"The duke concludes that this paper contains a correct statement of what Mr Adolphus said upon the occasion, and he a.s.sures Mr Adolphus that he would not trouble him upon the subject if circ.u.mstances did not exist which rendered this communication desirable.
"Some years have elapsed since the public have been informed, _FROM THE VERY BEST AUTHORITY_, that the duke had totally ruined himself at play; and Mr Adolphus was present upon one occasion when a witness swore that he had heard the duke was constantly obliged to sell the offices in the Ordnance himself, instead of allowing them to be sold by others!! The duke has suffered some inconvenience from this report in a variety of ways, and he is anxious that at least it should not be repeated by a gentleman of such celebrity and authority as Mr Adolphus.
"He therefore a.s.sures Mr Adolphus that in the whole course of his life he never won or lost L20 at any game, and that he never played at Hazard, or any game of chance, in any public place or club, nor been for some years at all at any such place.
"From these circ.u.mstances, Mr Adolphus will see that there is no ground for making use of the duke"s name as an example of a person _KNOWN SOMETIMES TO PLAY AT HAZARD, WHO MIGHT BE COMMITTED AS A ROGUE AND VAGABOND_."
_Mr Adolphus to Field-Marshal the Duke of Wellington_.
"Percy Street, 21st Sept., 1823.
"Mr Adolphus has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a note from his Grace the Duke of Wellington, and would have done so yesterday, but was detained in court till a late hour in the evening. Mr Adolphus is extremely sorry that any expression used by him should have occasioned a moment"s uneasiness to the Duke of Wellington. Mr Adolphus cannot deny that the report in the "Chronicle" is accurate, so far as it recites his mere words; but the scope of his argument, and the intended sense of his expression, was, that if the Vagrant Act were to receive the extensive construction contended for, the most ill.u.s.trious subject of the realm might be degraded to the condition of the most abject and worthless, for an act in itself indifferent--and which, until the times had a.s.sumed a character of affected rigour, was considered rather as a proof of good society than as an offence against good order. Mr Adolphus is, however, perfectly sensible that his ill.u.s.tration in his Grace"s person was in all respects improper, and, considering the matters to which his Grace has adverted, peculiarly unfortunate Mr Adolphus feels with regret that any public expression of his sentiments on this subject in the newspapers would not abate, but much increase, the evil. Should an opportunity ever present itself of doing it naturally and without affectation, Mr Adolphus would most readily explain, in speaking at the bar, the error he had committed; but it is very unlikely that there should exist an occasion of which he can avail himself with a due regard to delicacy. Mr Adolphus relies, however, on the Duke of Wellington"s exalted mind for credit to his a.s.surance that he never meant to treat his name but with the respect due to his Grace"s exalted rank and infinitely higher renown."
_To Mr Adolphus_.
"Woolford, 23rd Sept., 1823.
"The Duke of Wellington presents his compliments to Mr Adolphus, and a.s.sures Mr Adolphus that he is convinced that Mr Adolphus never intended to reflect injuriously upon him. If the duke had believed that Mr Adolphus could have entertained such an intention he would not have addressed him. The duke troubles Mr Adolphus again upon this subject, as, in consequence of the editor of the "Morning Chronicle" having thought proper to advert to this subject in a paragraph published on the 18th instant, the duke has referred the paper of that date and that of the 12th to the Attorney and Solicitor-general, his counsel, to consider whether the editor ought not to be prosecuted.
"The duke requests, therefore, that Mr Adolphus will not notice the subject in the way he proposes until the gentlemen above mentioned will have decided upon the advice which they will give the duke."(135)
(135) "Dispatches," vol. ii. part i.
The result was, however, that the matter was allowed to drop, as the duke was advised by his counsel that the paragraph in the "Morning Chronicle," though vile, was not actionable. The positive declaration of the duke, "that in the whole course of his life he never won or lost L20 at any game, and that he never played at Hazard, or any game of chance, in any public place or club, nor been for some years at all at any such place," should set the matter at rest. Certainly the duke was afterwards an original member of Crockford"s Club, founded in 1827, but, unlike Blucher, who repeatedly lost everything at play, "The Great Captain," as Mr Timbs puts it, "was never known to play deep at any game but war or politics."(136)
(136) Club Life in London.
