earlier, Kunkle had won a death sentence for John Wayne Gacy, the portly bis.e.xual serial killer and Democratic Party operative who strangled or stabbed to death an estimated thirty-three of his s.e.xual partners, young men and boys, throughout the 1970s. Gacy buried more than two dozen of his victims in the crawl s.p.a.ce beneath his house in Norwood Park Township, a northwest suburb of Chicago.
Also in Des Moines was Sergeant Dudley Varney of the Los Angeles Police Department. Varney was a key investigator during LAPD"s Hillside Strangler case of 1977 and 1978, the string of ten (and possibly more) brutal torture-murders for which serial-killing cousins Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono ultimately were caught and imprisoned.
Another of the presenters was Bob Keppel, chief investigator for the Washington State attorney general"s office, and probably the world"s most experienced serial killer hunter. At the time of the symposium, Keppel was advising various law enforcement agencies in western Washington on the Green River Killer cases, the serial murders of dozens of prost.i.tutes that remain unsolved today.
Hazelwood brought to the Des Moines meeting an altogether different perspective. A member of the Bureau"s elite Behavioral Science Unit, based at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia, Roy"s domain is the s.e.xual criminal"s mental and emotional planes, the deviant mind"s hot zones where l.u.s.t and rage are fused, and deadly fantasies flower.
No one knows this world better than he.
There are more than ten thousand homicides, rapes, suicides, accidental deaths, and miscellaneous acts of mayhem in Hazelwood"s casebook. Among them are famous serial murders, savage ma.s.s murders, serial rapes, mutilations, explosions, a couple auto-amputations, multiple hangings, eviscerations, bludgeonings, staged deaths and faked rapes, stabbings, shootings, strangulations, garrotings, electrocutions, and a few poisonings.
Roy acquired this vast experience in the process of transforming the subject of s.e.xual crime investigation-once a scorned and degraded facet of police work-into a professional discipline at the FBI.
"His influence is everywhere," says his friend and frequent collaborator, Dr. Park Elliott Dietz, the noted forensic psychiatrist and a heavyweight authority on aberrant criminality in his own right.
"There are very few people who have influenced any area of criminal investigation as profoundly as Roy Hazelwood has s.e.xual crimes. It is an influence that extends to the research community, to victims, to criminals he has brought to justice, to investigators who"d be lost were it not for the guide roads Roy has mapped out for them."
In 1980, Hazelwood was the first BSU agent from the unit"s underground office complex at Quantico dispatched to Atlanta to a.s.sist authorities with what became the sensational and highly sensitive Atlanta Child Murders case.
Later joined in Atlanta by his colleague, John Douglas, Hazelwood would be the first to tell local lawmen that their serial child killer undoubtedly was an African American male, probably in his twenties. Although it was clear nearly from the outset that more than one killer was stalking Atlanta"s black children and youths from 1979 to 1981, the s.e.xual criminal whom Hazelwood and Douglas conjured from the crime scene evidence was Wayne Williams, twenty-three, a black photographer who ultimately was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to life in prison in conjunction with the Child Murders.
Like all BSU agents, Hazelwood also wrote criminal personality profiles, subjective portraits of aberrant UNSUBs (unknown subjects) drawn from the behavioral clues that those offenders inevitably leave at their crime scenes. Depending upon how rich a trove of behavioral clues is available for a.n.a.lysis, Hazelwood can infer an UNSUB"s age, s.e.x, race, intelligence, education level, military history, type of work, car, clothing, marital status, sociability, hobbies, possible arrest record, and erotic preferences in his consenting s.e.xual relationships, among other details of his daily life.
One of the first profiles Hazelwood ever wrote was of a predatory UNSUB who in May of 1978 molested and murdered a little boy in St. Joseph, Missouri.
On the afternoon of May 26, 1978, four-year-old Eric Christgen, scion of a prominent St. Joseph family, momentarily was left by his baby-sitter at a downtown St. Joseph playground as the young woman went into a store for a purchase. When she emerged a few minutes later, little blond-haired Eric was missing.
The next afternoon, Eric Christgen was found murdered in a rugged ravine near the foot of nearby river cliffs, about a twenty-minute walk from where he"d disappeared. He"d been sodomized and then asphyxiated.
The local investigation soon faltered, and a request went to the BSU for help on the case. Working with crime scene photos, police and witness reports, and what he knew about the sort of person who abducts, s.e.xually a.s.saults, and then murders little boys, Hazelwood constructed a word picture of the UNSUB.
