"After the usual salutations and we were seated, the President said, in substance, that he had invited us to meet him to have some conversation with us in explanation of his Message of the 6th; that since he had sent it in, several of the gentlemen then present had visited him, but had avoided any allusion to the Message, and he therefore inferred that the import of the Message had been misunderstood, and was regarded as inimical to the interests we represented; and he had resolved he would talk with us, and disabuse our minds of that erroneous opinion.
"The President then disclaimed any intent to injure the interests or wound the sensibilities of the Slave States. On the contrary, his purpose was to protect the one and respect the other; that we were engaged in a terrible, wasting, and tedious War; immense Armies were in the field, and must continue in the field as long as the War lasts; that these Armies must, of necessity, be brought into contact with Slaves in the States we represented and in other States as they advanced; that Slaves would come to the camps, and continual irritation was kept up; that he was constantly annoyed by conflicting and antagonistic complaints; on the one side, a certain cla.s.s complained if the Slave was not protected by the Army; persons were frequently found who, partic.i.p.ating in these views, acted in a way unfriendly to the Slaveholder; on the other hand, Slaveholders complained that their rights were interfered with, their Slaves induced to abscond, and protected within the lines, these complaints were numerous, loud, and deep; were a serious annoyance to him and embarra.s.sing to the progress of the War; that it kept alive a spirit hostile to the Government in the States we represented; strengthened the hopes of the Confederates that at some day the Border States would unite with them, and thus tend to prolong the War; and he was of opinion, if this Resolution should be adopted by Congress and accepted by our States, these causes of irritation and these hopes would be removed, and more would be accomplished towards shortening the War than could be hoped from the greatest victory achieved by Union Armies; that he made this proposition in good faith, and desired it to be accepted, if at all, voluntarily, and in the same patriotic spirit in which it was made; that Emanc.i.p.ation was a subject exclusively under the control of the States, and must be adopted or rejected by each for itself; that he did not claim nor had this Government any right to coerce them for that purpose; that such was no part of his purpose in making this proposition, and he wished it to be clearly understood; that he did not expect us there to be prepared to give him an answer, but he hoped we would take the subject into serious consideration; confer with one another, and then take such course as we felt our duty and the interests of our const.i.tuents required of us.
"Mr. Noell, of Missouri, said that in his State, Slavery was not considered a permanent Inst.i.tution; that natural causes were there in operation which would, at no distant day, extinguish it, and he did not think that this proposition was necessary for that; and, besides that, he and his friends felt solicitous as to the Message on account of the different constructions which the Resolution and Message had received. The New York Tribune was for it, and understood it to mean that we must accept gradual Emanc.i.p.ation according to the plan suggested, or get something worse.
"The President replied, he must not be expected to quarrel with the New York Tribune before the right time; he hoped never to have to do it; he would not antic.i.p.ate events. In respect to Emanc.i.p.ation in Missouri, he said that what had been observed by Mr. Noell was probably true, but the operation of these natural causes had not prevented the irritating conduct to which he had referred, or destroyed the hopes of the Confederates that Missouri would at some time range herself alongside of them, which, in his judgment, the pa.s.sage of this Resolution by Congress, and its acceptance by Missouri, would accomplish.
"Mr. Crisfield, of Maryland, asked what would be the effect of the refusal of the State to accept this proposal, and desired to know if the President looked to any policy beyond the acceptance or rejection of this scheme.
"The President replied that he had no designs beyond the action of the States on this particular subject. He should lament their refusal to accept it, but he had no designs beyond their refusal of it.
"Mr. Menzies, of Kentucky, inquired if the President thought there was any power, except in the States themselves, to carry out his scheme of Emanc.i.p.ation?
"The President replied, he thought there could not be. He then went off into a course of remark not qualifying the foregoing declaration, nor material to be repeated to a just understanding of his meaning.
"Mr. Crisfield said he did not think the people of Maryland looked upon Slavery as a permanent Inst.i.tution; and he did not know that they would be very reluctant to give it up if provision was made to meet the loss, and they could be rid of the race; but they did not like to be coerced into Emanc.i.p.ation, either by the direct action of the Government or by indirection, as through the Emanc.i.p.ation of Slaves in this District, or the Confiscation of Southern Property as now threatened; and he thought before they would consent to consider this proposition they would require to be informed on these points.
