And how is it, that Johnston gets away from Patterson so neatly? And when does he do it?
[The extraordinary conduct of General Patterson at this critical period, when everything seemed to depend upon his exertions, was afterward the subject of inquiry by the Joint-Committee on the Conduct of the War. The testimony taken by that Committee makes it clear, to any unprejudiced mind, that while Patterson himself may have been loyal to the Union, he was weak enough to be swayed from the path of duty by some of the faithless and unpatriotic officers with whom he had partly surrounded himself-and especially by Fitz John Porter, his Chief-of-staff. Let us examine the sworn testimony of two or three witnesses on this point.
General CHARLES W. SANFORD, who was second in command under Patterson, and in command of Patterson"s Left Wing, testified [see pages 54-66, Report on Conduct of the War, Vol. 3, Part 2,] that he was at a Council of War held at the White House, June 29th, when the propriety of an attack on the Rebel lines at Mana.s.sas was discussed; that he objected to any such movement until Patterson was in such a position as to prevent the junction between General Johnston"s Army and the troops at Mana.s.sas; that on the 6th of July, he was sent by General Scott, with four picked New York regiments, to Patterson, and (waiving his own seniority rank) reported to that General, at Williamsport; that Patterson gave him command of a division of 8,000 men (and two batteries) out of a total in his Army of 22,000; that he "delivered orders from General Scott to General Patterson, and urged a forward movement as soon as possible;" that there was "Some delay at Martinsburg, notwithstanding the urgency of our matter," but they "left there on [Monday] the 15th of July, and went in the direction of Winchester,"-down to Bunker Hill,-Patterson with two divisions going down the turnpike, and Sanford taking his division a little in advance and more easterly on the side roads so as to be in a position to flank Johnston"s right; that on that afternoon (Monday, July 15) General Patterson rode up to where Sanford was locating his camp.
Continuing his testimony, General Sanford said: "I was then within about nine miles of Johnston"s fortified camp at Winchester. Patterson was complimenting me upon the manner in which my regiments were located, and inquiring about my pickets, which I had informed him I had sent down about three miles to a stream below. I had driven out the Enemy"s skirmishers ahead of us. They had some cavalry there. In answer to his compliments about the comfortable location I had made, I said: "Very comfortable, General, when shall we move on?" * * * He hesitated a moment or two, and then said: "I don"t know yet when we shall move. And if I did I would not tell my own father." I thought that was rather a queer speech to make to me under the circ.u.mstances. But I smiled and said: "General, I am only anxious that we shall get forward, that the Enemy shall not escape us." He replied: "There is no danger of that. I will have a reconnaissance to-morrow, and we will arrange about moving at a very early period." He then took his leave.
"The next day [Tuesday, July 16th], there was a reconnaissance on the Winchester turnpike, about four or five miles below the General"s camp. He sent forward a section of artillery and some cavalry, and they found a post-and-log fence across the Winchester turnpike, and some of the Enemy"s cavalry on the other side of it. They gave them a round of grape. The cavalry scattered off, and the reconnaissance returned. That was the only reconnaissance I heard of while we were there. My own pickets went further than that. But it was understood, the next afternoon, that we were to march forward at daylight. I sent down Col. Morell, with 40 men, to open a road down to Opequan Creek, within five miles of the camp at Winchester, on the side-roads I was upon, which would enable me, in the course of three hours, to get between Johnston and the Shenandoah River, and effectually bar his way to Mana.s.sas. I had my ammunition all distributed, and ordered my men to have 24 hours" rations in their haversacks, independent of their breakfast. We were to march at 4 o"clock the next morning. I had this road to the Opequan completed that night. I had then with me, in addition to my eight regiments amounting to about 8,000 men and a few cavalry, Doubleday"s heavy United States battery of 20 and 30 pounders, and a very good Rhode Island battery. And I was willing to take the risk, whether Gen. Patterson followed me up or not, of placing myself between Johnston and the Shenandoah River, rather than let Johnston escape. And, at 4 o"clock [July 17th] I should have moved over that road for that purpose, if I had had no further orders. But, a little after 12 o"clock at night [July 16th-17th,] I received a long order of three pages from Gen. Patterson, instructing me to move on to Charlestown, which is nearly at right angles to the road I was going to move on, and twenty-two miles from Winchester. This was after I had given my orders for the other movement."
"Question [by the Chairman].-And that left Johnston free? "Answer-Yes, Sir; left him free to make his escape, which he did. * * *"
"Question.-In what direction would Johnston have had to move to get by you? "Answer-Right out to the Shenandoah River, which he forded. He found out from his cavalry, who were watching us, that we were actually leaving, and he started at 1 o"clock that same day, with 8,000 men, forded the Shenandoah where it was so deep that he ordered his men to put their cartridge-boxes on their bayonets, got out on the Leesburg road, and went down to Mana.s.sas."
"Question [by the Chairman].-Did he [Patterson] a.s.sign any reason for that movement? "Answer.-I was, of course, very indignant about it, and so were all my officers and men; so much so that when, subsequently, at Harper"s Ferry, Patterson came by my camp, there was a universal groan-against all discipline, of course, and we suppressed it as soon as possible. The excuse given by Gen. Patterson was this: that he had received intelligence that he could rely upon, that Gen. Johnston had been re-enforced by 20,000 men from Mana.s.sas, and was going to make an attack upon him; and in the order which I received that night-a long order of three pages-I was ordered to occupy all the communicating roads, turning off a regiment here, and two or three regiments there, and a battery at another place, to occupy all the roads from Winchester to the neighborhood of Charlestown, and all the cross-roads, and hold them all that day, until Gen. Patterson"s whole army went by me to Charlestown; and I sat seven hours in the saddle near a place called Smithfield, while Patterson, with his whole army, went by me on their way to Charlestown, he being apprehensive, as he said, of an attack from Johnston"s forces."
