Intimate Knowledge and Delight
IN the affairs of the mind we are all "Indian givers." We will part with our most cherished convictions for a merely nominal consideration, such as "for the sake of the argument,"--even when we do not really care for arguments. But let no one be deceived into thinking that this is the end. Renunciation usually has some mental reservation, or at least some saving ambiguity.
You may see a saint, in his enthusiasm for disinterested virtue, give up all claim to personal happiness. But does he expect to be taken at his word and to live miserably ever after? Not he! Already, if he be a true saint, he has begun to enjoy the beatific vision.
I know a teacher of religion who is inclined to rebel against what seems to him to be the undue emphasis upon faith. For himself, it seems a wholesome thing to do a little doubting now and then, and he looks upon this as a religious exercise. He affirms that the characteristic att.i.tudes of the spiritual man can be expressed in terms of skepticism as well as of belief. It is all one whether the matter be put positively or negatively. Materialism he treats as a form of dogmatism based on the appearance of things. The religious mind is incredulous of this explanation of the universe and subjects it to a destructive criticism.
The soul of man is full of "obstinate questionings of sense and outward things." Yet this same person, when he forgets his argument, is apt to talk like the rest of us. After all, it is some kind of faith that he is after, even when he pursues it by the methods of skepticism. In his most radical moods he never lets his convictions slip away from him; at least, they never go so far away that he cannot get them again.
In like manner I must confess that I am an Indian giver. In giving over to Science all claim to the domain of Knowledge, and reserving to my friend the Gentle Reader only the right of way over the picturesque but less fruitful fields of Ignorance, I was actuated by the purest motives.
At the time it seemed very magnanimous, and, moreover, it saved the trouble of a doubtful contest.
But now that so much has been given away, I am visited by compunctions, and, if it is not too late, I will take back part of the too generous gift. Let us make a distinction, and instead of treating knowledge as if it were indivisible, let us speak, after the manner of Swedenborg, of knowledges. The greater number of knowledges we will make over without question to Science and Philosophy; the knowledges which are concerned with laws and forces and with the mult.i.tudinous facts which are capable of cla.s.sification. But for the Gentle Reader and his kind let us reserve the claim to a knowledge of some things which cannot be cla.s.sified. I hardly believe that they will be missed; they are not likely to be included in any scientific inventory; their value is chiefly in personal a.s.sociation.
There is a knowledge of persons as well as of things, and in particular there is a knowledge of certain persons to whom one is drawn in close friendship. Emerson, in his essay on Milton, speaks of those who come to the poet with "intimate knowledge and delight." It is, after all, convenient to treat this feeling of delightful intimacy as a kind of knowledge. If it is not that, what is it?
The peculiarity of this kind of knowledge is that it is impossible to formulate it; and that the very attempt to do so is an offence. The unpardonable sin against friendship is to merge the person in a cla.s.s.
Think of an individual as an adult Caucasian, "an inhabitant of North America, belonging to the better cla.s.ses," as to religion a moderate churchman, in politics a Republican, and you may acc.u.mulate a number of details interesting enough in a stranger. You may in this way "know where to place him." But if you do actually place him there, and treat him accordingly, he has ceased to be your friend.
A friend is unique. He belongs to no categories. He is not a case, nor the ill.u.s.tration of a thesis. Your interest is neither pathological nor anthropological nor statistical. You are concerned not with what he is like, but with what he is. There is an element of jealous exclusiveness in such knowledge.
In the Song of Songs, after the ecstatic praise of the beloved, the question is asked:--
"What is thy beloved more than any other beloved, that thou dost so adjure us?"
The answer is a description of his personal perfections:--
"My beloved is white and ruddy,
His locks are bushy, and black as a raven.
His eyes are like doves beside the water brooks.
His aspect is like Lebanon, excellent as the cedars, His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely.
This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem."
Do you think that the daughters of Jerusalem would be so tactless as to reply that they had seen a number of handsome youths with bushy black hair and languishing eyes and fine forms, and that they represented an admirable type of manly beauty? That would be to confess that they had not seen the beloved, for he was unlike all others. "My beloved is marked out with a banner among ten thousand."
The knowledge that is required is not contained in a catalogue of the points in which he resembles the nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine; it is a recognition of the incommunicable grace that is his own.
Even in ordinary social intercourse the most delicate compliment is to treat the person with whom you are talking as an exception to all rules.
That he is a clergyman or a commercial traveler tells you nothing of his inner life. That is left for him to reveal, if it so pleases him. Even a king grows tired of being addressed in terms appropriate to royalty. It is a relief to travel incognito, and he is flattered when he is a.s.sured that no one suspects his station in life. It makes him feel that he is not like the ordinary run of kings.
No one likes to be pigeon-holed or reduced to a formula. We resent being cla.s.sed as old or middle-aged or young. Why should we be confounded with our coevals? We may not be any better than they are; but we are different. Nor is it pleasant to have our opinions treated as if they were the necessary product of social forces. There is something offensive in the curiosity of those who are all the time asking how we came by our ideas. What if they do bear a general resemblance to those of the honest people who belong to our party and who read the same newspaper. We do not care to be reminded of these chance coincidences.
