Cunningham). An English translation is given in Mosheim, "Ecclesiastical History," bk. 3, cent. 11, part 2, ch. 2, sec. 9, note 8 (Soames" ed., tr.
by Murdock).
Page 59. PURGATORY.-Dr. Joseph Faa Di Bruno thus defines purgatory: "Purgatory is a state of suffering after this life, in which those souls are for a time detained, who depart this life after their deadly sins have been remitted as to the stain and guilt, and as to the everlasting pain that was due to them; but who have on account of those sins still some debt of temporal punishment to pay; as also those souls which leave this world guilty only of venial sins."-"_Catholic Belief_," _page 196_ (ed.
1884; imprimateur Archbishop of New York).
See also K. R. Hagenbach, "Compendium of the History of Doctrines," Vol.
I, pp. 234-237, 405, 408; Vol. II, pp. 135-150, 308, 309 (T. & T. Clark ed.); Chas. Elliott, "Delineation of Roman Catholicism," bk. 2, ch. 12; Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. Purgatory.
Page 59. INDULGENCES.-For a detailed history of the doctrine of indulgences, see the Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. Indulgences (contributed by W. H. Kent, O. S. C., of Bayswater, London); Carl Ullmann, "Reformers before the Reformation," Vol. I, bk. 2, part 1, ch. 2; M. Creighton, "History of the Papacy," Vol. V, pp. 56-64, 71; L. von Ranke, "History of the Reformation in Germany," bk. 2, ch. 1, par. 131, 132, 139-142, 153-155 (2d London ed., 1845, tr. by S. Austin, Vol. I, pp. 331, 335-337, 343-346); Chas. Elliott, "Delineation of Roman Catholicism," bk. 2, ch.
13; H. C. Lea, "A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences;" G. P.
Fisher, "The Reformation," ch. 4, par. 7.
On the practical outworkings of the doctrine of indulgences during the period of the Reformation, see a paper by Dr. H. C. Lea, ent.i.tled, "Indulgences in Spain," published in "Papers of the American Society of Church History," Vol. I, pp. 129-171. Of the value of this historical sidelight, Dr. Lea says, in his opening paragraph: "Unvexed by the controversy which raged between Luther and Dr. Eck and Silvester Prierias, Spain continued tranquilly to follow in the old and beaten path, and furnishes us with the incontestable official doc.u.ments which enable us to examine the matter in the pure light of history."
Page 59. THE Ma.s.s.-On the doctrine of the ma.s.s, see Cardinal Wiseman"s work, "The Real Presence of the Body and Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ in the Blessed Eucharist;" also Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. Eucharist (contributed by J. Pohle, S. T. D., Breslau); "Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent," sess. 13, ch. 1-8 (London ed., 1851, tr. by T. A.
Buckley, pp. 70-79); K. R. Hagenbach, "Compendium of the History of Doctrines," Vol. I, pp. 214-223, 393-398, and Vol. II, pp. 88-114; J.
Calvin, "Inst.i.tutes," bk. 4, ch. 17, 18; R. Hooker, "Ecclesiastical Polity," bk. 5, ch. 67; Chas. Elliott, "Delineation of Roman Catholicism,"
bk. 2, ch. 4, 5.
Page 65. WALDENSIAN VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE.-On early Waldensian translations of portions of the Bible into the language of the common people, see Townley, "Ill.u.s.trations of Biblical Literature," Vol. I, ch.
10, par. 1-13; E. Petavel, "The Bible in France," ch. 2, par. 3, 4, 8-10, 13, 21 (Paris ed., 1864); G. H. Putnam, "The Censorship of the Church of Rome," Vol. II, ch. 2.
Page 77. EDICT AGAINST THE WALDENSES.-A considerable portion of the text of the papal bull issued by Innocent VIII. in 1487 against the Waldenses (the original of which is in the library of the University of Cambridge) is given, in an English translation, in Dowling"s "History of Romanism,"
bk. 6, ch. 5, sec. 62 (ed. 1871).
Page 84. INDULGENCES.-See note for page 59.