This remarkable deference to private character and public opinion, on the part of the Duke of Wellington, is in wonderful contrast with the easy morality of the Old Bailey advocate, Mr Adolphus, who did not hesitate to declare gambling "an act in itself indifferent--and which, until the times had a.s.sumed a character of _AFFECTED_ rigour, was considered rather as a proof of good society than as an offence against good order." This averment of so distinguished a man may, perhaps, mitigate the horror we now feel of the gambling propensities of our ancestors; and it is a proof of some sort of advancement in morals, or good taste, to know that no modern advocate would dare to utter such a sentiment.
Other great names have been a.s.sociated with gambling; thus Mr T. H.
Duncombe says, speaking of Crockford"s soon after its foundation:--"Sir St Vincent Cotton (Lord Combermere), Lord Fitzroy Somerset (Raglan), the Marquis of Anglesey, Sir Hussey Vivian, Wilson Croker, _Disraeli_, Horace Twiss, Copley, George Anson, and George Payne _WERE PRETTY SURE OF BEING PRESENT_, many of them playing high."
Respecting this statement the _Times"_(137) reviewer observes:--"We do not know what the Chancellor of the Exchequer will say to this. Mr Wilson Croker (who affected great strictness) would have fainted away.
But the authority of a writer who does not know Sir St Vincent Cotton (the ex-driver of the Brighton coach) from Sir _Stapleton_ Cotton (the Peninsular hero) will go for little in such matters; and as for Copley, Lord Lyndhurst (just then promoted from the Rolls to the Woolsack), why not say at once that he attended the nocturnal sittings at Crockford"s in his robes."
(137) Jan. 7, 1868.
CHAPTER XII. REMARKABLE GAMESTERS. ----MONSIEUR CHEVALIER.
Monsieur CHevalier, Captain of the Grenadiers in the first regiment of Foot Guards, in the time of Charles II. of England, was a native of Normandy. In his younger days he was page to the d.u.c.h.ess of Orleans; but growing too big for that service, he came to England to seek his fortune, and by some good luck and favour became an ensign in the first regiment of Foot Guards. His pay, however, being insufficient to maintain him, he felt compelled to become a gamester, or rather to resort to a practice in which doubtless he had been early initiated at the Court of France; and he managed so well that he was soon enabled to keep up an equipage much above his station.
Among the "bubbles" who had the misfortune to fall into Chevalier"s hands, was a certain n.o.bleman, who lost a larger sum to him than he could conveniently pay down, and asked for time, to which Chevalier a.s.sented, and in terms so courteous and obliging that the former, a fortnight after, in order to let him see that he remembered his civility, came one morning and told Chevalier that he had a company of Foot to dispose of, and if it was worth his while, it should be at his service. Nothing could be more acceptable to Chevalier, who at once closed for the bargain, and got his commission signed the same day.
Besides the fact that it was a time of peace, Chevalier knew well that the military t.i.tle of Captain was a very good cloak to shelter under.
He knew that a man of no employment or any visible income, who appears and lives like a gentleman, and makes gaming his constant business, is always suspected of not playing for diversion only; and, in short, of knowing and practising more than he should do.
Chevalier once won 20 guineas from mad Ogle, the Life-guardsman, who, understanding that the former had bit him, called him to account, demanding either his money back, or satisfaction in the field.
Chevalier, having always courage enough to maintain what he did, chose the latter. Ogle fought him in Hyde Park, and wounded him through the sword arm, and got back his money. After this they were always good friends, playing several comical tricks, one of which is as follows, strikingly ill.u.s.trating the manners of the times.
