(49) Hist. de Henri le Grand.
Under him gambling became the rage. Many distinguished families were utterly ruined by it. The Duc de Biron lost in a single year more than five hundred thousand crowns (about L250,000). "My son Constant," says D"Aubigne, "lost twenty times more than he was worth; so that, finding himself without resources, he abjured his religion."
It was at the court of Henry IV. that was invented the method of speedy ruin by means of written vouchers for loss and gain--which simplified the thing in all subsequent times. It was then also that certain Italian masters of the gaming art displayed their talents, their suppleness, and dexterity. One of them, named Pimentello, having, in the presence of the Duc de Sully, appealed to the honour which he enjoyed in having often played with Henry IV., the duke exclaimed,--"By heavens! So you are the Italian blood-sucker who is every day winning the king"s money! You have fallen into the wrong box, for I neither like nor wish to have anything to do with such fellows." Pimentello got warm. "Go about your business,"
said Sully, giving him a shove; "your infernal gibberish will not alter my resolve. Go!"(50)
(50) Mem. de Sully.
The French nation, for a long time agitated by civil war, settled down at last in peace and abundance--the fruits of which prosperity are often poisoned. They were so by the gambling propensity of the people at large, now first manifested. The warrior, the lawyer, the artisan, in a word, almost all professions and trades, were carried away by the fury of gaming. Magistrates sold for a price the permission to gamble--in the face of the enacted laws against the practice.
We can scarcely form an idea of the extent of the gaming at this period.
Ba.s.sompierre declares, in his Memoirs, that he won more than five hundred thousand livres (L25,000) in the course of a year. "I won them,"
he says, "although I was led away by a thousand follies of youth; and my friend Pimentello won more than two hundred thousand crowns (L100,000).
Evidently this Pimentello might well be called a _blood-sucker_ by Sully.(51) He is even said to have got all the dice-sellers in Paris to subst.i.tute loaded dice instead of fair ones, in order to aid his operations.
(51) In the original, however, the word is piffre, (vulgo) "greedy-guts."
Nothing more forcibly shows the danger of consorting with such bad characters than the calumny circulated respecting the connection between Henry IV. and this infamous Italian:--it was said that Henry was well aware of Pimentello"s manoeuvres, and that he encouraged them with the view of impoverishing his courtiers, hoping thereby to render them more submissive! Nero himself would have blushed at such a connivance.
Doubtless the calumny was as false as it was stupid.
The winnings of the courtier Ba.s.sompierre were enormous. He won at the Duc d"Epernon"s sufficient to pay his debts, to dress magnificently, to purchase all sorts of extravagant finery, a sword ornamented with diamonds--"and after all these expenses," he says, "I had still five or six thousand crowns (two to three thousand pounds) left, _TO KILL TIME WITH_, pour tuer le temps."
On another occasion, and at a more advanced age, he won one hundred thousand crowns (L50,000) at a single sitting, from M. De Guise, Joinville, and the Marechal d"Ancre.
In reading his Memoirs we are apt to get indignant at the fellow"s successes; but at last we are tempted to laugh at his misery. He died so poor that he did not leave enough to pay the twentieth part of his debts! Such, doubtless, is the end of most gamblers.
But to return to Henry IV., the great gambling exemplar of the nation.
The account given of him at the gaming table is most afflicting, when we remember his royal greatness, his sublime qualities. His only object was to _WIN_, and those who played with him were thus always placed in a dreadful dilemma--either to lose their money or offend the king by beating him! The Duke of Savoy once played with him, and in order to suit his humour, dissimulated his game--thus sacrificing or giving up forty thousand pistoles (about L28,000).
When the king lost he was most exacting for his "revanche," or revenge, as it is termed at play. After winning considerably from the king, on one occasion, Ba.s.sompierre, under the pretext of his official engagements, furtively decamped: the king immediately sent after him; he was stopped, brought back, and allowed to depart only after giving the "revanche" to his Majesty. This "good Henri," who was incapable of the least dissimulation either in good or in evil, often betrayed a degree of cupidity which made his minister, Sully, ashamed of him;--in order to pay his gaming debts, the king one day deducted seventy-two thousand livres from the proceeds of a confiscation on which he had no claim whatever.
On another occasion he was wonderfully struck with some gold-pieces which Ba.s.sompierre brought to Fontainebleau, called _Portugalloises_. He could not rest without having them. Play was necessary to win them, but the king was also anxious to be in time for a hunt. In order to conciliate the two pa.s.sions, he ordered a gaming party at the Palace, left a representative of his game during his absence, and returned sooner than usual, to try and win the so much coveted _Portugalloises_.
