OPEN LETTER TO THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE (1863)
FOR THE SUMMONING OF A GENERAL GERMAN WORKINGMEN"S CONGRESS AT LEIPZIG
BY FERDINAND La.s.sALLE
TRANSLATED BY E.H. BABBITT, A.B.
a.s.sistant Professor of German, Tufts College
Gentlemen:--You have asked me in your letter to express my opinion, in any way that seems suitable to me, on the workingmen"s movement and the means which it should use to attain an improvement of the condition of the working cla.s.s in political, material, and intellectual matters--especially on the value of a.s.sociations for the cla.s.s of people who have no property.
I have no hesitation in following your wishes, and I choose the form which is simplest and most suitable to the nature of the matter--the form of a public letter of reply to your communication.
Last October in Berlin, at a time when I was absent from here, during your first preliminary discussion concerning the German Workingmen"s Congress--a discussion which I followed in the newspapers with interest--two opposing views were brought forward in the meeting.
One was to the effect that you have no concern whatever with political agitation and that it has no interest for you.
The other, in distinction from this, was that you were to consider yourselves an appendix to the Prussian Progressive party, and to furnish a sort of characterless chorus or sounding-board for it.
If I had attended that meeting, I should have expressed myself against both views. It is utterly narrow-minded to believe that political agitation and political progress do not concern the workingman. On the contrary, the workingman can expect the realization of his legitimate ambitions only from political liberty.
Even the question to what extent you are allowed to meet, discuss your interests, form general and local unions for their consideration, etc., is a question which depends upon the political situation and upon political legislation, and therefore it is not worth the trouble even to refute such a narrow view by further consideration.
No less false and misleading was the other view which was placed before you, namely, to consider yourselves politically a mere annex of the Progressive party.
It would certainly be unjust not to recognize that the Progressive party, in its struggle with the Prussian Government, performed at that time a certain service, though a moderate one, in behalf of political liberty, by its insistence upon the right of granting appropriations and its opposition to the reorganization of the army in Prussia.
Nevertheless the realization of that suggestion is completely out of the question, for the following reasons:
In the first place, such a position was in no way fitting for a powerful independent party with much more important political purposes, such as the German Workingmen"s party should be, with reference to a party which, like the Prussian Progressive party, has set up as its standard, in the matter of principle, only the maintenance of the Prussian const.i.tution, and, as the basis of its activity, only the prevention of the one-sided organization of the army--which is not even attempted in other German countries; or the insistence upon the right of granting appropriations--which is not even disputed in other German countries.
In the second place, it was in no way certain that the Prussian Progressive party would carry on its conflict with the Prussian Government with that dignity and energy which alone are appropriate for the working cla.s.s, and which alone can count upon its warm sympathy.
In the third place, it was also not certain that the Prussian Progressive party, even if it had won a victory over the Prussian administration, would use this victory in the interest of the whole people, or merely for the maintenance of the privileged position of the _bourgeoisie_; in other words, that it would apply this victory toward the establishment of the universal equal and direct franchise, which is demanded by democratic principles and by the legitimate interests of the working cla.s.s. In the latter case it evidently could not make the slightest claim to any interest on the part of the German working cla.s.s.
That is what I should have said to you at that time with reference to that suggestion.
Today I can add furthermore that in the meantime it has been shown by facts--a thing which at that time would not have been very difficult to foresee--that the Progressive party is completely lacking in the energy which would have been required to carry to a conclusion, in a dignified and victorious manner, even such a limited conflict between itself and the Prussian administration.
And since it continues, in spite of the denial by the Government of the right of granting appropriations, to meet and to carry on parliamentary affairs with the ministry, which has been declared by the party itself criminally liable, it humiliates, by this contradiction, itself and the people through a lack of force and dignity without parallel.
Since it continues to meet, to debate, and to arrange parliamentary affairs with the administration itself--in spite of the violation of the const.i.tution which it has declared to exist--it is a support to the administration and aids it in maintaining the appearance of a const.i.tutional situation.
Instead of declaring the sessions of the Chamber closed until the administration has declared that it will no longer continue the expenditures refused by the Chamber, instead of thus placing upon the administration the unavoidable alternative either of respecting the const.i.tutional right of the Chamber or of renouncing every appearance of a const.i.tutional procedure, of ruling openly and without prevarication as an absolute government, of taking upon itself the tremendous responsibility of absolutism, and thus of precipitating the crisis which must necessarily come, in time, as the result of open absolutism, this party by its own action enables the administration to unite all the advantages of absolute power with all the advantages of an apparently const.i.tutional procedure.