Because one has found it convenient and economical to buy a ready-made suit of clothing, it does not follow that he is willing to wear the tag which contains the statement of the price and size. These labels were very useful so long as the garment was kept in stock by the dealer, but the information that they convey is now irrelevant.
This sensitiveness in regard to personal ident.i.ty is strangely lacking in many modern students of literature. They treat the man of genius as a phenomenon, to be explained by other phenomena and used to ill.u.s.trate a general law. They love to deal in averages and aggregates. They describe minutely the period to which a writer belongs, its currents of thought, its intellectual limitations, and its generally received notions. With a knowledge of antecedent conditions there is the expectancy of a certain type of man as the result. Our minds are prepared for some one who resembles the composite photograph which is first presented to us. We are, for example, given an elaborate account of the Puritan movement in England. We form a conception of what the Puritan was, and then we are introduced to Milton. Our preconceptions stand in the way of personal sympathy.
The method of the Gentle Reader is more direct. He is fortunate enough to have read Milton before he has read much about him, and he returns to the reading with ever fresh delight. He does not think of him as belonging to a past age. He is a perpetual contemporary. The seventeenth century gave color to his words, but it did not limit his genius.
Seventeenth century Independency might be, as a general thing, lacking in grace, but when we turn away from Praise-G.o.d-Barebones to John Milton we find it transformed into a--
"divine philosophy, Not harsh and crabbed as dull fools suppose, But musical as is Apollo"s lute, And a perpetual feast of nectared sweets."
Into its austere beauty, into its wide free s.p.a.ces, into its sensuous charms, no one but Milton can conduct us. We must follow not as those who know beforehand what is to be seen or heard, but as those who are welcomed by a generous householder who brings out of his treasures things new and old.
We come upon a sublime spirit--
"Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free."
That is Milton; but it is Milton also who can sing of--
"Jest and youthful Jollity, Quips and Cranks and wanton Wiles, Nods and Becks and wreathed Smiles Such as hang on Hebe"s cheek, And love to live in dimple sleek, Sport that wrinkled Care derides, And Laughter holding both his sides."
If this be Puritanism, it is Puritanism with a difference. Did any one in a few words give such a picture of mirth--
"So buxom, blithe, and debonair?"
Was this the real Milton? Why not? His radiant youth was as real as his blindness and his old age. And Milton the political pamphleteer was real too, though his language was not always that which might have been expected from the author of "Paradise Lost." We pa.s.s lightly over pages of vituperation which any one might have written, and then come upon splendid pa.s.sages which could have come from him alone. The sentiment of democratic equality is invested with a dignity which makes all the pretensions of privileged orders seem vulgar. Here is the Milton who is invoked to--
"Give us manners, virtue, freedom, power!"
In these moments we become aware of a man who was not to be explained by any general rule.
To one who takes delight in the personality of Milton, even "Paradise Lost" is not a piece of unmitigated sublimity. It is full of self-revelations. The reader who has come to share Milton"s pa.s.sion for personal liberty and scorn for a "fugitive and cloistered virtue" is curious to know how he will treat his new theme. In the "Areopagitica"
he had frankly treated the "Fall of Man" as a "fall upward." "Good and evil we know in the field of this world grow up together almost inseparably; and the knowledge of good is so involved and interwoven with the knowledge of evil, and in so many cunning resemblances hardly to be discerned, that those confused seeds which were imposed on Psyche as an increased labor to cull out and sort asunder, were not more intermixt. And perhaps that is the doom which Adam fell into of knowing good and evil; that is to say, of knowing good by evil. As therefore the state of man now is, what wisdom can there be to choose, what continence to forbear without the knowledge of evil.... That virtue, therefore, which is but a youngling in the contemplation of evil, and knows not the utmost that vice promises to her followers, and rejects it, is but a blank virtue, not a pure.... Since, therefore, the knowledge and survey of vice is in this world so necessary to the const.i.tuting of human virtue, and the scanning of error to the confirmation of truth, how can we more safely and with less danger scout into the region of sin and falsity than by reading all manner of tractates and hearing all manner of reasons."
What would such an adventurous spirit make
"Of man"s first Disobedience and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste Brought Death into the World and all our woe, With loss of Eden"?
What would Milton make of Adam in his sheltered Paradise? And what would one whose whole life had been a pa.s.sionate protest against the idea of submission to mere arbitrary power do with the element of arbitrariness which the theology of his day attributed to the Divine Ruler? And what of Satan?
"One who brings A mind not to be changed by Place or Time.
The mind is its own place, and in itself Can make a Heaven of h.e.l.l, a h.e.l.l of Heaven.
What matter where, if I be still the same?"
There is a note in that proud creed that could not be altogether uncongenial to one who in his blindness could--
"still bear up and steer Right onward. What supports me, dost thou ask?
The Conscience, Friend, t" have lost them overplied In liberty"s defense, my n.o.ble task; Of which all Europe rings from side to side.
This thought might lead me through this World"s vain mask Content though blind, had I no better Guide."
In its ostensible plot "Paradise Lost" is a tragedy; but did Milton really feel it to be so? One fancies--though he may be mistaken--that as Adam and Eve leave Paradise he hears a sigh of relief from the poet, who was himself ever a lover of "the Mountain Nymph, sweet Liberty." At any rate, there is an undertone of cheer.