"The President replied that "unless he was expelled by the act of G.o.d or the Confederate Armies, he should occupy that house for three years, and as long as he remained there, Maryland had nothing to fear, either for her Inst.i.tutions or her interests, on the points referred to."
"Mr. Crisfield immediately added: "Mr. President, what you now say could be heard by the people of Maryland, they would consider your proposition with a much better feeling than I fear without it they will be inclined to do."
"The President: "That (meaning a publication of what he said), will not do; it would force me into a quarrel before the proper time;" and again intimating, as he had before done, that a quarrel with the "Greeley faction" was impending, he said, "he did not wish to encounter it before the proper time, nor at all if it could be avoided."
"Governor Wickliffe, of Kentucky, then asked him respecting the Const.i.tutionality of his scheme.
"The President replied: "As you may suppose, I have considered that; and the proposition now submitted does not encounter any Const.i.tutional difficulty. It proposes simply to co-operate with any State by giving such State pecuniary aid;" and he thought that the Resolution, as proposed by him, would be considered rather as the expression of a sentiment than as involving any Const.i.tutional question.
"Mr. Hall, of Missouri, thought that if this proposition was adopted at all, it should be by the votes of the Free States, and come as a proposition from them to the Slave States, affording them an inducement to put aside this subject of discord; that it ought not to be expected that members representing Slaveholding Const.i.tuencies should declare at once, and in advance of any proposition to them, for the Emanc.i.p.ation of Slaves.
"The President said he saw and felt the force of the objection; it was a fearful responsibility, and every gentleman must do as he thought best; that he did not know how this scheme was received by the Members from the Free States; some of them had spoken to him and received it kindly; but for the most part they were as reserved and chary as we had been, and he could not tell how they would vote.
"And, in reply to some expression of Mr. Hall as to his own opinion regarding Slavery, he said he did not pretend to disguise his Anti-Slavery feeling; that he thought it was wrong and should continue to think so; but that was not the question we had to deal with now. Slavery existed, and that, too, as well by the act of the North, as of the South; and in any scheme to get rid of it, the North, as well as the South, was morally bound to do its full and equal share. He thought the Inst.i.tution, wrong, and ought never to have existed; but yet he recognized the rights of Property which had grown out of it, and would respect those rights as fully as similar rights in any other property; that Property can exist, and does legally exist. He thought such a law, wrong, but the rights of Property resulting must be respected; he would get rid of the odious law, not by violating the right, but by encouraging the proposition, and offering inducements to give it up."
"Here the interview, so far as this subject is concerned, terminated by Mr. Crittenden"s a.s.suring the President that whatever might be our final action, we all thought him solely moved by a high patriotism and sincere devotion to the happiness and glory of his Country; and with that conviction we should consider respectfully the important suggestions he had made.
"After some conversation on the current war news we retired, and I immediately proceeded to my room and wrote out this paper.
"J. W. CRISFIELD."
"We were present at the interview described in the foregoing paper of Mr. Crisfield, and we certify that the substance of what pa.s.sed on the occasion is in this paper, faithfully and fully given.
"J. W. MENZIES, "J. J. CRITTENDEN, "R. MALLORY.
"March 10, 1862."
Upon the pa.s.sage of the Joint-Resolution in the House only four Democrats (Messrs. Cobb, Haight, Lehman, and Sheffield) voted in the affirmative, and but two Republicans (Francis Thomas, and Leary) in the negative. On the 2nd of April, it pa.s.sed the Senate by a vote of 32 yeas-all Republicans save Messrs. Davis and Thomson-to 10 nays, all Democrats.
Meantime the question of the treatment of the "Contraband" in our Military camps, continued to grow in importance.
On March 26, 1862, General Hooker issued the following order touching certain Fugitive Slaves and their alleged owners: "HEADQUARTERS, HOOKER"S DIVISION, CAMP BAKER, "LOWER POTOMAC, March 26, 1862.
"To BRIGADE AND REGIMENTAL COMMANDERS OF THIS DIVISION: "Messrs. Nally, Gray, Dummington, Dent, Adams, Speake, Price, Posey, and Cobey, citizens of Maryland, have Negroes supposed to be with some of the regiments of this Division; the Brigadier General commanding directs that they be permitted to visit all the camps of his command, in search of their Property, and if found, that they be allowed to take possession of the same, without any interference whatever. Should any obstacle be thrown in their way by any officer or soldier in the Division, they will be at once reported by the regimental commanders to these headquarters.
