and sixpence Madza caroon, half a crown Mezza corona.
Mr. Hotten says that he could never discover the derivation of _beong_, or _beonk_. It is very plainly the Italian _bianco_, white, which, like _blanc_ in French and _blank_ in German, is often applied slangily to a silver coin. It is as if one had said, "a shiner." Apropos of which word there is something curious to be noted. It came forth in evidence, a few years ago in England, that burglars or other thieves always carried with them a piece of coal; and on this disclosure, a certain writer, in his printed collection of curiosities, comments as if it were a superst.i.tion, remarking that the coal is carried for an amulet. But the truth is that the thief has no such idea. The coal is simply a sign for money; and when the bearer meets with a man whom he thinks may be a "fence," or a purchaser of stolen goods, he shows the coal, which is as much as to say, Have you money? Money, in vulgar gypsy, is _wongur_, a corruption of the better word _angar_, which also means a hot coal; and _braise_, in French _argot_, has the same double meaning. I may be wrong, but I suspect that _rat_, a dollar in Hebrew, or at least in Schmussen, has its root in common with _ratzafim_, coals, and possibly _poschit_, a farthing, with _pecham_, coal. In the six kinds of fire mentioned in the Talmud, {222} there is no identification of coals with money; but in the German legends of Rubezahl, there is a tale of a charcoal-burner who found them changed to gold. Coins are called shiners because they shine like glowing coals, and I dare say that the simile exists in many more languages.
One twilight we found in the public sitting-room of the lodging-house a couple whom I can never forget. It was an elderly gypsy and his wife.
The husband was himself characteristic; the wife was more than merely picturesque. I have never met such a superb old Romany as she was; indeed, I doubt if I ever saw any woman of her age, in any land or any range of life, with a more magnificently proud expression or such unaffected dignity. It was the whole poem of "Crescentius" living in modern time in other form.
When a scholar a.s.sociates much with gypsies there is developed in him in due time a perception or intuition of certain kinds of men or minds, which it is as difficult to describe as it is wonderful. He who has read Matthew Arnold"s "Gipsy Scholar" may, however, find therein many apt words for it. I mean very seriously what I say; I mean that through the Romany the demon of Socrates acquires distinctness; I mean that a faculty is developed which is as strange as divination, and which is greatly akin to it. The gypsies themselves apply it directly to palmistry; were they well educated they would feel it in higher forms. It may be reached among other races and in other modes, and Nature is always offering it to us freely; but it seems to live, or at least to be most developed, among the Romany. It comes upon the possessor far more powerfully when in contact with certain lives than with others, and with the sympathetic it takes in at a glance that which may employ it at intervals for years to think out.
And by this _duk_ I read in a few words in the Romany woman an eagle soul, caged between the bars of poverty, ignorance, and custom; but a great soul for all that. Both she and her husband were of the old type of their race, now so rare in England, though commoner in America. They spoke Romany with inflection and conjugation; they remembered the old rhymes and old words, which I quoted freely, with the Palmer. Little by little, the old man seemed to be deeply impressed, indeed awed, by our utterly inexplicable knowledge. I wore a velveteen coat, and had on a broad, soft felt hat.
"You talk as the old Romanys did," said the old man. "I hear you use words which I once heard from old men who died when I was a boy. I thought those words were lying in graves which have long been green. I hear songs and sayings which I never expected to hear again. You talk like gypsies, and such gypsies as I never meet now; and you look like Gorgios. But when I was still young, a few of the oldest Romany _chals_ still wore hats such as you have; and when I first looked at you, I thought of them. I don"t understand you. It is strange, very strange."
"It is the Romany _soul_," said his wife. "People take to what is in them; if a bird were born a fox, it would love to fly."