Even love--if that name can be applied to the grovelling pa.s.sion of Henry IV., intensely violent as it was--could not, with its sensuous enticements, drag the king from the gaming table or stifle his despicable covetousness. On one occasion, whilst at play, it was whispered to him that a certain princess whom he loved was likely to fall into other arms:--"Take care of my money," said he to Ba.s.sompierre, "and keep up the game whilst I am absent on particular business."
During this reign gamesters were in high favour, as may well be imagined. One of them received an honour never conceded even to princes and dukes. "The latter," says Amelot de la Houssaie, "did not enter the court-yard of the royal mansions in a carriage before the year 1607, and they are indebted for the privilege to the first Duc d"Epernon, the favourite of the late king, Henry III., who being wont to go every day to play with the queen, Marie de Medicis, took it into his head to have his carriage driven into the court-yard of the Louvre, and had himself carried bodily by his footmen into the very chamber of the queen--under the pretext of being dreadfully tormented with the gout, so as not to be able to stand on his legs."(52)
(52) Mem. Hist. iii.
It is said, however, that Henry IV. was finally cured of gambling.
_Credat Judaeus!_ But the anecdote is as follows. The king lost an immense sum at play, and requested Sully to let him have the money to pay it. The latter demurred, so that the king had to send to him several times. At last, however, Sully took him the money, and spread it out before him on the table, exclaiming--"There"s the sum." Henry fixed his eyes on the vast amount. It is said to have been enough to purchase Amiens from the Spaniards, who then held it. The king thereupon exclaimed:--"I am corrected. I will never again lose my money at gaming."
During this reign Paris swarmed with gamesters. Then for the first time were established _Academies de Jeu_, "Gaming Academies," for thus were termed the gaming houses to which all cla.s.ses of society beneath the n.o.bility and gentility, down to the lowest, rushed in crowds and incessantly. Not a day pa.s.sed without the ruin of somebody. The son of a merchant, who possessed twenty thousand crowns, lost sixty thousand. It seemed, says a contemporary, that a thousand pistoles at that time were valued less than a _sou_ in the time of Francis I.
The result of this state of things was incalculable social affliction.
Usury and law-suits completed the ruin of gamblers.
The profits of the keepers of gaming houses must have been enormous, to judge from the rents they paid. A house in the Faubourg Saint-Germain was secured at the rental of about L70 for a fortnight, for the purpose of gambling during the time of the fair. Small rooms and even closets were hired at the rate of many pistoles or half-sovereigns per hour; to get paid, however, generally entailed a fight or a law-suit.
All this took place in the very teeth of the most stringent laws enacted against gaming and gamesters. The fact was, that among the magistrates some closed their eyes, and others held out their hands to receive the bribe of their connivance.
LOUIS XIII.--At the commencement of the reign of Louis XIII. the laws against gaming were revived, and severer penalties were enacted.
Forty-seven gaming houses at Paris, which had been licensed, and from which several magistrates drew a perquisite of a pistole or half a sovereign a day, were shut up and suppressed.
These stringent measures checked the gambling of the "people," but not that of "the great," who went on merrily as before.
Of course they "kept the thing quiet"--gambled in secret--but more desperately than ever. The Marechal d"Ancre commonly staked twenty thousand pistoles (L10,000).
Louis XIII. was not a gambler, and so, during this reign, the court did not set so bad an example. The king was averse to all games of chance.
He only liked chess, but perhaps rather too much, to judge from the fact that, in order to enable him to play chess on his journeys, a chessboard was fitted in his carriage, the pieces being furnished with pins at the bottom so as not to be deranged or knocked down by the motion.
The reader will remember that, as already stated, a similar gaming accommodation was provided for the Roman Emperor Claudius.
The cup and ball of Henry III. and the chessboard of Louis XIII. are merely ridiculous. We must excuse well-intentioned monarchs when they only indulge themselves with frivolous and childish trifles. It is something to be thankful for if we have not to apply to them the adage--Quic-quid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi--"When kings go mad their people get their blows."
LOUIS XIV.--The reign of Louis XIV. was a great development in every point of view, gaming included.
The revolutions effected in the government and in public morals by Cardinal Richelieu, who played a game still more serious than those we are considering, had very considerably checked the latter; but these resumed their vigour, with interest, under another Cardinal, profoundly imbued with the Italian spirit--the celebrated Mazarin. This minister, independently of his particular taste that way, knew how to ally gaming with his political designs. By means of gaming he contrived to protract the minority of the king under whom he governed the nation.