"Question [by Mr. Odell].-You covered his movement? "Answer-Yes, Sir. Now the statement that he made, which came to me through Colonel Abercrombie, who was Patterson"s brother-in-law, and commanded one division in that army, was, that Johnston had been re-enforced; and Gen. Fitz-John Porter reported the same thing to my officers. Gen. Porter was then the chief of Patterson"s staff, and was a very excellent officer, and an accomplished soldier. They all had got this story, which was without the slightest shadow of foundation; for there had not a single man arrived at the camp since we had got full information that their force consisted of 20,000 men, of whom 1,800 were sick with the measles. The story was, however, that they had ascertained, by reliable information, of this re-enforcement. Where they got their information, I do not know. None such reached me; and I picked up deserters and other persons to get all the information I could; and we since have learned, as a matter of certainty, that Johnston"s forces never did exceed 20,000 men there. But the excuse Patterson gave was, that Johnson had been re-enforced by 20,000 men from Mana.s.sas, and was going to attack him. That was the reason he gave then for this movement. But in this paper he has lately published, he hints at another reason-another excuse-which was that it was by order of Gen. Scott. Now, I know that the peremptory order of Gen. Scott to Gen. Patterson, repeated over and over again, was this-I was present on several occasions when telegraphic communications went from Gen. Scott to Gen. Patterson: Gen. Scott"s orders to Gen. Patterson were that, if he were strong enough, he was to attack and beat Johnston. But if not, then he was to place himself in such a position as to keep Johnston employed, and prevent him from making a junction with Beauregard at Mana.s.sas. That was the repeated direction of Gen. Scott to Gen. Patterson; and it was because of Patterson"s hesitancy, and his hanging back, and keeping so far beyond the reach of Johnston"s camp, that I was ordered to go up there and re-enforce him, and a.s.sist him in any operations necessary to effect that object. The excuse of Gen. Patterson now is, that he had orders from Gen. Scott to move to Charlestown. Now, that is not so. But this state of things existed: Before the movement was made from Martinsburg, General Patterson suggested to General Scott that Charlestown would be a better base of operations than Martinsburg and suggested that he had better move on Charlestown, and thence make his approaches to Winchester; that it would be better to do that than to move directly to Winchester from Martinsburg; and General Scott wrote back to say that, if he found that movement a better one, he was at liberty to make it. But Gen. Patterson had already commenced his movement on Winchester direct from Martinsburg, and had got as far as Bunker Hill; so that the movement which he had formerly suggested, to Charlestown, was suppressed by his own act. But that is the pretence now given in his published speech for making the movement from Bunker Hill to Charlestown, which was a retreat, instead of the advance which the movement to Charlestown he first proposed to Gen. Scott was intended to be."
"Question [by the Chairman].-Was not that change of direction and movement to Charlestown a total abandonment of the object which you were pursuing? "Answer.-Entirely an abandonment of the main principles of the orders he was acting under."
"Question.-And of course an abandonment of the purpose for which you were there? "Answer.-Yes, Sir.
"Question [by Mr. Odell].-Was it not your understanding in leaving here, and was it not the understanding also of Gen. Scott, that your purpose in going there was to check Johnston with direct reference to the movement here? "Answer-Undoubtedly. It was in consequence of the suggestion made by me at the Council at the President"s house. * * * And upon the suggestion of General Scott they wanted me to go up there and a.s.sist Patterson in this movement against Johnston, so as to carry out the point I had suggested of first checkmating Johnston before the movement against Mana.s.sas was made here."
Question [by the Chairman].-Would there have been any difficulty in preventing Johnston from going to Mana.s.sas? "Answer.-None whatever."
"Question [by the Chairman.]-I have heard it suggested that he (Patterson) undertook to excuse this movement on the ground that the time of many of his troops had expired, and they refused to accompany him. "Answer.-That to my knowledge, is untrue. The time of none of them had expired when this movement was made. All the troops that were there were in the highest condition for the service. These three-months" men, it may be well to state to you who are not Military men, were superior to any other volunteer troops that we had, in point of discipline. They were the disciplined troops of the Country. The three-months" men were generally the organized troops of the different States-New York, Pennsylvania, etc. We had, for instance, from Patterson"s own city, Philadelphia, one of the finest regiments in the service, which was turned over to me, at their own request; and the most of my regiments were disciplined and organized troops. They were all in fine condition, anxious, zealous, and earnest for a fight. They thought they were going to attack Johnston"s camp at Winchester. Although I had suggested to Gen. Patterson that there was no necessity for that, the camp being admirably fortified with many of their heavy guns from Norfolk, I proposed to him to place ourselves between Johnston and the Shenandoah, which would have compelled him to fight us there, or to remain in his camp, either of which would have effected General Scott"s object. If I had got into a fight, it was very easy, over this road I had just been opening, for Patterson to have re-enforced me and to have come up to the fight in time. The proposition was to place ourselves between Johnston"s fortified camp and the Shenandoah, where his fortified camp would have been of no use to him."
"Question.-Even if you had received a check there, it would have prevented his junction with the forces at Mana.s.sas? "Answer.-Yes, Sir; I would have risked a battle with my own division rather than Johnston should have escaped. If he had attacked me, I could have taken a position where I could have held it, while Patterson could have fallen upon him and repulsed him."
