The following data have been observed:--
______________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponi- | | | | | fication | t.i.tre,| Iodine No. | Observers.| References.
| Equiv- | | | | | alent.[2] | C. | | | |___________|_______|____________|____________|_______________________________ | | | | | | 291.4 | 0.36 | 99.5 | Archbut |_J. S. C. Ind._, 1898, p. 1010.
| 290.3 | 4.46 | 98.3 | Lewkowitsch|_Chem. Revue_, 1898, p. 211.
| 283.1 | 0.68 | 107.9 | Klein |_Zeits. angew. Chem._, | | | | | 1898, p. 1012.
|___________|_______|____________|____________|_______________________________
The t.i.tre is quoted by Lewkowitsch as 28.6 C.
_Goa b.u.t.ter_ or _Kok.u.m b.u.t.ter_ is a solid fat obtained from the seeds of _Garcinia indica_, which flourishes in India and the East Indies.
Crossley and Le Sueur (_Journ. Soc. Chem. Industry_, 1898, p. 993) during an investigation of Indian oils obtained these results:--
_________________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | Iodine No. | | Equivalent.[3] | Per Cent. | | |________________|___________|____________| | | | | | 300 | 7.1 | 34.2 | |________________|___________|____________|
_Safflower oil_ is extracted from the seeds of the _Carthamus tinctorius_, which, although indigenous to India and the East Indies, is extensively cultivated in Southern Russia (Saratowa) and German East Africa. Its use has been suggested for soft-soap making. The following figures have been published:--
____________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Saponi | | | | |fication | Iodine | Observers. | References.
| | Equiv- | No. | | | |alent.[4]| | | |_________|_________|________|_____________|_________________________________ | | | | | | Average | 295.5 | 141.29 | Crossley and| _J. S. C. Ind._, 1898, p. 992; | of | | | Le Sueur | _J. S. C. Ind._, 1900, p. 104.
| Twelve | 287.1 | 141.6 | Shukoff |_Chem. Revue_, 1901, p. 250.
| Samples | 289.2 | 130 | Tylaikow |_Chem. Revue_, 1902, p. 106.
| | 293.7 | 142.2 | Fendler |_Chem. Zeitung_, 1904, p. 867.
|_________|_________|________|_____________|_________________________________
_Maripa fat_ is obtained from the kernels of a palm tree flourishing in the West Indies, but, doubtless, the commercial fat is obtained from other trees of the same family. It resembles cocoa-nut oil and gives the following figures:--
___________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponi- | | Melting | | | fication | | Point | | | Equiv- | Iodine | of Fatty | | | alent.[5]| No. | Acids, C.| Observer. | Reference.
|__________|________|___________|___________|_______________________________ | | | | | | 217 | 9.49 | 25 | Ba.s.siere |_J. S. C. Ind._, 1903, p. 1137.
|__________|________|___________|___________|_______________________________
_Niam fat_, obtained from the seeds of _Lophira alata_, which are found extensively in the Soudan. The fat, as prepared by natives, has been examined by Lewkowitsch, and more recently Edie has published the results of an a.n.a.lysis. The figures are as follows:--
__________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponi- | | | | | fication | t.i.tre,| Iodine | Observers.| References.
| Equiv- | | No. | | | alent.[6] | C. | | | |___________|_______|________|____________|_______________________________ | | | | | | 295.1 | 78.12 | 42.5 | Lewkowitsch|_J. S. C. Ind._, 1907, p. 1266.
| 287.7 | 75.3 | | Ede. |_Quart. J. Inst. Comm.
| | | | | Research in Tropics._ |___________|_______|________|____________|_______________________________
_Cohune-nut oil_ is produced from the nuts of the cohune palm, which flourishes in British Honduras. This oil closely resembles cocoa-nut and palm-nut oils and is stated to saponify readily and yield a soap free from odour. The following figures, obtained in the Laboratory of the Imperial Inst.i.tute, are recorded in the official _Bulletin_, 1903, p.
25:--
________________________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Iodine No. | Melting Point of | | Equivalent. | | Fatty Acids, C. | |________________|____________|__________________| | | | | | 253.9-255.3 | 12.9-13.6 | 27-30 | |________________|____________|__________________|
_Mafoureira_ or _Mafura tallow_ from the nuts of the mafoureira tree, which grows wild in Portuguese East Africa. The following figures are published:--
______________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Saponi- | | | | fication | | Iodine | References.
| Equi- | | No. | | valent. | | | |_____________|________________|___________|___________________________________ | | t.i.tre, C. | | | 253.8 | 44-48 | 46.14 | De Negri and Fabris, _Annal. del | | | | Lab. Chim. Delle Gabelle_, | | | | 1891-2, p. 271.
| | Acidity | | | | (as Oleic Acid)| | | | Per Cent. | | _Bulletin Imp. Inst._, | 232.8-233.7 | 21.26 | 47.8-55.8 | 1903, p. 27.
|_____________|________________|___________|___________________________________
_Pongam oil_, obtained from the beans of the pongam tree, which flourishes in East India, has been suggested as available for the soap industry, but the unsaponifiable matter present would militate against its use. Lewkowitsch (_a.n.a.lyst_, 1903, pp. 342-44) quotes these results:--
_____________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Saponi- | | | | | | fication | Iodine | Acidity, | Unsaponifiable, | | | Equi- | No. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | | | valent.[7] | | | | |_________________|____________|________|___________|_________________| | | | | | | | Oil extracted | 315 | 94 | 3.05 | 9.22 | | in laboratory | | | | | | Indian specimen | 306 | 89.4 | 0.5 | 6.96 | |_________________|____________|________|___________|_________________|
_Margosa oil_ is obtained from the seeds of _Melia azedarach_, a tree which is found in most parts of India and Burma.