"By command of Brigadier General Hooker; "JOSEPH d.i.c.kINSON, "a.s.sistant Adjutant General."
On the following day, by direction of General Sickles, the following significant report was made touching the above order: "HEADQUARTERS, SECOND REGIMENT, EXCELSIOR BRIGADE.
"CAMP HALL, March 27, 1862.
"LIEUTENANT:-In compliance with verbal directions from Brigadier General D. E. Sickles, to report as to the occurrence at this camp on the afternoon of the 26th instant, I beg leave to submit the following: "At about 3:30 o"clock P. M., March 26, 1862, admission within our lines was demanded by a party of hors.e.m.e.n (civilians), numbering, perhaps, fifteen. They presented the lieutenant commanding the guard, with an order of entrance from Brigadier General Joseph Hooker, Commanding Division (copy appended), the order stating that nine men should be admitted.
"I ordered that the balance of the party should remain without the lines; which was done. Upon the appearance of the others, there was visible dissatisfaction and considerable murmuring among the soldiers, to so great an extent that I almost feared for the safety of the Slaveholders. At this time General Sickles opportunely arrived, and instructed me to order them outside the camp, which I did, amidst the loud cheers of our soldiers.
"It is proper to add, that before entering our lines, and within about seventy-five or one hundred yards of our camp, one of their number discharged two pistol shots at a Negro, who was running past them, with an evident intention of taking his life. This justly enraged our men.
"All of which is respectfully submitted.
"Your obedient servant, "JOHN TOLEN.
"Major Commanding Second Regiment, E. B.
"To Lieutenant J. L. PALMER, Jr., "A. D. C. and A. A. A. General."
On April 6, the following important dispatch, in the nature of an order, was issued by General Doubleday to one of his subordinate officers: "HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DEFENSES, "NORTH OF THE POTOMAC, "WASHINGTON, April 6, 1862.
"SIR:-I am directed by General Doubleday to say, in answer to your letter of the 2d instant, that all Negroes coming into the lines of any of the camps or forts under his command, are to be treated as persons, and not as chattels.
"Under no circ.u.mstances has the Commander of a fort or camp the power of surrendering persons claimed as Fugitive Slaves, as it cannot be done without determining their character.
"The Additional Article of War recently pa.s.sed by Congress positively prohibits this.
"The question has been asked, whether it would not be better to exclude Negroes altogether from the lines. The General is of the opinion that they bring much valuable information, which cannot be obtained from any other source. They are acquainted with all the roads, paths, fords, and other natural features of the country, and they make excellent guides. They also know and frequently have exposed the haunts of Secession spies and Traitors and the existence of Rebel organizations. They will not, therefore, be excluded.
"The General also directs me to say that civil process cannot be served directly in the camps or forts of his command, without full authority be obtained from the Commanding Officer for that purpose.
"I am very respectfully, your obedient servant, "E. P. HALSTED, "a.s.sistant Adjutant General.
"Lieut. Col. JOHN D. SHANE, "Commanding 76th Reg. N. Y. Vols."
CHAPTER XVII.
BORDER-STATE OPPOSITION.
On April 3, 1862, the United States Senate pa.s.sed a Bill to liberate all Persons of African descent held to Service or Labor within the District of Columbia, and prohibiting Slavery or involuntary servitude in the District except as a punishment for crime-an appropriation being made to pay to loyal owners an appraised value of the liberated Slaves not to exceed $300 for each Slave. The vote on its pa.s.sage in the Senate was 29 yeas to 14 nays-all the yeas being Republican, and all but two of the nays Democratic.
April 11th, the Bill pa.s.sed the House by 92 yeas to 39 nays-all the yeas save 5 being Republican, and all the nays, save three, being Democratic.
April 7, 1862, the House adopted a resolution, by 67 yeas to 52 nays-all the yeas, save one, Republican, and all the nays, save 12, Democratic-for the appointment of a Select Committee of nine, to consider and report whether any plan could be proposed and recommended for the gradual Emanc.i.p.ation of all the African Slaves, and the extinction of Slavery in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, by the people or local authorities thereof, and how far and in what way the Government of the United States could and ought equitably to aid in facilitating either of those objects.
On the 16th President Lincoln sent the following Message to Congress: "Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: "The Act ent.i.tled "An Act for the release of certain Persons held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia," has this day been approved and signed.
"I have never doubted the Const.i.tutional authority of Congress to abolish Slavery in this District; and I have ever desired to see the National Capital freed from the Inst.i.tution in some satisfactory way. Hence there has never been in my mind any question upon the subject except the one of expediency, arising in view of all the circ.u.mstances.