"Question [by Mr. Odell].-Had you any such understanding with Patterson? "Answer.-I told him I would move down on this side-road in advance, leaving Gen. Patterson to sustain me if I got into a fight. So, on the other hand, if he should attack Patterson, I was near enough to fall upon Johnston"s flank and to support Patterson. By using this communication of mine to pa.s.s Opequan Creek-where, I had informed Patterson, I had already pushed forward my pickets, [200 men in the day and 400 more at night,] to prevent the Enemy from burning the bridge-it would have enabled me to get between Johnston and the Shenandoah River. On the morning [Wednesday, July 17th] of our march to Charlestown, Stuart"s cavalry, which figured so vigorously at Bull Run, was upon my flank all day. They were apparently about 800 strong. I saw them constantly on my flank for a number of miles. I could distinguish them, with my gla.s.s, with great ease. Finally, they came within about a mile of the line of march I was pursuing and I sent a battery around to head them off, and the 12th Regiment across the fields in double-quick time to take them in the rear. I thought I had got them hemmed in. But they broke down the fences, and went across the country to Winchester, and I saw nothing more of them. They were then about eight miles from Winchester, and must have got there in the course of a couple of hours. That day [Wednesday, the 17th] at 10 o"clock-as was ascertained from those who saw him crossing the Shenandoah-Johnston started from Winchester with 8,000 men, forded the Shenandoah, and got to Mana.s.sas on Friday night; and his second in command started the next day with all the rest of the available troops-something like 9,000 men; leaving only the sick, and a few to guard them, in the camp at Winchester-and they arrived at the battle-field in the midst of the fight, got out of the cars, rushed on the battle-field, and turned the scale. I have no doubt that, if we had intercepted Johnston, as we ought to have done, the battle of Bull Run would have been a victory for us instead of a defeat. Johnston was undoubtedly the ablest general they had in their army."
Colonel CRAIG BIDDLE, testified that he was General Patterson"s aide-de-camp at the time. In answer to a question by the Chairman, he continued: "Answer.-I was present, of course, at all the discussions. The discussion at Martinsburg was as to whether or not General Patterson should go on to Winchester. General Patterson was very full of that himself. He was determined to go to Winchester; but the opinions of all the regular officers who were with him, were against it. The opinions of all the men in whose judgment I had any confidence, were against it. They seemed to have the notion that General Patterson had got his Irish blood up by the fight we had had at Falling Waters, and was bound to go ahead. He decided upon going ahead, against the remonstrances of General [Fitz John] Porter, who advised against it. He told me he considered he had done his duty, and said no more. The movement was delayed in consequence of General Stone"s command not being able to move right away. It was then evident that there was so much opposition to it that the General was induced to call a council of the general officers in his command, at which I was present. They were unanimously opposed to the advance. That was at Martinsburg."
"Question.-While at Bunker Hill, the night before you left there, were any orders issued to march in the evening? "Answer.-I think there were such orders."
"Question.-Did not General Patterson issue orders at Bunker Hill, the night before you marched to Charlestown, for an attack on the Enemy? "Answer.-I think such orders were written. I do not think they were issued. I think General Patterson was again persuaded not to make an advance."
Colonel R. BUTLER PRICE, Senior aide to Patterson, testified as follows: * * * * * * * * *
"Question [by Mr. Gooch].-Was it not the intention to move from Bunker Hill to Winchester? "Answer.-Yes, Sir. At one time General Patterson had given an order to move from Bunker Hill to Winchester. He was very unwilling to leave Johnston even at Winchester without attacking him; and on the afternoon before we left Bunker Hill he decided to attack him, notwithstanding his strong force."
"Question.-Behind his intrenchments? "Answer.-Yes, Sir; it went so far that his order was written by his adjutant, General [Fitz John] Porter. It was very much against the wishes of General [Fitz John] Porter; and he asked General Patterson if he would send for Colonel Abercrombie and Colonel Thomas and consult them on the movement. General Patterson replied: No, Sir; for I know they will attempt to dissuade me from it, and I have made up my mind to fight Johnston under all circ.u.mstances. That was the day before we left Bunker Hill. Then Colonel [Fitz John] Porter asked to have Colonel Abercrombie and Colonel Thomas sent for and consulted as to the best manner to carry out his wishes. He consented, and they came, and after half an hour they dissuaded him from it."
"Question.-At that time General Patterson felt it was so important to attack Johnston that he had determined to do it? "Answer.-Yes, Sir; the order was not published, but it was written."
"Question.-You understood General Patterson to be influenced to make that attempt because he felt there was a necessity for detaining Johnston? "Answer.-Yes, Sir; to detain him as long as he possibly could."
"Question.-That order was not countermanded until late on Tuesday, the 16th, was it? "Answer.-That order never was published. It was written; but, at the earnest solicitation of Colonel [Fitz John] Porter, it was withheld until he could have a consultation with Colonel Abercrombie and Colonel Thomas."]
It is about 1 o"clock on the morning of Thursday, July 18th,-that same day which witnesses the preliminary Battle of Blackburn"s Ford-that Johnston, being at Winchester, and knowing of Patterson"s peculiarly inoffensive and timid movement to his own left and rear, on Charlestown, receives from the Rebel Government at Richmond, a telegraphic dispatch, of July 17th, in these words: "General Beauregard is attacked. To strike the Enemy a decisive blow, a junction of all your effective force will be needed. If practicable, make the movement. * * * In all the arrangements exercise your discretion."
Johnston loses no time in deciding that it is his duty to prevent, if possible, disaster to Beauregard"s Army; that to do this he must effect a junction with him; and that this necessitates either an immediate fight with, and defeat of, Patterson,-which may occasion a fatal delay-or else, that Union general must be eluded. Johnston determines on the latter course.
Leaving his sick, with some militia to make a pretense of defending the town in case of attack, Johnston secretly and rapidly marches his Army, of 9,000 effective men, Southeasterly from Winchester, at noon of Thursday, the 18th; across by a short cut, wading the Shenandoah River, and then on through Asby"s Gap, in the Blue Ridge, that same night; still on, in the same direction, to a station on the Mana.s.sas Gap railroad, known as Piedmont, which is reached by the next (Friday) morning,-the erratic movements of Stuart"s Cavalry entirely concealing the manoeuvre from the knowledge of Patterson.