Lewkowitsch (_a.n.a.lyst_, 1903, pp. 342-344) gives these figures:--
__________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Iodine | t.i.tre, | | Equivalent.[8] | No. | C. | |________________|________|________| | | | | | 284.9 | 69.6 | 42 | |________________|________|________|
_Dika fat_ or _Wild Mango oil_ is obtained from the seed kernels of various kinds of _Irvingia_ by boiling with water. Lemarie (_Bulletin Imp. Inst._, 1903, p. 206) states that this fat is used in the place of cocoa-nut oil in the manufacture of soap. Lewkowitsch (_a.n.a.lyst_, 1905, p. 395) examined a large sample of dika fat obtained from seeds of _Irvingia bateri_ (South Nigeria) and gives the following data:--
____________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponification | Iodine | t.i.tre, | Unsaponifiable, | | Equivalent.[9] | No. | C. | Per Cent. | |________________|________|________|_________________| | | | | | | 229.4 | 5.2 | 34.8 | 0.73 | |________________|________|________|_________________|
_Baobab-seed Oil._--Balland (_Journ. Pharm. Chem._, 1904, p. 529, abstracted in _Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind._, 1905, p. 34) states that the natives of Madagascar extract, by means of boiling water, from the seeds of the baobab tree, a whitish solid oil, free from rancidity, and possessed of an odour similar to Tunisian olive oil. He suggests that it may, with advantage, replace cocoa-nut oil in soap manufacture.
_Persimmon-seed Oil._--Lane (_J. S. C. Ind._, 1905, p. 390) gives constants for this oil which he describes as semi-drying, of brownish yellow colour, and having taste and odour like pea-nut (arachis) oil.
The following are taken from Lane"s figures:--
___________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Iodine | t.i.tre, | | Equivalent.[10] | No. | C. | |_________________|________|________| | | | | | 298.4 | 115.6 | 20.2 | |_________________|________|________|
_Wheat oil_, extracted from the wheat germ by means of solvents, has been suggested as applicable for soap-making (H. Snyder, abstr. _J. S.
C. Ind._, 1905, p. 1074). The following figures have been published:--
_______________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Saponi- | | | | | | fication | Acidity,| Iodine | t.i.tre, | Observers. | References.
| Equiv- | Per | No. | | | | alent.[11]| Cent. | | C. | | |___________|_________|________|________|_____________|________________________ | | | | | | | 306 | 5.65 | 115.17 | 29.7 | De Negri. | _Chem. Zeit._, 1898 | | | | | | (abstr. _J. S. C. I._, | | | | | | 1898, p. 1155).
| 297 | 20 | 115.64 | | Frankforter | _J. Amer. C. Soc._, | | | | | & Harding | 1899, 758-769 (abstr.
| | | | | | in _J. S. C. I._, | | | | | | 1899, p. 1030).
|___________|_________|________|________|_____________|________________________
_Tangkallah fat_, from the seeds of a tree growing in Java and the neighbouring islands, is suitable for soap-making. Schroeder (_Arch.
Pharm._, 1905, 635-640, abstracted in _J. S. C. Ind._, 1906, p. 128) gives these values:--
_______________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponification | Acidity, | Iodine | Unsaponifiable, | | Equivalent.[12]| Per Cent. | No. | Per Cent. | |________________|___________|________|_________________| | | | | | | 209 | 1.67 | 2.28 | 1.44 | |________________|___________|________|_________________|
It is a hard fat, nearly white, possessing neither taste nor characteristic odour and solidifying at about 27 C.
_Oil of Inoy-kernel._--(_Bulletin Imp. Inst._, 1906, p. 201). The seeds of Poga oleosa from West Africa yield on extraction an oil which gives the figures quoted below, and is suggested as a soap-maker"s material:--
__________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Iodine | t.i.tre, | | Equivalent. | No. | C. | |________________|________|________| | | | | | 304 | 89.75 | 22 | |________________|________|________|
ROSIN.
Rosin is the residuum remaining after distillation of spirits of turpentine from the crude oleo-resin exuded by several species of the pine, which abound in America, particularly in North Carolina, and also flourish in France and Spain. The gigantic forests of the United States consist princ.i.p.ally of the long-leaved pine, _Pinus pal.u.s.tris (Australis)_, whilst the French and Spanish oleo-resin is chiefly obtained from _Pinus pinaster_, which is largely cultivated.
Rosin is a brittle, tasteless, transparent substance having a smooth shining fracture and melting at about 135 C. (275 F.). The American variety possesses a characteristic aromatic odour, which is lacking in those from France and Spain. It is graded by samples taken out of the top of every barrel, and cut into 7/8 of an inch cubes, which must be uniform in size--the shade of colour of the cube determines its grade and value.