Page 85. WYCLIFFE.-For the original text of the papal bulls issued against Wycliffe, with an English translation, see J. Foxe, "Acts and Monuments,"
Vol. III, pp. 4-13 (Pratt-Townsend ed., London, 1870). See also J. Lewis, "Life of Wiclif," pp. 49-51, 305-314 (ed. 1820); Lechler, "John Wycliffe and His English Precursors," ch. 5, sec. 2 (pp. 162-164, London ed., 1884, tr. by Lorimer); A. Neander, "General History of the Christian Church,"
period 6, _sec. 2_, part 1, par. 8.
Page 86. INFALLIBILITY.-On the doctrine of Infallibility, see Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. Infallibility (contributed by P. J. Turner, S. T. D.); Geo. Salmon, "The Infallibility of the Church;" Chas. Elliott, "Delineation of Roman Catholicism," bk. 1, ch. 4; Cardinal Gibbons, "The Faith of Our Fathers," ch. 7 (49th ed., 1897).
Page 103. INDULGENCES.-See note for page 59.
Page 104. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE.-On the calling of the Council of Constance by Pope John XXIII., at the instance of the emperor Sigismund, see Mosheim, "Ecclesiastical History," bk. 3, cent. 15, part 2, ch. 2, sec. 3; J. Dowling, "History of Romanism," bk. 6, ch. 2, par. 13; A. Bower, "History of the Popes," Vol. VII, pp. 141-143 (London ed., 1766); Neander, "History of the Christian Religion and Church," period 6, sec. 1 (1854, 5-vol. ed., tr. by Torrey, Vol. V, pp. 94-101).
Page 128. INDULGENCES.-See note for page 59.
Page 234. JESUITISM.-For a statement concerning the origin, the principles, and the purposes of the "Society of Jesus," as outlined by members of this Order, see a work ent.i.tled "Concerning Jesuits," edited by the Rev. John Gerard, S. J., and published in London, 1902, by the Catholic Truth Society. In this work it is said that "the mainspring of the whole organization of the Society is a spirit of entire obedience: "Let each one," writes St. Ignatius, "persuade himself that those who live under obedience ought to allow themselves to be moved and directed by divine Providence through their superiors, just as though they were a dead body, which allows itself to be carried anywhere and to be treated in any manner whatever, or as an old man"s staff, which serves him who holds it in his hand in whatsoever way he will."
"This absolute submission is enn.o.bled by its motive, and should be, continues the ... founder, "prompt, joyous, and persevering; ... the obedient religious accomplishes joyfully that which his superiors have confided to him for the general good, a.s.sured that thereby he corresponds truly with the divine will." "-_The Comtesse R. de Courson, in __"__Concerning Jesuits,__"__ p. 6._
See also L. E. Dupin, "A Compendious History of the Church," cent. 16, ch.
33 (London ed., 1713, Vol. IV, pp. 132-135); Mosheim, "Ecclesiastical History," cent. 16, sec. 3, part 1, ch. 1, par. 10 (including notes 5, 6); Encyclopaedia Britannica (ninth ed.), art. Jesuits; C. Paroissien, "The Principles of the Jesuits, Developed in a Collection of Extracts from Their Own Authors" (London, 1860-an earlier edition appeared in 1839); W.
C. Cartwright, "The Jesuits, Their Const.i.tution and Teaching" (London, 1876); E. L. Taunton, "The History of the Jesuits in England, 1580-1773"
(London, 1901).
Page 235. THE INQUISITION.-See Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. Inquisition (contributed by J. Blotzer, S. J., Munich); H. C. Lea, "History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages;" Limborch, "History of the Inquisition,"
Vol. I, bk. 1, ch. 25, 27-31 (London ed., 1731, tr. by S. Chandler, Vol.
I, pp. 131-142, 144-161); L. von Ranke, "History of the Popes," bk. 2, ch.
6.
Page 265. CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.-On the far-reaching consequences of the rejection of the Bible, and of Bible religion, by the people of France, see H. von Sybel, "History of the French Revolution,"
bk. 5, ch. 1, par. 3-7; H. T. Buckle, "History of Civilization in England," ch. 8, 12 (N. Y. ed., 1895, Vol. I, pp. 364-366, 369-371, 437, 550, 540, 541); _Blackwood"s Magazine_, Vol. x.x.xIV, No. 215 (November, 1833, p. 739); J. G. Lorimer, "An Historical Sketch of the Protestant Church in France," ch. 8, par. 6, 7.