From Piedmont, the Artillery and Cavalry proceed to march the remaining twenty-five miles, or so, to Mana.s.sas Junction, by the roads. The 7th and 8th Georgia Regiments of Bartow"s Brigade, with Jackson"s Brigade,-comprising the 2d, 4th, 5th, 27th and 33d Virginia Regiments-are embarked on the cars, and hurriedly sent in advance, by rail, to Mana.s.sas, reaching there on that same (Friday) afternoon and evening. These are followed by General Johnston, with Bee"s Brigade-comprising the 4th Alabama, 2d Mississippi, and a battalion of the 11th Mississippi-which arrive at Mana.s.sas about noon of Sat.u.r.day, the 20th of July, the balance of Johnston"s Infantry being billed for arrival that same day, or night.
Upon Johnston"s own arrival at Mana.s.sas, Sat.u.r.day noon,-the very day that Patterson ascertains that "the bird has flown,"-after a.s.suming command, by virtue of seniority, he proceeds to examine Beauregard"s position. This he finds "too extensive, and the ground too densely wooded and intricate," to be learned quickly, and hence he is impelled to rely largely upon Beauregard for information touching the strength and positions of both the Rebel and Union Armies.
Beauregard has now 21,833 men, and 29 pieces of artillery of his own "Army of the Potomac." Johnston"s and Holmes"s junction with him has raised the Rebel total to 32,000 effectives, and 55 guns. McDowell, on the other hand, who started with 30,000 effectives, finds himself on the 19th-owing to the departure of one of his regiments and a battery of Artillery, because of the expiration of their term of enlistment,-with but "28,000 men at the utmost."-[Comte de Paris.]
On the evening of Sat.u.r.day, the 20th of July, Johnston and Beauregard hold an important consultation. The former feels certain that Patterson, with his more than 20,000 effectives, will now lose no time in essaying a junction with McDowell"s Army, and that such junction will probably be effected by July 22nd. Hence he perceives the necessity of attacking McDowell, and if possible, with the combined Rebel Forces, whipping him before Patterson can come up to his a.s.sistance.
At this consultation it is agreed by the two Rebel generals to a.s.sume the offensive, at once. Beauregard proposes a plan of battle-which is an immediate general advance of the Rebel centre and left, concentrating, from all the fords of Bull Run, upon Centreville, while the Rebel right advances toward Sangster"s cross-roads, ready to fall either on Centreville, or upon Fairfax Court House, in its rear, according to circ.u.mstances.
The plan proposed, is accepted at once by Johnston. The necessary order is drawn up by Beauregard that night; and at half past four o"clock on Sunday morning, July 21st, Johnston signs the written order. Nothing now remains, apparently, but the delivery of the order to the Rebel brigade commanders, a hurried preparation for the forward movement, and then the grand attack upon McDowell, at Centreville.
Already, no doubt, the fevered brain of Beauregard pictures, in his vivid imagination, the invincible thunders of his Artillery, the impetuous advance of his Infantry, the glorious onset of his Cavalry, the flight and rout of the Union forces, his triumphal entry into Washington-Lincoln and Scott and the Congress crouching at his feet-and the victorious South and conquered North acclaiming him Dictator! The plan is Beauregard"s own, and Beauregard is to have command. Hence all the glory of capturing the National Capital, must be Beauregard"s. Why not? But "man proposes, and G.o.d disposes." The advance and attack, are, in that shape, never to be made.
McDowell, in the meantime, all unconscious of what has transpired in the Shenandoah Valley, and between there and Mana.s.sas; never dreaming for an instant that Patterson has failed to keep Johnson there-even if he has not attacked and defeated him; utterly unsuspicious that his own lessened Union Army has now to deal with the Forces of Johnston and Beauregard combined-with a superior instead of an inferior force; is executing a plan of battle which he has decided upon, and announced to his general officers, on that same Sat.u.r.day evening, at his Headquarters in Centreville.
Instead of attempting to turn the Enemy"s right, and cut off his communications with Richmond and the South, McDowell has now determined to attack the Enemy"s left, cut his communication, via the Mana.s.sas Gap railroad, with Johnston"s Army,-still supposed by him to be in the Valley of the Shenandoah-and, taking him in the left flank and rear, roll him upon Mana.s.sas, in disorder and defeat-with whatever might follow.
That is the plan-in its general features. In executing it, Blenker"s Brigade of Miles"s Division is to remain at Centreville as a reserve, throwing up intrenchments about its Heights, upon which to fall back, in case of necessity; Davies"s Brigade of the same Division, with Richardson"s Brigade of Tyler"s Division-as the Left Wing-are to demonstrate at Blackburn"s Ford, toward the Enemy"s right; Tyler"s other three brigades, under Keyes, Schenck, and Sherman, are to feign an attack on the Enemy"s left, posted behind the strongly-defended Stone Bridge over which the Warrenton turnpike, running Westward, on its way from Centreville to Warrenton, crosses Bull Run stream; while the strong divisions under Hunter and Heintzelman-forming McDowell"s Right Wing-are to follow Tyler"s Division Westward down the turnpike to a point within one mile and a half of the Stone Bridge, thence, by cross-road, diverge several miles to the North, then sweep around gradually to the West, and then Southwardly over Bull Run at Sudley Springs Ford, swooping down the Sudley road upon the Enemy"s left flank and rear, near Stone Bridge, rolling it back toward his center, while Tyler"s remaining three brigades cross the bridge and join in the a.s.sault. That is the whole plan in a nutsh.e.l.l.
It has been McDowell"s intention to push forward, from Centreville along the Warrenton Pike a few miles, on the evening of this Military conference; but he makes his first mistake, in allowing himself to be dissuaded from that, by those, who, in his own words, "have the greatest distance to go," and who prefer "starting early in the morning and making but one move."
The attacking divisions now have orders to march at 2:30 A. M., in order "to avoid the heat," which is excessive. Tyler"s three immediate brigades-or some of them-are slow in starting Westward, along the Warrenton Pike, to the Stone Bridge; and this leads to a two or three hours delay of the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman, before they can follow that Pike beyond Centreville, and commence the secret detour to their right, along the cross-road leading to Sudley Springs.