Roy surmised Eric Christgen"s killer was a white male pedophile, aged around fifty. He arrived at these inferences based upon witness accounts and the BSU"s voluminous files on similar abduction murders. The offender"s race, s.e.x, and s.e.xual orientation were self-evident. His age was a surmise, supported by the witnesses.
Roy also knew from the BSU"s past experience with pedophiles that they do not start acting out, suddenly, in middle age. So this UNSUB, he thought, probably had a police record for past deviant acts with children.
Judging from the apparent strength required to scale the thickly overgrown hillside where he"d taken the boy to kill him, the UNSUB also probably was st.u.r.dily built.
Hazelwood wrote further that the killer would likely be a loner who had been drinking the day of the slaying. His inhibitions lowered by alcohol, he had s.n.a.t.c.hed Eric Christgen on an impulse. It was a crime of opportunity, with no prior planning.
If employed, the UNSUB would be a laborer of some sort. He was neither stable nor skilled enough to hold down a more demanding position. Most importantly, wrote Hazelwood, if not stopped he certainly would reoffend within a few months.
In Roy"s experience, criminal pedophiles, along with s.e.xual s.a.d.i.s.ts, are the only s.e.xual offenders who enjoy the actual commission of their crimes as much as they do fantasizing about them, before and afterward. They are not remorseful for the harm they do, nor do they experience guilt. They never recoil at their excesses. And at no level of consciousness do they ever wish to be caught.
Hazelwood"s 1978 profile of Eric Christgen"s killer had little initial impact on the investigation. At the time Roy wrote it, the BSU wasn"t nearly so well known as it became in the wake of Thomas Harris"s spooky novel, The Silence of the Lambs, or the ensuing movie, in which Anthony Hopkins won an Oscar for his bloodcurdling portrayal of the flesh-eating Hannibal Lecter. In 1978, the quality and relicibility of the BSU"s work were largely unknown.
It was also years after Hazelwood completed the profile that Michael Insco, the prosecutor in St. Joseph, finally read it. By then, the Christgen case had taken a surprise turn as well.
Some months after the murder, Melvin Reynolds, a slightly built twenty-five-year-old resident of St. Joseph, confessed during police questioning that he"d abducted, a.s.saulted, and killed Eric Christgen. Reynolds, an unemployed cook, was sentenced to life in prison in 1979.
"We had a person who"d confessed," says Insco, now in private life as a computer-system consultant to law enforcement. "And profiles were something we totally were unfamiliar with. At that time, all I saw was something come across my desk marked "Psychological Profile." "
Three years later, a burly itinerant s.e.x killer and convicted pedophile named Charles Ray Hatcher confessed to the crime. Hatcher intimated he was good for as many as sixteen murders over several years. He"d been fifty years old at the time Eric Christgen was killed, just as Roy earlier had conjectured the boy"s killer would be.
Faced with the dilemma of two men now having sworn their guilt for the same murder, Ins...o...b..gan reviewing the evidence, including, for the first time, Hazelwood"s five-year-old profile. After reading it through, "I realized that Hazelwood had written a description of Hatcher," Insco says. "The profile matched him on something like twenty-one points. And it wasn"t just the fact that the profile fit Hatcher so closely. It also described someone far different from the man we"d convicted. It was a very impressive piece of work."
Insco later visited the BSU, where he met personally with Roy.
"I wish that I had gone there much earlier," he says. "If I had known the kind of work they were doing in the BSU I really think it might have saved an innocent man from going to prison. I don"t think I would have believed Reynolds."
Charles Hatcher was sentenced to life in prison on October 13, 1983. The next day, after four years behind bars, Melvin Reynolds was released.
On December 7, 1984, Hatcher was found hanged to death from a wire in his cell at the Missouri State Prison in Jefferson City. Cause of death was presumed to be suicide.
Since that first profile, Hazelwood"s research projects have taken criminology where it"s never been before, from the malignant misogyny of criminal s.e.xual s.a.d.i.s.ts to behavior that often is neither criminal nor violent nor predatory, but nonetheless poses critical challenges to law enforcement.
When I first met him, Roy, with Dr. Dietz and Ann Wolbert Burgess, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, recently had published the first and only textbook ever devoted to autoerotic fatalities. These accidental, often bizarre deaths frequently are mistaken by investigators for murders or suicides. Hazelwood has even identified a subset of such cases, atypical autoerotic deaths.