I wondered what flights she would have taken if she had wings. But I understood why the old man had spoken as he did; for, knowing that we had intelligent listeners, the Palmer and I had brought forth all our best and quaintest Romany curios, and these rural Welsh wanderers were not, like their English pals, familiar with Romany ryes. And I was moved to like them, and n.o.body perceives this sooner than a gypsy. The old couple were the parents of young Lee, and said they had come to visit him; but I think that it was rather to see us that we owed their presence in Aberystwith. For the tinker and Anselo were at this time engaged, in their secret and owl-like manner, as befitted men who were up to all manner of ways that were dark, in collecting the most interesting specimens of Romanys, for our especial study; and whenever this could be managed so that it appeared entirely accidental and a surprise, then they retired into their shadowed souls and chuckled with fiendish glee at having managed things so charmingly. But it will be long ere I forget how the old man"s eye looked into the past as he recalled,--
"The hat of antique shape and coat of gray, The same the gypsies wore,"
and went far away back through my words to words heard in the olden time, by fires long since burnt out, beneath the flame-gilt branches of forests which have sailed away as ships, farther than woods e"er went from Dunsinane, and been wrecked in Southern seas. But though I could not tell exactly what was in every room, I knew into what house his soul had gone; and it was for this that the scholar-gypsy went from Oxford halls "to learn strange arts and join a gypsy tribe." His friends had gone from earth long since, and were laid to sleep; some, perhaps, far in the wold and wild, amid the rocks, where fox and wild bird were their visitors; but for an instant they rose again from their graves, and I knew them.
"They could do wonders by the power of the imagination," says Glanvil of the gypsies; "their fancy binding that of others." Understand by imagination and fancy all that Glanvil really meant, and I agree with him. It is a matter of history that, since the Aryan morning of mankind, the Romanys have been chiromancing, and, following it, trying to read people"s minds and bind them to belief. Thousands of years of transmitted hereditary influences always result in something; it has really resulted with the gypsies in an instinctive, though undeveloped, intuitive perception, which a sympathetic mind acquires from them,--nay, is compelled to acquire, out of mere self-defense; and when gained, it manifests itself in many forms,
"But it needs heaven-sent moments for this skill."
AMERICAN GYPSIES.
I. GYPSIES IN PHILADELPHIA.
It is true that the American gypsy has grown more vigorous in this country, and, like many plants, has thriven better for being trans--I was about to write incautiously _ported_, but, on second thought, say _planted_. Strangely enough, he is more Romany than ever. I have had many opportunities of studying both the elders from England and the younger gypsies, born of English parents, and I have found that there is unquestionably a great improvement in the race here, even from a gypsy stand-point. The young sapling, under more favorable influences, has pushed out from the old root, and grown stronger. The causes for this are varied. Gypsies, like peac.o.c.ks, thrive best when allowed to range afar. _Il faut leur donner le clef des champs_ (you must give them the key of the fields), as I once heard an old Frenchman, employed on Delmonico"s Long Island farm, lang syne, say of that splendid poultry.
And what a range they have, from the Atlantic to the Pacific! Marry, sir, "t is like roaming from sunrise to sunset, east and west, "and from the aurora borealis to a Southern blue-jay," and no man shall make them afraid. Wood! "Well, "t is a _kushto tem for kasht_" (a fair land for timber), as a very decent _Romani-chal_ said to me one afternoon. It was thinking of him which led me to these remarks.
I had gone with my niece--who speaks Romany--out to a gypsyry by Oaklands Park, and found there one of our good people, with his wife and children, in a tent. Hard by was the wagon and the horse, and, after the usual initiatory amazement at being accosted in the _kalo jib_, or black language, had been survived, we settled down into conversation. It was a fine autumnal day, Indian-summery,--the many in one of all that is fine in weather all the world over, put into a single glorious sense,--a sense of bracing air and sunshine not over-bold or bright, and purple, tawny hues in western skies, and dim, sweet feelings of the olden time. And as we sat lounging in lowly seats, and talked about the people and their ways, it seemed to me as if I were again in Devonshire or Surrey. Our host--for every gypsy who is visited treats you as a guest, thus much Oriental politeness being deeply set in him--had been in America from boyhood, but he seemed to be perfectly acquainted with all whom I had known over the sea. Only one thing he had not heard, the death of old Gentilla Cooper, of the Devil"s d.y.k.e, near Brighton, for I had just received a letter from England announcing the sad news.
"Yes, this America is a good country for travelers. _We can go South in winter_. Aye, the land is big enough to go to a warm side in winter, and a cool one in summer. But I don"t go South, because I don"t like the people; I don"t get along with them. _Some Romanys do_. Yes, but I"m not on that horse, I hear that the old country"s getting to be a hard place for our people. Yes, just as you say, there"s no _tan to hatch_, no place to stay in there, unless you pay as much as if you went to a hotel. "T isn"t so here. Some places they"re uncivil, but mostly we can get wood and water, and a place for a tent, and a bite for the old _gry_ [horse]. The country people like to see us come, in many places.