Chevalier and Ogle meeting one day in Fleet Street jostled for the wall, which they strove to take of each other, whereupon words arising between them, they drew swords, and pushed very hard at one another; but were prevented, by the great crowd which gathered about them, from doing any mischief. Ogle, seeming still to resent the affront, cried to Chevalier, "If you are a gentleman, pray follow me." The French hero accepted the challenge; so going together up Bell Yard and through Lincoln"s Inn, with some hundreds of the mob at their heels, as soon as the seeming adversaries were got into Lincoln"s Inn Fields, they both fell a running as fast as they could, with their swords drawn, up towards Lord Powis"s house, which was then building, and leaped into a saw-pit. The rabble presently ran after them, to part them again, and feared mischief would be done before they could get up to them, but when they arrived at the saw-pit, they saw Chevalier at one side of it and Ogle at the other, sitting together as lovingly as if they had never fallen out at all. And then the mob was so incensed at this trick put upon them, that had not some gentlemen accidentally come by, they would have knocked them both on the head with brickbats.
Chevalier had an excellent knack at cogging a die, and such command in the throwing, that, chalking a circle on a table, with its circ.u.mference no bigger than a shilling, he would, at above the distance of one foot, throw a die exactly into it, which should be either ace, deuce, trey, or what he pleased.
Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, was a great gambler of the time, and often practised dice-throwing in his shirt during the morning until he fancied himself in luck, when he would proceed to try his fortune with Chevalier; but the dexterity of the latter always convinced the earl that no certainty lies on the good success which may be fancied as likely to result from play in jest. Chevalier won a great deal of money from that peer, "who lost most of his estate at gaming before he died, and which ought to be a warning to all n.o.blemen."
Chevalier was a skilful sharper, and thoroughly up in the art and mystery of loading dice with quicksilver; but having been sometimes detected in his sharping tricks, he was obliged "to look on the point of the sword, with which being often wounded, latterly he declined fighting, if there were any way of escape." Having once "choused," or cheated, a Mr Levingstone, page of honour to King James II., out of 50 guineas, the latter gave the captain a challenge to fight him next day behind Montague House--a locality long used for the purpose of duelling. Chevalier seemingly accepted the challenge, and next morning, Levingstone going to Chevalier"s lodging, whom he found in bed, put him in mind of what he was come about. Chevalier, with the greatest air of courage imaginable, rose, and having dressed himself, said to Levingstone--"Me must beg de favour of you to stay a few minutes, sir, while I step into my closet dere, for as me be going about one desperate piece of work, it is very requisite for me to say a small prayer or two." Accordingly Mr Levingstone consented to wait whilst Chevalier retired to his closet to pray; but hearing the conclusion of his prayer to end with these words--"Me verily believe spilling man"s blood is one ver" great sin, wherefore I hope all de saints will interced vid de Virgin for my once killing Monsieur de Blotieres at Roch.e.l.le,--my killing Chevalier de Cominge at Brest,--killing Major de Tierceville at Lyons,--killing Lieutenant du Marche Falliere at Paris, with half a dozen other men in France; so, being also sure of killing him I"m now going to fight, me hope his forcing me to shed his blood will not be laid to my charge;"--quoth Levingstone to himself--"And are you then so sure of me? But I"ll engage you shan"t--for if you are such a devil at killing men, you shall go and fight yourself and be ----." Whereupon he made what haste he could away, and shortly Chevalier coming out of the closet and finding Levingstone not in the room, was very glad of his absence."
Some time after, Chevalier was called to account by another gentleman.
They met at the appointed hour in Chelsea Fields, when Chevalier said to his adversary--"Pray, sir, for what do we fight?" The gentleman replied--"For honour and reputation." Thereupon Chevalier pulling a halter out of his pocket, and throwing it between him and his antagonist, exclaimed--"Begar, sir, we only fight for dis one piece of rope--so e"en _WIN IT AND WEAR IT_." The effect of this jest was so great on his adversary that swords were put up, and they went home together good friends.
Chevalier continued his sharping courses for about fourteen years, running a reckless race, "sometimes with much money, sometimes with little, but always as lavish in spending as he was covetous in getting it; until at last King James ascending the throne, the Duke of Monmouth raised a rebellion in the West of England, where, in a skirmish between the Royalists and Rebels, he was shot in the back, and the wound thought to be given by one of his own men, to whom he had always been a most cruel, harsh officer, whilst a captain of the Grenadiers of the Foot Guards. He was sensible himself how he came by this misfortune; for when he was carried to his tent mortally wounded, and the Duke of Albemarle came to visit him, he said to his Grace--"Dis was none of my foe dat shot me in the back." "He was none of your friend that shot you," the duke replied.