And since, instead of forcing the administration into open and unconcealed absolutism and by that action enlightening the people as to the non-existence of const.i.tutional procedure, it consents to continue to play its part in this comedy of mock const.i.tutionalism, it helps maintain an appearance which, like every system of government based on appearances, must have a confusing and debasing effect upon the intelligence of the people.
Such a party has in this way shown that it is, and always will be, utterly impotent against a determined administration.
Such a party has shown that it is for this very reason entirely incapable of accomplishing even the slightest genuine development of the interests of liberty.
Such a party has shown that it has no claim to the sympathies of the democratic cla.s.ses of the population, and that it has no realization and no understanding of the feeling of political honor which must permeate the working cla.s.s.
Such a party has, in a word, shown by its action that it is nothing else than the resurrection of the unsavory Gotha idea, decked out with a different name.
I can add today also the following facts: Today, as at that time, I should have been obliged to say to you that a party which compels itself through its dogma of Prussian leadership to see in the Prussian administration the chosen Messiah for the German renaissance--while there is not a single German administration (even including Hesse), which is more backward than the Prussian in political development, and while there is hardly a single German government (and this includes Austria) which is not far ahead of Prussia--for this reason alone loses all claim to representing the German working cla.s.s; for such a party shows by this alone a depth of illusion, self-conceit, and incompetence drunken with the sound of its own words, which must dash all hope of expecting from it a real development of the liberty of the German people.
From what has been said we can now understand definitely what position the working cla.s.s must take in political matters and what att.i.tude toward the Progressive party it must maintain.
The working cla.s.s must establish, itself as an independent political party, and must make the universal, equal, and direct franchise the banner and watchword of this party. Representation of the working cla.s.s in the legislative bodies of Germany--nothing else can satisfy its legitimate interests from a political point of view. To begin a peaceful and law-abiding agitation for this by all lawful means is and must be, from a political point of view, the programme of the workingmen"s party.
It is self-evident what att.i.tude this workingmen"s party is to take toward the German Progressive party.
It must feel and organize itself everywhere as an independent party completely separate from the latter, although the Progressive party is to be supported on points and questions in which the interest of the two parties is a common one; it must turn its back decidedly upon the Progressive party and oppose it whenever it departs from that interest, and thus force the Progressive party either to develop progressively and to rise above its own level or to sink deeper and deeper into the mire of insignificance and weakness in which it already stands knee deep; these must be the straightforward tactics of the German workingmen"s party with reference to the Progressive party.
So much as to what you must do from a political point of view.
Now for the social question which you raise, a question which rightly interests you to a still greater extent.
I have read in the papers, not without a sad smile, that part of the program for your Congress consists in debates concerning freedom of choosing places of residence and of employment for the workingman.
What, Gentlemen, are you going to debate about the right of choosing places of residence, the right of settling down anywhere without being specially taxed!
I can answer you on this point with nothing better than Schiller"s epigram:
Jahre lang schon bedien" ich mich meiner Nase zum Riechen: Aber hab" ich an sie auch ein erweisliches Recht?
(Year after year I have used the nose G.o.d gave me to smell with: But can I legally prove any such right to its use?)
And is not the situation the same as to freedom of employment?
All these debates have at least one mistake--they come more than fifty years too late. Freedom of moving about and freedom of employment are things which nowadays are decreed in a legislative body in silence, but no longer debated.
Should the German working cla.s.s repeat again the spectacle of a.s.semblies whose enjoyment consists in giving themselves over to long purposeless speeches and applauding them? The seriousness and the energy of the German working cla.s.s will know how to protect it from such a pitiable spectacle.
But you propose to establish inst.i.tutions for savings, funds for retiring pensions, insurance against accidents and sickness? I am willing to recognize the relative usefulness of these inst.i.tutions, although it is a subordinate one and hardly worth notice.
But let us make a complete distinction between two questions which have absolutely nothing to do with each other.
Is it your object to make the misery of individual workingmen more endurable; to counteract the effects of thoughtlessness, sickness, old age, accidents of all kinds, through which by chance or necessity individual workingmen are forced even below the normal condition of the working cla.s.s? For such objects all these inst.i.tutions are entirely appropriate means. Only it would not be worth while in that case to begin a movement for such a purpose throughout all Germany, to stir up a general agitation in the whole working cla.s.s of the nation.
You must not bring mountains into labor in order that a ridiculous mouse appear. This so extremely limited and subordinate purpose can better be left to local unions and local organizations, which can always handle it far better.
Or is this your object: To improve the normal condition of the whole working cla.s.s and elevate it above its present level? In truth this is and must be your purpose, but this sharp line of distinction is necessary, which I have drawn between these two objects, which must not be confused with each other, in order to show you, better than I could through a long exposition, how utterly powerless these inst.i.tutions are to attain this second object, and therefore how utterly outside the scope of the present workingmen"s movement.