They"re more high-minded and hon"rable here than they are in England. If we can cheat them in horse-dealin" they stand it as gentlemen always ought to do among themselves in such games. Horse-dealin" is horse-stealin", in a way, among real gentlemen. If I can Jew you or you do me, it"s all square in gamblin", and n.o.body has any call to complain.
Therefore, I allow that Americans are higher up as gentlemen than what they are in England. It is not all of one side, like a jug-handle, either. Many of these American farmers can cheat me, and have done it, and are proud of it. Oh, yes; they"re much higher toned here. In England, if you put off a _bavolengro_ [broken-winded horse] on a fellow he comes after you with a _chinamangri_ [writ]. Here he goes like a man and swindles somebody else with the _gry_, instead of sneaking off to a magistrate.
"Yes," he continued, "England"s a little country, very little, indeed, but it is astonishing how many Romanys come out of it over here. _Do I notice any change in them after coming_? I do. When they first come, they drink liquor or beer all the time. After a while they stop heavy drinking."
I may here observe that even in England the gypsy, although his getting drunk is too often regulated or limited simply by his means, seldom shows in his person the results of long-continued intemperance. Living in the open air, taking much exercise, constantly practicing boxing, rough riding, and other manly sports, he is "as hard as nails," and generally lives to a hearty old age. As he very much prefers beer to spirits, it may be a question whether excess in such drinking is really any serious injury to him. The ancestors of the common English peasants have for a thousand, it may be for two thousand, years or more all got drunk on beer, whenever they could afford it, and yet a more powerful human being than the English peasant does not exist. It may be that the weaklings all die at an early age. This I cannot deny, nor that those who survive are simply so tough that beer cannot kill them. What this gypsy said of the impartial and liberal manner in which he and his kind are received by the farmers is also true. I once conversed on this subject with a gentleman farmer, and his remarks were much like those of the Rom. I inferred from what he said that the coming of a party of gypsy horse-dealers into his neighborhood was welcomed much as the pa.s.sengers on a Southern steamboat were wont of old to welcome the proprietor of a portable faro bank. "I think," said he, "that the last time the gypsies were here they left more than they took away." An old Rom told me once that in some parts of New Jersey they were obliged to watch their tents and wagons very carefully for fear of the country people. I do not answer for the truth of this. It speaks vast volumes for the cleverness of gypsies that they can actually make a living by trading horses in New Spain.
It is very true that in many parts of America the wanderers are welcomed with _feux de joie_, or with salutes of shot-guns,--the guns, unfortunately, being shotted and aimed at them. I have mentioned in another chapter, on a Gypsy Magic Spell, that once in Tennessee, when an old Romany mother had succeeded in hoaxing a farmer"s wife out of all she had in the world, the neighboring farmers took the witch, and, with a view to preventing effectually further depredation, caused her to pa.s.s "through flames material and temporal unto flames immaterial and eternal;" that is to say, they burned her alive. But the gypsy would much prefer having to deal with lynchers than with lawyers. Like the hedge-hog, which is typically a gypsy animal, he likes better to be eaten by those of his own kind than to be crushed into dirt by those who do not understand him. This story of the hedge-hog was cited from my first gypsy book by Sir Charles Dilke, in a speech in which he made an application of it to certain conservatives who remained blindly suffering by their own party. It will hold good forever. Gypsies never flourished so in Europe as during the days when every man"s hand was against them.
It is said that they raided and plundered about Scotland for fifty years before they were definitely discovered to be mere marauders, for the Scots themselves were so much given up to similar pursuits that the gypsies pa.s.sed unnoticed.
The American gypsies do not beg, like their English brothers, and particularly their English sisters. This fact speaks volumes for their greater prosperity and for the influence which a.s.sociation with a proud race has on the poorest people. Our friends at Oaklands always welcomed us as guests. On another occasion when we went there, I said to my niece, "If we find strangers who do not know us, do not speak at first in Romany. Let us astonish them." We came to a tent, before which sat a very dark, old-fashioned gypsy woman. I paused before her, and said in English,--
"Can you tell a fortune for a young lady?"
"She don"t want her fortune told," replied the old woman, suspiciously and cautiously, or it may be with a view of drawing us on. "No, I can"t tell fortunes."
At this the young lady was so astonished that, without thinking of what she was saying, or in what language, she cried,--
"_Dordi_! _Can"t tute pen dukkerin_?" (Look! Can"t you tell fortunes?)