At 6:30 A.M., Tyler"s Artillery gets into position, to cannonade the Enemy"s batteries, on the West Bank of Bull Run, commanding the Stone Bridge, and opens fire. Half an hour before this, (at 6 A.M.), the Rebel artillerists, posted on a hill South of the Pike, and 600 yards West of the bridge, have caught sight of Tyler"s Union blue-jackets. Those of the Rebel gunners whose eyes are directed to the North-East, soon see, nearly a mile away, up the gradual slope, a puff of blue smoke. Immediately the bang of a solitary rifle cannon is heard, and the scream of a rifled shot as it pa.s.ses over their heads. At intervals, until past 9 A.M., that piece and others in the same position, keep hammering away at the Rebel left, under Evans, at Stone Bridge.
The Rebel response to this cannonade, is very feeble. McDowell observes this. He suspects there has been a weakening of the Enemy"s force at the bridge, in order to strengthen his right for some purpose. And what can that purpose be, but to throw his augmented right upon our left, at Blackburn"s Ford, and so, along the ridge-road, upon Centreville? Thus McDowell guesses, and guesses well. To be in readiness to protect his own left and rear, by reenforcing Miles"s Division, at Centreville and along the ridge to Blackburn"s Ford, he temporarily holds back Howard"s Brigade of Heintzelman"s Division at the point where the cross-road to Sudley Springs Ford-along which Hunter"s Division, followed by the Brigades of Franklin and Wilc.o.x, of Heintzelman"s Division, have already gone-intersects the Warrenton Pike.
It is 9 o"clock. Beauregard, as yet unaware of McDowell"s new plan, sends an order to Ewell, on his right, to hold himself ready "to take the offensive, at a moment"s notice,"-and directing that Ewell be supported in his advance, toward Sangster"s cross-roads and the rear of Centreville, by Holmes"s Brigade. In accordance with that order, Ewell, who is "at Union Mills and its neighborhood," gets his brigade ready, and Holmes moves up to his support. After waiting two hours, Ewell receives another order, for both Ewell and Holmes "to resume their places." Something must have occurred since 9 o"clock, to defeat Beauregard"s plan of attack on Centreville-with all its glorious consequences! What can it be? We shall see.
While Tyler"s Artillery has been cannonading the Rebel left, under Evans, at Stone Bridge,-fully impressed with the prevailing Union belief that the bridge is not only protected by strong masked batteries, heavy supports of Infantry, and by abatis as well as other defenses, but is also mined and ready to be blown up at the approach of our troops, when in reality the bridge is not mined, and the Rebel force in men and guns at that point has been greatly weakened in antic.i.p.ation of Beauregard"s projected advance upon Centreville,-the Union column, under Hunter and Heintzelman, is advancing from Centreville, in the scorching heat and suffocating dust of this tropical July morning, slowly, but surely, along the Warrenton Pike and the cross-road to Sudley Springs Ford-a distance of some eight miles of weary and toilsome marching for raw troops in such a temperature-in this order: Burnside"s Brigade, followed by Andrew Porter"s Brigade,-both of Hunter"s Division; then Franklin"s Brigade, followed by Willc.o.x"s Brigade,-both of Heintzelman"s Division.
It is half past 9 o"clock; before Burnside"s Brigade has crossed the Bull Run stream, at Sudley"s Ford, and the head of Andrew Porter"s Brigade commences to ford it. The troops are somewhat slow in crossing. They are warm, tired, thirsty, and as to dust,-their hair and eyes and nostrils and mouths are full of it, while most of the uniforms, once blue, have become a dirty gray. The sky is clear. The sun already is fiercely hot. The men stop to drink and fill their canteens. It is well they do.
McDowell, who has been waiting two or three hours at the turn, impatient at the delay, has ridden over to the front of the Flanking column, and now reaches Sudley"s Ford. He feels that much valuable time is already lost. His plan has, in a measure, been frustrated by delay. He had calculated on crossing Bull Run, at Sudley"s Ford, and getting to the rear of the Enemy"s position, at Stone Bridge, before a sufficient Rebel force could be a.s.sembled to contest the Union advance. He sends back an aide with orders to the regimental commanders in the rear, to "break from column, and hurry forward separately, as fast as possible." Another aide he sends, with orders to Howard to bring his brigade across-fields. To Tyler he also sends orders to "press forward his attack, as large bodies of the Enemy are pa.s.sing in front of him to attack the division (Hunter"s) which has pa.s.sed over."
It may here be explained, that the Sudley road, running about six miles South-Southeasterly from Sudley Springs Ford to Mana.s.sas Junction, is crossed at right angles, about two miles South of the Springs, by the Warrenton Pike, at a point about one mile and a half West of the Stone Bridge. For nearly a mile South of Sudley Ford, the Sudley road pa.s.ses through thick woods on the left, and alternate patches of wooded and cleared lands on the right. The country farther South, opens into rolling fields, occasionally cut by transverse gullies, and patched with woods. This is what Burnside"s Brigade beholds, as it marches Southward, along the Sudley road, this eventful morning.
Thus far, the cannonade of Tyler"s batteries, and the weak return-fire of the Rebel Artillery, at Stone Bridge, over two miles South-East of Sudley Ford, is about the only music by which the Union march has kept time.
But now, as Burnside"s foremost regiment emerges from the woods, at half past 10 o"clock, the Artillery of the Enemy opens upon it.
Let us see how this happens. Evans"s Brigade, defending the Stone Bridge, and const.i.tuting the Enemy"s extreme left, comprises, as has already been mentioned, Sloan"s 4th South Carolina Regiment, Wheat"s Louisiana battalion, Terry"s squadron of Virginia Cavalry, and Davidson"s section of Latham"s Battery of six-pounders.