Page 266. PROPHETIC DATES.-See note for page 329.
Page 267. EFFORTS TO SUPPRESS AND DESTROY THE BIBLE.-Referring to the long-continued efforts in France to suppress the Bible-particularly versions in the language of the common people, Gaussen says: "The decree of Toulouse, 1229," which established the "tribunal of the Inquisition against all the readers of the Bible in the vulgar tongue, ... was an edict of fire, bloodshed, and devastation. In its 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th chapters, it ordained the entire destruction of the houses, the humblest places of concealment, and even the subterranean retreats of men convicted of possessing the Scriptures; that they should be pursued to the forests and caves of the earth; and that even those who harbored them should be severely punished." As a result, the Bible "was everywhere prohibited; it vanished, as it were, underground; it descended into the tomb." These decrees were "followed for five hundred years by innumerable punishments, in which the blood of the saints flowed like water."-_L. Gaussen, __"__The Canon of the Holy Scriptures,__"__ __ part 2, bk. 2, ch. 7, sec. 5, prop.
561; and ch. 13, sec. 2, prop. 641, par. 2._
On the special efforts made to destroy Bibles during the Reign of Terror, late in 1793, Dr. Lorimer says: "Wherever a Bible could be found it might be said to be persecuted to death; so much so, that several respectable commentators interpret the slaying of the two witnesses in the eleventh chapter of the Apocalypse, of the general suppression, nay, destruction, of the Old and New Testaments in France at this period."-_J. G. Lorimer, __"__An Historical Sketch of the Protestant Church in France,__"__ ch. 8, par. 4, 5._
See also G. P. Fisher, "The Reformation," ch. 15, par. 16; E. Petavel, "The Bible in France," ch. 2, par. 3, 8-10, 13, 21 (Paris ed., 1864); G.
H. Putnam, "The Censorship of the Church of Rome," Vol. I, ch. 4 (1906 ed., pp. 97, 99, 101, 102); Vol. II, ch. 2 (pp. 15-19); S. Smiles, "The Huguenots: Their Settlements, Churches, and Industries," etc., ch. 1, par.
32, 34; ch. 2, par. 6; ch. 3, par. 14; ch. 18, par. 5 (with note); S.
Smiles, "The Huguenots in France after the Revocation," ch. 2, par. 8; ch.
10, par. 30; ch. 12, par. 2-4; J. A. Wylie, "History of Protestantism,"
bk. 22, ch. 6, par. 3.
Page 276. THE REIGN OF TERROR.-On the responsibility of misguided leaders, in both church and state, and particularly in the church, for the scenes of the French Revolution, see W. M. Sloane, "The French Revolution and Religious Reform," Preface, and ch. 2, par. 1, 2, 10-14 (1901 ed., pp.
vii-ix, 19, 20, 26-31, 40); P. Schaff, in "Papers of the American Society of Church History," Vol. I, pp. 38, 44; S. Smiles, "The Huguenots after the Revocation," ch. 18, par. 4, 6, 9, 10, 12-16, 27; J. G. Lorimer, "An Historical Sketch of the Protestant Church of France," ch. 8, par. 6, 7; A. Galton, "Church and State in France, 1300-1907," ch. 3, sec. 2 (London ed., 1907); Sir J. Stephen, "Lectures on the History of France," lecture 16, par. 60.
Page 280. THE Ma.s.sES AND THE PRIVILEGED CLa.s.sES.-On social conditions prevailing in France prior to the period of the Revolution, see H. von Holst, "Lowell Lectures on the French Revolution," lecture 1; also Taine, "Ancient Regime," and A. Young, "Travels in France."
Page 283. RETRIBUTION.-For further details concerning the retributive character of the French Revolution, see Thos. H. Gill, "The Papal Drama,"
bk. 10; E. de Pressense, "The Church and the French Revolution," bk. 3, ch. 1.