"If there be matters within and about this Act which might have taken a course or shape more satisfactory to my judgment, I do not attempt to specify them. I am gratified that the two principles of compensation and colonization are both recognized and practically applied in the Act.
"In the matter of compensation, it is provided that claims may be presented within ninety days from the pa.s.sage of the Act, "but not thereafter;" and there is no saving for minors, femmes covert, insane, or absent persons. I presume this is an omission by mere oversight, and I recommend that it be supplied by an amendatory or Supplemental Act.
"ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
"April 16, 1862."
Subsequently, in order to meet the President"s views, such an amendatory or Supplemental Act was pa.s.sed and approved.
But now, Major General Hunter having taken upon himself to issue an Emanc.i.p.ation proclamation, May 9, 1862, the President, May 19, 1862, issued a proclamation rescinding it as follows: "Whereas there appears in the public prints what purports to be a proclamation of Major General Hunter, in the words and figures following, to wit: ""HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE SOUTH, "HILTON HEAD, S. C., May 9, 1862.
"[General Orders No. 11.]
"The three States of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina, comprising the Military Department of the South, having deliberately declared themselves no longer under the protection of the United States of America, and having taken up arms against the said United States, it becomes a Military necessity to declare them under Martial Law. This was accordingly done on the 25th day of April, 1862. Slavery and Martial Law, in a Free Country, are altogether incompatible; the Persons in these three States-Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina-heretofore held as Slaves, are therefore declared forever Free.
"DAVID HUNTER, "Major-General Commanding.
"Official: ED. W. SMITH, "Acting a.s.sistant Adjutant General."
"And whereas the same is producing some excitement and misunderstanding, "Therefore, I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, proclaim and declare, that the Government of the United States had no knowledge, information, or belief, of an intention on the part of General Hunter to issue such a proclamation; nor has it yet any authentic information that the doc.u.ment is genuine. And further, that neither General Hunter, nor any other Commander, or person, has been authorized by the Government of the United States to make proclamations declaring the Slaves of any State Free; and that the supposed proclamation, now in question, whether genuine or false, is altogether void, so far as respects such declaration.
"I further make known that whether it be competent for me, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, to declare the Slaves of any State or States free, and whether, at any time, in any case, it shall have become a necessity indispensable to the maintenance of the Government, to exercise such supposed power, are questions which, under my responsibility, I reserve to myself, and which I cannot feel justified in leaving to the decision of Commanders in the field. These are totally different questions from those of police regulations in armies and camps.
"On the sixth day of March last, by a Special Message, I recommended to Congress the adoption of a Joint Resolution to be substantially as follows: "" Resolved, That the United States ought to co-operate with any State which may adopt a gradual abolishment of Slavery, giving to such State pecuniary aid, to be used by such State, in its discretion, to compensate for the inconveniences, public and private, produced by such change of system."
"The Resolution, in the language above quoted, was adopted by large majorities in both branches of Congress, and now stands an authentic, definite, and solemn proposal of the Nation to the States and people most immediately interested in the subject-matter. To the people of those States I now earnestly appeal-I do not argue-I beseech you to make the argument for yourselves-you cannot, if you would, be blind to the signs of the times-I beg of you a calm and enlarged consideration of them, ranging, if it may be, far above personal and partisan politics. This proposal makes common cause for a common object, casting no reproaches upon any. It acts not the Pharisee. The changes it contemplates would come gently as the dews of Heaven, not rending or wrecking anything. Will you not embrace it? So much good has not been done, by one effort, in all past time, as, in the providence of G.o.d, it is now your high privilege to do. May the vast future not have to lament that you have neglected it.
"In witness thereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
"Done at the city of Washington this nineteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-sixth.
"By the President. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
"WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State."
On June 5th, 1862, General T. Williams issued the following Order: "HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE, "BATON ROUGE, June 5, 1862.
"[General Orders No. 46.]
"In consequence of the demoralizing and disorganizing tendencies to the troops, of harboring runaway Negroes, it is hereby ordered that the respective Commanders of the camps and garrisons of the several regiments, Second Brigade, turn all such Fugitives in their camps or garrisons out beyond the limits of their respective guards and sentinels.
"By order of Brigadier-General T. Williams: "WICKHAM HOFFMAN, "a.s.sistant-Adjutant General."