Earlier in the morning Evans has supposed, from the cannonade of Tyler"s batteries among the pines on the hills obliquely opposite the Enemy"s left, as well as from the sound of the cannonade of the Union batteries away down the stream on the Enemy"s right, near Blackburn"s Ford, that McDowell is about to make an attack upon the whole front of the Rebel line of defense along Bull Run-by way of the Stone Bridge, and the various fords below it, which cross that stream. But by 10 o"clock, that Rebel general begins to feel doubtful, suspicious, and uneasy. Despite the booming of Tyler"s guns, he has caught in the distance the rumbling sounds of Hunter"s Artillery wheels.
Evans finds himself pondering the meaning of those long lines of dust, away to his left; and then, like a flash, it bursts upon him, that all this Military hubbub in his front, and far away to his right, is but a feint; that the real danger is somehow connected with that mysterious far-away rumble, and those lines of yellow dust; that the main attack is to be on the unprepared left and rear of the Rebel position!
No sooner has the Rebel brigade-commander thus divined the Union plan of attack, than he prepares, with the limited force at his command, to thwart it. Burnside and he are about equidistant, by this time, from the intersection of the Sudley road, running South, with the Warrenton Pike, running West. Much depends upon which of them shall be the first to reach it,-and the instinctive, intuitive knowledge of this, spurs Evans to his utmost energy. He leaves four of his fifteen companies, and Rogers"s section of the Loudoun Artillery,-which has come up from c.o.c.ke"s Brigade, at the ford below-to defend the approaches to the Stone Bridge, from the East side of Bull Run,-and, with the other eleven companies, and Latham"s half-battery, he hurries Westward, along the Warrenton Pike, toward the Sudley road-crossing, to resist the impending Union attack.
It is now 10:30 o"clock, and, as he hurries along, with anxious eyes, scanning the woods at the North, he suddenly catches the glitter of Burnside"s bayonets coming down through them, East of the Sudley road, in "column of regiments" toward Young"s Branch-a small stream turning, in a Northern and Southern loop, respectively above and below the Warrenton Pike, much as the S of a prostrate dollar-mark twines above and below its horizontal line, the vicinity of which is destined to be hotly-contested ground ere night-fall.
[Says Captain D. P. Woodbury, U. S. corps of engineers, and who, with Captain Wright, guided the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman in making the detour to the upper part of Bull Run: "At Sudley"s Mills we lingered about an hour to give the men and horses water and a little rest before going into action, our advance guard in the mean time going ahead about three quarters of a mile. Resuming our march, we emerged from the woods about one mile South of the ford, and came upon a beautiful open valley about one and a quarter miles square, bounded on the right or West by a wooded ridge, on the Fast by the rough spurs or bluffs of Bull Run, on the North by an open plain and ridge, on which our troops began to form, and on the South by another ridge, on which the Enemy was strongly posted, with woods behind their backs. The Enemy was also in possession of the bluffs of Bull Run on our left."]
Sending word to Headquarters, Evans pushes forward and gaining Buck Ridge, to the North of the Northern loop of Young"s Branch, forms his line-of-battle upon that elevation-which somewhat compensates him for the inferiority of his numbers-nearly at right angles to the Bull Run line; rapidly puts his Artillery in position; the Rebel guns open on Burnside"s advance-their hoa.r.s.e roar soon supplemented by the rattle of Rebel musketry, and the answering roar and rattle of the Union onset; and the Battle of Bull Run has commenced!
It is after 10:30 A.M., and Beauregard and Johnston are upon an eminence in the rear of the centre of the Enemy"s Bull Run line. They have been there since 8 o"clock. An hour ago, or more, their Signal Officer has reported a large body of Union troops crossing the Bull Run Valley, some two or three miles above the Stone Bridge; upon the strength of which, Johnston has ordered Bee"s Brigade from near c.o.c.ke"s position, with Hampton"s Legion and Stonewall Jackson"s Brigade from near Bonham"s left, to move to the Rebel left, at Stone Bridge; and these troops are now hastening thither, guided by the sound of the guns.
The artillery-firing is also heard by Johnston and Beauregard, but intervening wooded slopes prevent them from determining precisely whence it comes. Beauregard, with a badly-organized staff, is chaffing over the delay that has occurred in carrying out his own plan of battle. He is waiting to hear of the progress of the attack which he has ordered upon the Union Army,-supposed by him to be at Centreville,-and especially as to the advance of his right toward Sangster"s Station. In the meantime also,-from early morning,-the Rebel commanders have heard heavy firing in the direction of Blackburn"s Ford, toward their right, where the Artillery attached to the brigades of Davies and Richardson, const.i.tuting McDowell"s Left Wing, is demonstrating in a lively manner, in accordance with McDowell"s plan.
It is 11 o"clock. Beauregard has become satisfied that his orders for the Rebel advance and attack on Centreville, have failed or miscarried. His plan is abandoned, and the orders countermanded. At the same time the growing volume of artillery-detonations upon the left of the Bull Run line of defense-together with the clouds of dust which indicate the route of march of Hunter"s and Heintzelman"s Divisions from near Centreville to the point of conflict, satisfies both Johnston and Beauregard, that a serious attack is imperilling the Rebel left.
Beauregard at once proposes to Johnston "a modification of the abandoned plan," viz.: "to attack with the" Rebel "right, while the left stands on the defensive." But rapidly transpiring events conspire to make even the modified plan impracticable.
Johnston, convinced by the still growing volume of battle-sounds on the Rebel left, that the main attack of McDowell is being made there, urges Beauregard to strengthen the left, as much as possible; and, after that general has sent orders to this end,-to Holmes and Early to come up with their Brigades from Union Mills Ford, moving "with all speed to the sound of the firing," and to Bonham to promptly send up, from Mitch.e.l.l"s Ford, a battery and two of his regiments-both he and Beauregard put spurs to their horses, and gallop at full speed toward the firing, four miles away on their left,-stopping on the way only long enough for Johnston to order his Chief-of-artillery, Colonel Pendleton, to "follow, with his own, and Alburtis"s Batteries."