"Mazarin," says St Pierre, "introduced gaming at the court of Louis XIV.
in the year 1648. He induced the king and the queen regent to play; and preference was given to games of chance. The year 1648 was the era of card-playing at court. Cardinal Mazarin played deep and with finesse, and easily drew in the king and queen to countenance this new entertainment, so that every one who had any expectation at court learned to play at cards. Soon after the humour changed, and games of chance came into vogue--to the ruin of many considerable families: this was likewise very destructive to health, for besides the various violent pa.s.sions it excited, whole nights were spent at this execrable amus.e.m.e.nt. The worst of all was that card-playing, which the court had taken from the army, soon spread from the court into the city, and from the city pervaded the country towns.
"Before this there was something done for improving conversation; every one was ambitious of qualifying himself for it by reading ancient and modern books; memory and reflection were much more exercised. But on the introduction of gaming men likewise left of tennis, billiards, and other games of skill, and consequently became weaker and more sickly, more ignorant, less polished, and more dissipated.
"The women, who till then had commanded respect, accustomed men to treat them familiarly, by spending the whole night with them at play. They were often under the necessity of borrowing either to play, or to pay their losings; and how very ductile and complying they were to those of whom they had to borrow was well known."
From that time gamesters swarmed all over France; they multiplied rapidly in every profession, even among the magistracy. The Cardinal de Retz tells us, in his Memoirs, that in 1650 the oldest magistrate in the parliament of Bordeaus, and one who pa.s.sed for the wisest, was not ashamed to stake all his property one night at play, and that too, he adds, without risking his reputation--so general was the fury of gambling. It became very soon mixed up with the most momentous circ.u.mstances of life and affairs of the gravest importance. The States-general, or parliamentary a.s.semblies, consisted altogether of gamblers. "It is a game," says Madame de Sevigne, "it is an entertainment, a liberty-hall day and night, attracting all the world.
I never before beheld the States-general of Bretagne. The States-general are decidedly a very fine thing."
The same delightful correspondent relates that one of her amus.e.m.e.nts when she went to the court was to admire Dangeau at the card-table; and the following is the account of a gaming party at which she was present:--
"29th July, 1676.
"I went on Sat.u.r.day with Villars to Versailles. I need not tell you of the queen"s toilette, the ma.s.s, the dinner--you know it all; but at three o"clock the king rose from table, and he, the queen, Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle, all the princes and princesses, Madame de Montespan, all her suite, all the courtiers, all the ladies, in short, what we call the court of France, were a.s.sembled in that beautiful apartment which you know. It is divinely furnished, everything is magnificent; one does not know what it is to be too hot; we walk about here and there, and are not incommoded anywhere:--at last a table of reversi(53) gives a form to the crowd, and a place to every one. _THE KING IS NEXT TO MADAME DE MONTESPAN_, who deals; the Duke of Orleans, the queen, and Madame de Soubise; Dangeau and Co.; Langee and Co.; a thousand louis are poured out on the cloth--there are no other counters.
I saw Dangeau play!--what fools we all are compared to him--he minds nothing but his business, and wins when every one else loses: he neglects nothing, takes advantage of everything, is never absent; in a word, his skill defies fortune, and accordingly 200,000 francs in ten days, 100,000 crowns in a fortnight, all go to his receipt book.
(53) A kind of game long since out of fashion, and now almost forgotten; it seems to have been a compound of Loo and Commerce--the _Quinola_ or _Pam_ was the knave of hearts.
"He was so good as to say I was a partner in his play, by which I got a very convenient and agreeable place. I saluted the king in the way you taught me, which he returned as if I had been young and handsome--I received a thousand compliments--you know what it is to have a word from everybody! This agreeable confusion without confusion lasts from three o"clock till six. If a courtier arrives, the king retires for a moment to read his letters, and returns immediately. There is always some music going on, which has a very good effect; the king listens to the music and chats to the ladies about him. At last, at six o"clock, they stop playing--they have no trouble in settling their reckonings--there are no counters--the lowest pools are five, six, seven hundred louis, the great ones a thousand, or twelve hundred; they put in five each at first, that makes one hundred, and the dealer puts in ten more--then they give four louis each to whoever has Quinola--some pa.s.s, others play, but when you play without winning the pool, you must put in sixteen to teach you how to play rashly: they talk all together, and for ever, and of everything.
"How many hearts?" "Two!" "I have three!" "I have one!" "I have four!"