Page 284. THE ATROCITIES OF THE REIGN OF TERROR.-See M. A. Thiers, "History of the French Revolution," Vol. III, pp. 42-44, 62-74, 106 (N. Y.
ed., 1890, tr. by F. Shoberl); F. A. Mignet, "History of the French Revolution," ch. 9, par. 1 (Bohn ed., 1894); A. Alison, "History of Europe," 1789-1815, Vol. I, ch. 14 (N. Y. ed., 1872, Vol. 1, pp. 293-312).
Page 287. THE CIRCULATION OF THE SCRIPTURES.-In 1804, according to Mr.
William Canton, of the British and Foreign Bible Society, "all the Bibles extant in the world, in ma.n.u.script or in print, counting every version in every land, were computed at not many more than four millions.... The various languages in which those four millions were written, including such bygone speech as the Mso-Gothic of Ulfilas and the Anglo-Saxon of Bede, are set down as numbering about fifty."-"_What Is the Bible Society?_" p. 23 (rev. ed., 1904).
A hundred years later, at the close of its first centenary, the British and Foreign Bible Society was able to report a total distribution of Bibles, Testaments, or portions thereof, by that society alone, to the number of 186,680,101-a total that, in 1910, had grown to upwards of 220,000,000 copies, in nearly four hundred distinct tongues.
To these totals must be added the millions of copies of the Scriptures or portions thereof, in many languages, distributed by other Bible societies and by various commercial agencies. The American Bible Society,-the greatest of the daughters of the British parent society,-during the first ninety-four years of its work, reported a total distribution of 87,296,182 copies. (See _Bible Society Record_, June, 1910.) According to conservative estimates, about six million copies of the Bible are printed annually by commercial houses, which, added to the combined output of the Bible societies, gives a total yearly circulation of more than fifteen million copies.
The Scriptures, in whole or in part, have been printed in more than five hundred distinct tongues; and the work of translation into new languages and dialects is still carried forward with unflagging zeal.
Page 288. FOREIGN MISSIONS.-Dr. G. P. Fisher, in a chapter on "Christian Missions" in his "History of the Christian Church," outlines the beginnings of the missionary movement, which, in "the later years of the eighteenth century, ushered in a brilliant era of missionary activity, an era which, in the history of missions, is only less remarkable than the first of the Christian ages." In 1792, "the Baptist society was founded, with Carey as one of its first missionaries. Carey sailed for India, and there, with the help of other members of the same society, founded the mission of Serampore." In 1795, the London Missionary Society was founded; in 1799, there was formed "the organization which in 1812 became the Church Missionary Society." Soon afterward, the Wesleyan Missionary Society was founded.
"While the missionary activity was growing up in Great Britain, the Christians of America were becoming animated with a like zeal." In 1812, they founded the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; and in 1814, the American Baptist Missionary Union. Adoniram Judson, one of the first missionaries to go out from America, sailed for Calcutta in 1812, and reached Burmah in July, 1813. In 1837, the Presbyterian Board was formed. (See Fisher, "History of the Christian Church," period 9, ch.
7, par. 3-25.)
Dr. A. T. Pierson, in an article published in the _Missionary Review of the World_ for January, 1910, declares: "A half-century ago, China and Manchuria, j.a.pan and Korea, Turkey and Arabia, and even the vast continent of Africa, were sleeping-hermit nations, locked in the cell of long seclusion and exclusion. Central Asia was comparatively unexplored, as was Central Africa. In many lands, Satan"s long occupation was undisputed and his empire unmolested. Papal countries were as intolerant as pagan; Italy and Spain imprisoned a man for daring to sell a Bible, or preach the gospel. France was practically infidel, and Germany permeated with rationalism; and over a large part of the mission field, the doors were shut and locked by a more or less rigid exclusion and caste system. Now the changes, on every side, are so remarkable and so radical that, to one who should suddenly come out of this middle period of the last century, ... the world would be unrecognizable. He who holds the keys of the two-leaved gates has been unlocking them, opening up all lands to the Messenger of the Cross. Even in the Eternal City, where, a half-century ago, a visitor had to leave his Bible outside the walls, there are Protestant chapels by the score, and a free circulation of the Scriptures."
Page 327. PROPHETIC DATES.-See note for page 329.