Meanwhile let us return and witness the progress of the battle, on the Rebel left,-where we were looking on, at 10:30 o"clock. Evans had then just posted his eleven companies of Infantry on Buck Ridge, with one of his two guns on his left, near the Sudley road, and the other not far from the Robinson House, upon the Northern spur of the elevated plateau just South of Young"s Branch, and nearly midway between the Sudley road and Stone Bridge.
The battle, as we have seen, has opened. As Burnside"s Brigade appears on the slope, to the North of Buck Ridge (or Hill), it is received by a rapid, well-sustained, and uncomfortable, but not very destructive fire, from Evans"s Artillery, and, as the Union regiments press forward, in column, full of impulsive ardor, the Enemy welcomes the head of the column with a hot musketry-fire also, delivered from the crest of the elevation behind which the Rebel Infantry lie flat upon the ground.
This defense by Evan"s demi-Brigade still continues, although half an hour, or more, has elapsed. Burnside has not yet been able to dislodge the Enemy from the position. Emboldened to temerity by this fact, Major Wheat"s Louisiana battalion advances through the woods in front, upon Burnside, but is hurled back by a galling fire, which throws it into disorder and flight.
At this moment, however, the brigades of Bee and Bartow-comprising the 7th and 8th Georgia, 2nd Mississippi, 4th Alabama, 6th North Carolina, and two companies of the 11th Mississippi, with Imboden"s Battery of four pieces-recently arrived with Johnston from Winchester, come up, form on the right of Sloan"s 4th South Carolina Regiment, while Wheat rallies his remnant on Sloan"s left, now resting on the Sudley road, and the whole new Rebel line opens a hot fire upon Burnside"s Brigade.
Hunter, for the purpose of better directing the Union attack, is at this moment rapidly riding to the left of the Union line,-which is advancing Southwardly, at right angles to Bull Run stream and the old line of Rebel defense thereon. He is struck by the fragment of a sh.e.l.l, and carried to the rear.
Colonel John S. Sloc.u.m"s, 2nd Rhode Island, Regiment, with Reynold"s Rhode Island Battery (six 13-pounders), having been sent to the front of Burnside"s left, and being closely pressed by the Enemy, Burnside"s own regiment the 1st Rhode Island, is gallantly led by Major Balch to the support of the 2nd, and together they handsomely repulse the Rebel onset. Burnside now sends forward Martin"s 71st New York, with its two howitzers, and Marston"s 2nd New Hampshire,-his whole Brigade, of four regiments and a light artillery battery, being engaged with the heavy masked battery (Imboden"s and two other pieces), and nearly seven full regiments of the Enemy.
The regiments of Burnside"s Brigade are getting considerably cut up. Colonels Sloc.u.m and Marston, and Major Balch, are wounded. There is some confusion in the ranks, and the Rhode Island Battery is in danger of capture, when General Andrew Porter-whose own brigade has just reached the field and is deploying to the right of Burnside"s-succeeds Hunter in command of the division, and rides over to his left. Burnside asks him for Sykes"s battalion of regulars, which is accordingly detached from the extreme right of Andrew Porter"s Division, rapidly forms on the left, in support of the Rhode Island Battery, and opens a hot and effective fire which, in connection with the renewed fire of Burnside"s rallied regiments, and the opening artillery practice of Griffin"s Battery-that has just come up at a gallop and gone into a good position upon an eminence to the right of Porter"s Division, and to the right of the Sudley road looking South-fairly staggers the Enemy.
And now the brigades of Sherman and Keyes, having been ordered across Bull Run by General Tyler, are seen advancing from Poplar Ford, at the rear of our left,-Sherman"s Brigade, headed by Corcoran"s 69th New York Regiment, coming up on Burnside"s left, while Keves"s Brigade is following, to the left again of, Sherman.
[Sherman, in his Official Report, after mentioning the receipt by him of Tyler"s order to "cross over with the whole brigade to the a.s.sistance of Colonel Hunter"-which he did, so far as the Infantry was concerned, but left his battery under Ayres behind, on account of the impa.s.sability of the bluff on the Western bank of Bull Run-says: "Early in the day, when reconnoitering the ground, I had seen a horseman descend from a bluff in our front, cross the stream, and show himself in the open field, and, inferring we could cross over at the same point, I sent forward a company as skirmishers, and followed with the whole brigade, the New York Sixty-ninth leading."
This is evidently the ford at the elbow of Bull Run, to the right of Sherman"s front, which is laid down on the Army-maps as "Poplar Ford," and which McDowell"s engineers had previously discovered and mapped; and to which Major Barnard of the U. S. Engineer Corps alludes when, in his Official Report, he says: "Midway between the Stone Bridge and Sudley Spring our maps indicated another ford, which was said to be good."
The Comte de Paris, at page 241, vol. I. of his admirable "History of the Civil War in America," and perhaps other Military historians, having a.s.sumed and stated-upon the strength of this pa.s.sage in Sherman"s Report-that "the Military instinct" of that successful soldier had "discovered" this ford; and the impression being thus conveyed, however undesignedly, to their readers, that McDowell"s Engineer corps, after spending two or three days in reconnaissances, had failed to find the ford which Sherman had in a few minutes "discovered" by "Military instinct;" it is surely due to the truth of Military history, that the Engineers be fairly credited with the discovery and mapping of that ford, the existence of which should also have been known to McDowell"s brigade commanders.
If, on the other hand, the Report of the Rebel Captain Arthur L. Rogers, of the Loudoun Artillery, to General Philip St. George c.o.c.ke, be correct, it would seem that Sherman attempted to cross Bull Run lower down than Poplar Ford, which is "about one mile above the Stone Bridge," but was driven back by the fire of Rogers"s guns to cross at that particular ford; for Rogers, in that Report, says that about 11 o"clock A. M., the first section of the Loudoun Artillery, under his command, "proceeded to the crest of the hill on the West Side of Bull Run, commanding Stone Bridge. * * * Here." continues he, "I posted my section of Artillery, and opened a brisk fire upon a column of the Enemy"s Infantry, supposed to be two regiments, advancing towards me, and supported by his battery of rifled cannon on the hills opposite. These poured into my section a steady fire of shot and sh.e.l.l. After giving them some fifty rounds, I succeeded in heading his column, and turned it up Bull Run to a ford about one mile above Stone Bridge, where, with the regiments which followed, they crossed, and proceeded to join the rest of the Enemy"s forces in front of the main body of our Army."]