Another of his innovations is the "organized-disorganized" aberrant criminal dichotomy, as familiar to homicide investigators today as handcuffs. The dichotomy is a shorthand way for police to quickly ascertain from crime-scene evidence what sort of UNSUB they seek.
If, for example, a killer brings with him the weapons and restraints he requires to commit the crime, and then takes pains to secrete his victim"s body, he is demonstrating foresight, and is probably an experienced, mature, coherent criminal-"organized." If, by contrast, the crime scene is chaotic, and reflects no planning nor any particular care taken to get away safely, the offender is apt to be young, inexperienced, or possibly even psychotic-"disorganized."
When it is clearly evident that an UNSUB is organized or disorganized, that knowledge is vitally useful in focusing the critically important early stages of a criminal investigation.
"The disorganized and organized cla.s.sification of crimes was fantastic, a brainstorm," says Vernon J. Geberth, a retired New York Police Department lieutenant commander and author of the standard police textbook, Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures and Forensic Techniques. "For a police officer to be able to define and describe behavior without using clinical terms was just fantastic."
Besides noting his evident style, my first impression of Roy in Des Moines that Monday night was how different he seemed from the other BSU agents Hugh and I had met. Roger Depue, unit chief during the BSU"s heyday of the 1980s, once told me that overseeing Hazelwood and his brother profilers was a little like coaching a football team with eleven quarterbacks.
"They were all different, with very strong ideas about what they wanted to do, and how to do it," said Depue.
Intelligent, highly motivated, hardworking, and good company, especially when they"ve had a few drinks, profilers tend to combine the giant, fragile ego of the brain surgeon with the tireless intensity of genius-level computer programmers.
They can be a strange bunch.
Depue remembers camaraderie in the unit, a sense of specialness that this platoon of psychological commandos-Psychology Today called them "mind hunters"-shared. But the fault lines in the unit also ran deep. There are certain present and former BSU agents it is best not to invite to the same function.
Roy, a natural diplomat, remains on cordial relations with all his old buddies. He"s centered in a way that many of them are not. He also maintains a healthy perspective on his work.
Roger Depue recalls that Hazelwood was one of the very few BSU agents who could leave profiling"s horrors on his desk each night, and then pick up the burden of reconstructing ghastly murders afresh each morning.
As Roy tells it, the key is not to dwell in the overwhelming evil, but to sequester it or defuse it. He employs one of the homicide investigator"s trustiest emotional allies in this battle, mocking irreverence.
Some years ago, after listening to Hazelwood lecture at a conference, an older female psychologist approached him.
"How do you cope with all that violence?" she asked.
"I looked her right in the eye and said, "Masturbation!" " Hazelwood recollects.
She literally staggered.
"I said, "I"m joking! I"m joking! I"m joking!" I do the same thing you do. I compartmentalize. This is my job, not my life. I have a home and family and a faith in G.o.d."
Another common inquiry: Why the fascination with such extreme criminal behavior?
Hazelwood often senses this questioner"s implicit a.s.sumption that cops and criminals are two sides of a very thin coin, a connection he emphatically rejects.
"I always answer that one with a question of my own," he says.
" "When you go to the zoo, what is your favorite animal to look at?"
"Some people say, "I like the snakes." Others say, "I like the lions."
" "Why?" I ask.
" "Because they"re dangerous."
" "Well," I say, "that"s why I study s.e.xual offenders, because they"re dangerous." "
As the c.o.c.ktail-hour conversation matured into a genial exchange of stories and opinions, my attention wandered repeatedly to a typescript lying on the table between us. It was ent.i.tled "An a.n.a.lysis of Materials Seized from James Mitch.e.l.l DeBardeleben," and it rested beneath Roy"s gleaming Zippo, emblazoned with the insignia of the Fourth Infantry Division, Hazelwood"s old unit in Vietnam. Whenever he lit a smoke, Roy returned the lighter to the transcript, like he was checking a poker bet.
I was intrigued.
"DeBardeleben is a fascinating case," Hazelwood finally said, gesturing toward the report. "It ought to be your next book."
The year before, Mike DeBardeleben, then forty-three, was arrested in Knoxville by Secret Service agents who for years had known him only as "the Mall Pa.s.ser," a rare solo forger who printed his own bills and pa.s.sed them himself, princ.i.p.ally in malls.
Hazelwood told us that although DeBardeleben was as wily a counterfeiter as the Treasury Department ever encountered, his true dimension as a sort of omni-criminal only became clear after Secret Service agents tossed the two miniwarehouses where he"d stashed his printing gear.