The residence was the only two-storey house in the fort, and before its door were mounted two old eighteen-pounders. Two swivel guns stood before the quarters of the chief factor. A prominent position was occupied by the Roman Catholic chapel, to which the majority of the fort"s inmates resorted, the dining-hall serving for the smaller number of Church of England worshippers. The other buildings were dwellings for officers and men, school and warehouses, retail stores and artisan shops. The interior of the dwellings exhibited, as a rule, an unpainted pine-board panel, with bunks for bedsteads, and a few other simple pieces of furniture.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FORT SIMPSON.]
Another post on the Pacific, of different character and greater strength, was Fort Walla Walla. It stood on the site of Fort Nez Perce, which was established when the Indians attacked Ogden"s party of fur-traders here in 1818. The a.s.sault was repelled; but it was found necessary as a safeguard to rear this retreat. Fort Walla Walla was built of adobe and had a military establishment.
A strong fort was Fort Rupert, on the north-east coast of Vancouver Island. For a stockade, huge pine trees were sunk into the ground and fastened together on the inside with beams. Round the interior ran a gallery, and at two opposite corners were flanking bastions mounting four nine-pounders. Within were the usual shops and buildings, while smaller stockades protected the garden and out-houses.
Fort Yukon was the most remote post of the Company. It was beyond the line of Russian America, and consequently invited comparison with the smaller and meaner Russian establishments. Its commodious dwellings for officers and men had smooth floors, open fire-places, glazed windows, and plastered walls. Its gun room, fur press, ice and meat wells were the delight and astonishment of visitors, white and red.
[Ill.u.s.tration: YORK FACTORY.]
After the treaty of 1846, by which the United States obtained possession of Oregon territory, the headquarters of the Company on the Pacific Coast were transferred from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria.
This post was enclosed one hundred yards square by cedar pickets twenty feet high. At the north-east and south-west corners were octagonal bastions mounted with six six-pounders. It had been founded three years earlier as a trading post and depot for whalers, and possessed more than three hundred acres under cultivation, besides a large dairy farm, from which the Russian colonies in Alaska received supplies.
Old Fort Kamloops was first called Fort Thompson, having been begun by David Thompson, astronomer of the North-West Company, on his overland journey from Montreal to Astoria, by way of Yellowhead Pa.s.s, in 1810.
It was the capital of the Thompson River district, and one of the oldest in all the Oregon region. After Thompson, hither came Alexander Ross, who, in 1812, conducted operations there on behalf of Astor"s Pacific Fur Company. After the coalition in 1821, the veteran fur-trader, John McLeod, was in charge of the Thompson River district.
Then came Ermatinger, who presided at Kamloops in 1828, when Governor Simpson visited the fort and harangued the neighbouring Indians, beseeching them to be "honest, temperate and frugal; to love their friends, the fur-traders, and above all to bring in their heaps of peltries, and receive therefor the goods of the Company."
[Sidenote: Legend of Kamloops.]
The post was not without thrilling legends and abundance of romance.
It was here that the Company"s officer in command, Samuel Black, in 1840, challenged his brother Scot, and guest, David Douglas, the wandering botanist, to fight a duel, because the latter bluntly, one night, over his rum and dried salmon, had stigmatized the Honourable Adventurers as "not possessing a soul above a beaver skin." Black repelled in fury such an a.s.sertion; but Douglas refused to fight. He took his departure, only to meet his death shortly afterwards by falling into a pit at Hawaii, while homeward bound.
If this was the fate of the calumniator of the Company, that of its defender was not less tragic; for soon after his display of loyalty, while residing at Fort Kamloops, he was a.s.sa.s.sinated by the nephew of a friendly neighbouring chief, named Wanquille, "for having charmed his uncle"s life away." Black"s successor, John Tod, built a new fort on the opposite side of the river, which differed but little from the later fortresses of the Company. There were seven houses, including stores, dwellings and shops, enclosed in palisades fifteen feet in height, with gates on two sides and bastions at two opposite angles.
Early in 1848 a small post was erected by the Company on the Fraser River, near a village of the Lachincos, adjacent to the rapids ascended by Alexander Anderson the previous year. The fort was called Yale, in honour of Chief Factor Yale, who was at that time in charge of Fort Langley. It was the only post on that wild stream, the Fraser, between Langley and Alexandria, a distance of some three hundred miles. Two causes led to its erection: the Waiilatpu ma.s.sacre in 1847, and the conclusion of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which placed the boundary line several degrees north of the Lower Columbia.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FATHER LACOMBE.]
[Sidenote: Mountain House.]