Before this developing, expanding, and advancing attack of the Union forces, the Rebel General Bee, who-since his coming up to support Evans, with his own and Bartow"s Brigades, to which had since been added Hampton"s Legion,-has been in command of this new Rebel line of defense upon the left of the Bull Run line, concludes that that attack is getting too strong for him, and orders his forces to retreat to the Southward, and re-form on a second line, parallel to their present line, and behind the rising ground at their rear. They do so, somewhat faster than he desires. The whole line of the Rebel centre gives way, followed by the wings, as far as the victorious Union troops can see.
We must be blind if we cannot perceive that thus far, the outlook, from the Union point of view,-despite numberless mistakes of detail, and some, perhaps, more general in their character-is very good. The "Boys in Blue" are irresistibly advancing, driving the "Rebel Gray" back and back, without let or hindrance, over the Buck Hill ridge, over Young"s Branch, back to, and even over, the Warrenton Pike. Time, to be sure, is flying-valuable time; but the Enemy also is retiring.-There is some slight confusion in parts of our own ranks; but there is much more in his. At present, we have decidedly the best of it. McDowell"s plan has been, thus far, successful. Will that success continue? We shall see.
Heintzelman"s Division is coming, up from the rear, to the Union right-Franklin"s Brigade, made up of the 5th and 11th Ma.s.sachusetts, and 1st Minnesota, with Ricketts"s splendid battery of six 10-pounder Parrotts, forming on the right of Andrew Porter"s Brigade and Division; while Willc.o.x"s demi-Brigade, with its 11th ("Fire Zouaves") and 38th New York-having left Arnold"s Battery of four pieces, with the 1st Michigan as its support, posted on a hill commanding Sudley"s Ford-comes in, on the right of Franklin, thus forming the extreme right of the advancing Union line of attack.
As our re-enforcing brigades come up, on our right, and on our left, the Enemy falls back, more and more discouraged and dismayed. It seems to him, as it does to us, "as though nothing can stop us." Jackson, however, is now hurrying up to the relief of the flying and disordered remnants of Bee"s, Bartow"s, and Evans"s Brigades; and these subsequently rally, with Hampton"s Legion, upon Jackson"s strong brigade of fresh troops, so that, on a third new line, to which they have been driven back, they soon have-6,500 Infantry, 13 pieces of Artillery, and Stuart"s cavalry-posted in a belt of pines which fringes the Southern skirt of the Henry House plateau-in a line-of-battle which, with its left resting upon the Sudley road, three-quarters of a mile South of its intersection with the Warrenton Pike, is the irregular hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, formed by itself and those two intersecting roads, to the South-East of such intersection. It is within this right-angled triangular s.p.a.ce that the battle, now proceeding, bids fair to rage most fiercely.
Johnston and Beauregard, riding up from their rear, reach this new (third) line to which the Rebel troops have been driven, about noon. They find the brigades of Bee, Bartow, and Evans, falling back in great disorder, and taking shelter in a wooded ravine, South of the Robinson House and of the Warrenton Pike. Hampton"s Legion, which has just been driven backward over the Pike, with great loss, still holds the Robinson House. Jackson, however, has reached the front of this line of defense, with his brigade of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia Infantry, and Pendleton"s Battery-all of which have been well rested, since their arrival, with other brigades of Johnston"s Army of the Shenandoah, from Winchester, a day or two back.
As Jackson comes up, on the left of "the ravine and woods occupied by the mingled remnants of Bee"s, Bartow"s and Evans"s commands," he posts Imboden"s, Stanard"s, and Pendleton"s Batteries in line, "below the brim of the Henry House plateau," perhaps one-eighth of a mile to the East-Southeastward of the Henry House, at his centre; Preston"s 4th Virginia, and Echol"s 27th Virginia, at the rear of the battery-line; Harper"s 5th Virginia, with Radford"s Cavalry, at its right; and, on its left, Allen"s 2nd Virginia; with c.u.mming"s 33rd Virginia to the left of that again, and Stuart"s Cavalry covering the Rebel left flank.
It is about this time that the chief Rebel generals find their position so desperate, as to necessitate extraordinary measures, and personal exposure, on their part. Now it is, that Jackson earns the famous sobriquet which sticks to him until he dies.
[Bee approaches Jackson-so goes the story, according to Swinton; he points to the disordered remnants of his own brigade mingled with those of the brigades of Bartow and Evans huddled together in the woods, and exclaims: "General, they are beating us back!" "Sir," responds Jackson, drawing himself up, severely, "We"ll give them the bayonet!" And Bee, rushing back among his confused troops, rallies them with the cry: "There is Jackson, standing like a Stone wall! Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer."]
Now it is, that Johnston and Beauregard, accompanied by their staffs, ride backward and forward among the Rebel ranks, rallying and encouraging them. Now it is, that, Bee and Bartow and Hampton being wounded, and the Lieutenant-Colonel of the Hampton Legion killed, Beauregard leads a gallant charge of that legion in person. And now it is, that Johnston himself, finding all the field-officers of the 4th Alabama disabled, "impressively and gallantly charges to the front" with the colors of that regiment at his side!
These conspicuous examples of bravery, inspire the Rebel troops with fresh courage, at this admittedly "critical" moment.
Johnston now a.s.signs to Beauregard the chief "command of the left" of the Bull Run line,-that is to say, the chief command of the Enemy"s new line of defense, which, as we have seen, is on the left of, and at right angles to, the old Bull Run line-while he himself, riding back to the Lewis House, resumes "the command of the whole field."