So dying within a few hours after, he was interred in a field near Philip Norton Lane, as the old chronicler says--"much _UN_lamented by all who knew him."(138)
(138) Lucas, _Memoirs of Gamesters and Sharpers_.
JOHN HIGDEN.
This gambler, who flourished towards the end of the 17th century, was descended from a very good family in the West of England. In his younger days he was a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple, but his inclinations being incompatible with close study of the law, he soon quitted the inns of court and went into the army. He obtained not only a commission in the first regiment of Boot Guards, but a commission of the peace for the county of Middles.e.x, in which he continued for three or four years as Justice Higden. He was very great at dice; and one night he and another of his fraternity going to a gaming house, Higden drew a chair and sat down, but as often as the box came to him he pa.s.sed it, and remained only as a spectator; but at last one of the players said to him pertly, "Sir, if you won"t play, what do you sit there for?" Upon which Higden s.n.a.t.c.hed up the dice-box and said, "Set me what you will and I"ll throw at it." One of the gentlemen set him two guineas, which he won, and then set him four, which he "nicked" also. The rest of the gentlemen took the part of the loser, and set to Higden, who, by some art and some good luck, won 120 guineas; and presently, after throwing out, rose from the table and went to his companion by the fireside, who asked him how he durst be so audacious as to play, knowing he had not a shilling in his pocket? One of the losers overhearing what was said, exclaimed, "How"s that--you had no money when you began to play?"
"That"s no matter," replied Higden, "I have enough _NOW;_ and if you had won of me, you must have been contented to have kicked, buffeted, or pumped me, and you would have done it as long as you liked. Besides, sir, I am a soldier, and have often faced the mouths of thundering cannons for _EIGHT SHILLINGS A DAY_, and do you think I would not hazard the tossing of a blanket for the money I have won to-night?"
"All the parties wondered at his confidence, but he laughed heartily at their folly and his good fortune, and so marched off with a light heart and a heavy purse." Afterwards, "to make himself as miserable as he could, he turned poet, went to Ireland, published a play or two, and shortly after he died very poor, in 1703."(139)
(139) _ubi supra._
MONSIEUR GERMAIN.
This gambler was of low birth, his parents keeping an ordinary in Holland, where he was born, as stated by the old chronicler, "in the happy Revolution of 1688."
His career is remarkable on account of his connection with Lady Mary Mordaunt, wife of "the Duke of Norfolk, who, proving her guilty of adultery, was divorced from her. She then lived publicly with Germain."
This Germain was the first to introduce what was called the _Spanish Whist_, stated to be "a mere bite, performed after this manner:--Having a pack of cards, the four treys are privately laid on the top of them, under them an ace, and next to that a deuce; then, letting your adversary cut the cards, you do not pack them, but deal all of them that are cut off, one at a time, between you; then, taking up the other parcel of cards, you deal more cards, giving yourself two treys and a deuce, and to the other persons two treys and an ace, when, laying the remainder of the cards down--wherein are allowed no trumps, but only the highest cards win--so they are but of the same suit, whilst you are playing, giving your antagonist all you can, as though it is not in your power to prevent him. You seem to fret, and cry you have good _put-cards;_ he, having two treys and an ace, will be apt to lay a wager with you that you cannot have better than he; then you binding the wager, he soon sees his mistake. But in this trick you must observe to put the other three deuces under yours when you deal."
It seems that this Monsieur Germain is not only remarkable for the above precious addition to human knowledge, but also on account of his expertness at the game of _Ombre_, celebrated and so elegantly described by Pope in his "Rape of the Lock."
He appears to have lived with the d.u.c.h.ess of Norfolk ever after the divorce; and he died a little after Lady Mary, in 1712, aged 46 years.(140)