"The four bases-ATCG," Scitable, Nature Education, 2012, "device the size of your thumb could store"
Robert Lee Hotz, "Harvard Researchers Turn Book into DNA Code," Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2012.
60 discovered by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin
Lynne Osman Elkin, "Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix," Physics Today 56, no. 3 (March 2003): 4248.
61 exactly fifty years later, the human genome was sequenced
US Department of Energy, Office of Science, "History of the Human Genome Project," June 4, 2012, they are beginning to sequence RNA
Genetics Home Reference, "RNA," system to convey the information that is translated into proteins
"RNAi," Nova scienceNOW, PBS, July 26, 2005, cells that make up all forms of life
Genetics Home Reference, "Protein," being a.n.a.lyzed in the Human Proteome Project
Human Proteome Organisation, "Human Proteome Project (HPP)," 2010, patterns that affect their function and role
ThermoScientific, "Overview of Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs)," ways that extend their range of functions and control their behavior
Ibid.
68 The Human Epigenome Project has made major advances
G. G. Sanghani et al., "Human Epigenome Project: The Future of Cancer Therapy," Inventi Impact: Pharm Biotech & Microbio 2012, epigenetic breakthroughs are already helping cancer patients
"Epigenetics Emerges Powerfully as a Clinical Tool," Medical Xpress, September 12, 2012, transform and commandeer them
Denise Caruso, "Synthetic Biology: An Overview and Recommendations for Antic.i.p.ating and Addressing Emerging Risks," Science Progress, November 12, 2008, custom chemicals that have value in the marketplace
Caruso, "Synthetic Biology."
72 less effective insulin produced from pigs and other animals
Lawrence K. Altman, "A New Insulin Given Approval for Use in U.S.," New York Times, October 30, 1982.
73 significant improvements in artificial skin
Charles Q. Choi, "Spider Silk May Provide the Key to Artificial Skin," MSNBC, August 9, 2011; Katharine Sanderson, "Artificial Skins Detect the Gentlest Touch," Nature, September 12, 2010.
74 synthetic human blood
Fiona Macrae, "Synthetic Blood Created by British Scientists Could Be Used in Transfusions in Just Two Years," Daily Mail, October 28, 2011.
75 diverse as fuel for vehicles