~transmission~: handing down from father to son.
~externally~: outwardly.
~St. Katharine"s~, ~Ratcliff~, ~Shadwell~, ~Stepney~, are all in the East End of London.
~jurisdiction~: legal authority.
59. UNDER GEORGE II. PART V.
~Lighters~: large boats or barges used in unloading ships.
~bleaching-grounds~: where cloth was laid out to be bleached or whitened by the wind and sun.
~hopbines~: the stalks of hop plants.
~transportation~: conveying convicted criminals abroad. Till 1869 convicts were sent to Australia; now they are kept in convict prisons at home.
~cla.s.sification~: dividing and arranging into cla.s.ses.
~embezzle~: to steal something entrusted to one"s care.
~press-gang~: a party of sailors under an officer who forcibly took men to serve in the Royal Navy.
~anarchy~: absence of rule, disorder.
~Gordon Riots~: in 1780, led by the fanatic Lord George Gordon. The mob raised the cry of "No Popery" on account of a law then proposing to remove hardships from Roman Catholics. Riot and plunder were the real object of the mob. The disorder had to be suppressed by military force.
~Police~: organised in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, after whom the members of the force were called "bobbies" and "peelers."
60. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART I.
~Denominations~: religious bodies or sects, the members of which are all called by the same name. (Latin _nomen_, a name.)
~every conceivable topic~: every subject you can think of.
~community~: a people, the public.
~achieved~: won by effort.
61. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART II.
~Symbol of~: the representative of; the presence of a policeman is the outward form taken by the law in the eyes of the people.
~mote~: meeting; hence ~folks" mote~, meeting of the folk or people; ~ward mote~, meeting of those living in the same ward or city division.
~The Companies~: such as those of the Goldsmiths, Merchant Taylors, Drapers, &c.
~Quarter Sessions~: the sessions or sittings of the Law Courts in a county or city held every quarter.
~archives~: public records.
~sergeant~ means "servant," "officer"--here of the law. Ordinarily it is a rank in the army.
62. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. PART III.
~Advocate~: argue in favour of.
~tenacity~: perseverance, holding on. (Latin _teneo_, to hold.)
~livery~: because the members of the different trade companies used to wear a distinguishing uniform or livery.
~fletchers~: arrow-makers. (French _fleche_, an arrow.)
~trust-money~: money entrusted for a certain purpose for which alone it can be used.
~technical~: where useful trades and sciences are taught.
63. LONDON. GREATER LONDON.
~Conservative~: preserving, so far as convenient, the present state of things.
~functions~: powers and duties.
~reformatory schools~: where boys and girls who have committed some crime are sent to be reformed to better ways.
~a.s.sets~: property actually held, so that it can be set off against a debt.
~democratic~: giving power and influence to the people.
~oligarchic~: giving power and influence to the few.
~"law worthiness"~: right to a.s.sist in the making of laws.