Perhaps one of the most remarkable of the Company"s posts was Mountain House. "Every precaution known to the traders," writes a visitor of thirty years ago, "has been put in force to prevent the possibility of a surprise during "a trade." Bars and bolts, and places to fire down at the Indians who are trading, abound in every direction; so dreaded is the name borne by the Blackfeet, that it is thus their trading-post has been constructed." Eighty years ago, the Company had a post far south of the Bow River, in the very heart of the Blackfeet country; but, despite all precautions, it was frequently plundered and finally burnt down by the Blackfeet, and no attempt was since made to construct another fort in their country.
The hilly country around Fort Pitt was frequently the scene of Indian ambush and attack, and on more than one occasion the post itself has been captured by the Blackfeet. The surroundings are a favourite camping-ground of the Crees; and it was found difficult to persuade the Blackfeet that the factors and traders there are not the active friends and allies of their enemies. In fact, they regarded both Fort Pitt and Fort Carlton as places belonging to another company from that which ruled at Mountain House and Edmonton. "If it was the same company," they were wont to say, "how could they give our enemies, the Crees, guns and powder; for do they not give us guns and powder, too?"
The strength of the Company throughout the vast region where their rule was paramount, was rather a moral strength than a physical one.
Its roots lay deep in the heart of the savage, who in time came to regard the great corporation as the embodiment of all that was good, and great, and true, and powerful. He knew that under its sway justice was secured to him; that if innocent he would be unharmed, that if guilty he would inevitably pay the penalty of his transgression. The prairie was wide, the forests were trackless, but in all those thousands of miles there came to be no haven for the horse-thief, the incendiary or the murderer, where he would be free, in his beleaguered fastness, to elude or defy Nemesis. The Company made it its business to find and punish the real offender; they did not avenge themselves on his friends or tribe. But punishment was certain--blood was paid for in blood, and there was no trial. Often did an intrepid factor, trader or clerk, enter a hostile camp, himself dest.i.tute of followers, walk up to the trembling malefactor, raise his gun or pistol, take aim, fire, and seeing his man fall, stalk away again to the nearest fort.
"This certainty of punishment," it was said, "acted upon the savage mind with all the power of a superst.i.tion. Felons trembled before the white man"s justice, as in the presence of the Almighty."
That sense of injustice which rankled in the bosoms of the other Indians of the Continent, causing them to continually break out and give battle to their tormentors and oppressors--a warfare which, in 1870, had cost the United States more than five hundred million of dollars, could not exist. The Red men, as Red men, could have no well-founded grievance against the Company, which treated white and red with equity.
[Sidenote: The Great Company"s Policy.]
"I have no hesitation in attributing the great success attendant for so many years upon the Indian policy of the Hudson"s Bay Company,"
wrote an American Commissioner, Lieutenant Scott, in 1867, "to the following facts:--
"The savages are treated justly--receiving protection in life and property from the laws which they are forced to obey.
"There is no Indian Bureau with attendant complications.
"There is no pretended recognition of the Indian"s t.i.tle in fee-simple to the lands on which he roams for fish or game.
"Intoxicating liquors were not introduced amongst these people so long as the Hudson"s Bay Company preserved the monopoly of trade.
"Prompt punishment follows the perpetration of crime, and from time to time the presence of a gunboat serves to remind the savages along the coast of the power of their masters. Not more than two years ago the Fort Rupert Indians were severely punished for refusing to deliver up certain animals demanded by the civil magistrate. Their village was bombarded and completely destroyed by Her Britannic Majesty"s gunboat _Clio_."
What was the direct consequence of such a policy? That among distant and powerful tribes trading posts were built and maintained, well stocked with goods tempting to savage cupidity, yet peacefully conducted by one or two white men. There was not a regular soldier in all this territory (except the marines on shipboard and at Esquimault) and yet white men could hunt through the length and breadth of the land in almost absolute security.
[Ill.u.s.tration: GATEWAY TO FORT GARRY.
(_Drawn by Edmund Morris, from a Photo taken in 1877._)]
Search all Europe and Asia, and you will find no parallel to the present sway of the Company, for it feeds and clothes, amuses and instructs, as well as rules nine-tenths of its subjects, from the Esquimaux tribes of Ungava to the Loucheaux at Fort Simpson, thousands of miles away--all look to it as to a father.
The communication with the outside world is slight, yet the thread that binds is encrusted with h.o.a.r frost, reaching far away to that little island in the North Sea which we call Britain. If these strong men, immured for years in the icy wildernesses are moved by the news which reaches them twice in the year, through a thousand miles and more of snow, it is British news. Kitchener"s victory at Khartoum sent a patriotic thrill through thousands of bosoms six months after it became known to the Englishman who is content to live at home.
THE HUDSON"S BAY POSTS.