This unaffected outburst had a greater effect than the most deeply studied theatrical situation could have brought about. The old dame stared at me and at the lady as if bewildered, and cried,--
"In the name of G.o.d, what kind of gypsies are _you_?"
"Oh! _mendui shom bori chovihani_!" cried L., laughing; "we are a great witch and a wizard, and if you can"t tell me my fortune, I"ll tell yours.
Hold out your hand, and cross mine with a dollar, and I"ll tell you as big a lie as you ever _penned_ a _galderli Gorgio_ [a green Gentile]."
"Well," exclaimed the gypsy, "I"ll believe that you can tell fortunes or do anything! _Dordi_! _dordi_! but this is wonderful. Yet you"re not the first Romany _rani_ [lady] I ever met. There"s one in Delaware: a _boridiri_ [very great] lady she is, and true Romany,--_flick o the jib te rinkeni adosta_ [quick of tongue and fair of face]. Well, I am glad to see you." "Who is that talking there?" cried a man"s voice from within the tent. He had heard Romany, and he spoke it, and came out expecting to see familiar faces. His own was a study, as his glance encountered mine. As soon as he understood that I came as a friend, he gave way to infinite joy, mingled with sincerest grief that he had not at hand the means of displaying hospitality to such distinguished Romanys as we evidently were. He bewailed the absence of strong drink. Would we have some tea made? Would I accompany him to the next tavern, and have some beer? All at once a happy thought struck him. He went into the tent and brought out a piece of tobacco, which I was compelled to accept.
Refusal would have been unkind, for it was given from the very heart.
George Borrow tells us that, in Spain, a poor gypsy once brought him a pomegranate as a first acquaintanceship token. A gypsy is a gypsy wherever you find him.
These were very nice people. The old dame took a great liking to L., and showed it in pleasant manners. The couple were both English, and liked to talk with me of the old country and the many mutual friends whom we had left behind. On another visit, L. brought a scarlet silk handkerchief, which she had bound round her head and tied under her chin in a very gypsy manner. It excited, as I antic.i.p.ated, great admiration from the old dame.
"_Ah kenna tute dikks rinkeni_--now you look nice. That"s the way a Romany lady ought to wear it! Don"t she look just as Alfi used to look?"
she cried to her husband. "Just such eyes and hair!"
Here L. took off the _diklo_, or handkerchief, and pa.s.sed it round the gypsy woman"s head, and tied it under her chin, saying,--
"I am sure it becomes you much more than it does me. Now you look nice:--
""Red and yellow for Romany, And blue and pink for the Gorgiee.""
We rose to depart, the old dame offered back to L. her handkerchief, and, on being told to keep it, was greatly pleased. I saw that the way in which it was given had won her heart.
"Did you hear what the old woman said while she was telling your fortune?" asked L., after we had left the tent.
"Now, I think of it, I remember that she or you had hold of my hand, while I was talking with the old man, and he was making merry with my whisky. I was turned away, and around so that I never noticed what you two were saying."
"She _penned_ your _dukkerin_, and it was wonderful. She said that she must tell it."
And here L. told me what the old _dye_ had insisted on reading in my hand. It was simply very remarkable, and embraced an apparent knowledge of the past, which would make any credulous person believe in her happy predictions of the future.
"Ah, well," I said, "I suppose the _dukk_ told it to her. She may be an eye-reader. A hint dropped here and there, unconsciously, the expression of the face, and a life"s practice will make anybody a witch. And if there ever was a witch"s eye, she has it."
"I would like to have her picture," said L., "in that _lullo diklo_ [red handkerchief]. She looked like all the sorceresses of Thessaly and Egypt in one, and, as Bulwer says of the Witch of Vesuvius, was all the more terrible for having been beautiful."
Some time after this we went, with Britannia Lee a-gypsying, not figuratively, but literally, over the river into New Jersey. And our first greeting, as we touched the ground, was of good omen, and from a great man, for it was Walt Whitman. It is not often that even a poet meets with three sincerer admirers than the venerable bard encountered on this occasion; so, of course, we stopped and talked, and L. had the pleasure of being the first to communicate to Bon Gualtier certain pleasant things which had recently been printed of him by a distinguished English author, which is always an agreeable task. Blessed upon the mountains, or at the Camden ferryboat, or anywhere, are the feet of anybody who bringeth glad tidings.
"Well, are you going to see gypsies?"