In their Report of 28th June, 1872, the Governor and Committee report the details of the varied posts from Ocean to Ocean of the Hudson"s Bay Company, as follows:--
_Statement of Land belonging to the HUDSON"S BAY COMPANY, exclusive of their claim to one-twentieth of the Land set out for settlement in the "Fertile Belt."_
========================+====+==========================+=======Acres DISTRICT.POST.ofLand ------------------------+----+--------------------------+------- Lake Huron1La Cloche6,400 Temiscaminque2Kakababeagino10 Superior3Long Lake10 United States4Georgetown1,133Manitoba, or }5Fort Garry500 Red River Settlement }6Lower Fort5007White Horse Plains500 Manitoba Lake8Oak Point50 Portage la Prairie91,000Lac la Pluie10Fort Alexander50011Fort Frances50012Eagles Nest2013Big Island2014Lac du Bennet2015Rat Portage5016Shoal Lake2017Lake of the Woods5018White Fish Lake2019English River2020Hungry Hall2021Trout Lake2022Clear Water Lake2023Sandy Point20Swan River24Fort Pelly3,00025Fort Ellice3,00026Qu"Appelle Lakes2,50027Touchwood Hills50028Shoal River5029Manitoban5030Fairford100c.u.mBERLAND31c.u.mberland House10032Fort la Corne3,00033Pelican Lake5034Moose Woods1,00035The Pas2536Moose Lake5037Grand Rapid Portage10050 Acresat eachend ofPortage SASKATCHEWAN38Edmonton House3,00039Rocky Mountain House50040Fort Victoria3,00041St. Paul3,00042Fort Pitt3,00043Battle River3,00044Carlton House3,00045Fort Albert3,00046Whitefish Lake50047Lac la Biche1,00048Fort a.s.siniboine5049Lesser Slave Lake50050Lac St. Anne50051Lac la Nun50052St. Albert1,00053Pigeon Lake10054Old White Mud Fort50ENGLISH RIVER55Isle a la Crosse5056Rapid River557Portage la Loche2058Green Lake10059Cold Lake1060Deers Lake5YORK61York Factory10062Churchill1063Severn1064Trout Lake1065Oxford10066Jackson"s Bay1067G.o.d"s Lake1068Island Lake10NORWAY HOUSE69Norway House10070Berens River2571Grand Rapid1072Nelson"s River10ALBANY73Albany Factory10074Martin"s Falls1075Osnaburg2576Lac Seul500EAST MAIN77Little Whale River5078Great Whale River5079Fort George25MOOSE80Moose Factory10081Hannah Bay1082Abitibi1083New Brunswick25RUPERT"S RIVER84Rupert"s House5085Mista.s.sing1086Temiskamay1087Woswonaby1088Meehiskun1089Pike Lake1090Nitchequon1091Kamapiscan10KINOGUMISSEE92Matawagauinque5093Kuckatoosh10LABRADOR94Fort Nascopie7595Outposts do2596Fort Chimo (Ungava)10097South River, Outposts3098George"s River5099Whale River50100North"s River25101False River25ATHABASCA102Fort Chippewyan10103Fort Vermilion500104Fort Dunvegan50105Fort St. John"s20106Forks of Athabasca River10107Battle River5108Fond du Lac5109Salt River5MCKENZIE RIVER110Fort Simpson100111Fort Liard300112Fort Nelson200113The Rapids100114Hay River20115Fort Resolution20116Fort Rae10117Fond du Lac10118Fort Norman10119Fort Good Hope10120Peel"s River10121Lapierre"s House10122Fort Halkett100 ------------------------+----+--------------------------+------
WESTERN DEPARTMENT.
===============+========================================+======Acres DISTRICT.POST.ofLand ---------------+----+-----------------------------------+------ VANCOUVER"S123Victoria, including Town Lots,ISLANDabout70124Esquimault (Puget"s SoundCompany"s Land)2,300125Uplands Farm1,125126North Dairy Farm460BRITISH127Fort Alexander100 COLUMBIA128Fort George100129Fraser"s Lake100130Stuart"s Lake100131McLeod"s Lake100132Connolly"s Lake100133Babine100134Chilcotin100Five other places100135Fort Dallas50136Fort Berens50137Fort Shepherd100138Fort Simpson100139Salmon River50140Langley and Langley Farm2,220141Yale, sundry small blocks142Hope5143Kamloops1,976144Similkameen1,140Barkerville }TownQuesnel }Lots.
APPENDIX.
THE CHARTER INCORPORATING THE HUDSON"S BAY COMPANY.
_Granted by His Majesty King Charles the Second, in the 22nd Year of his Reign, A.D. 1670._
CHARLES THE SECOND, by the grace of G.o.d, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.