Native white and free colored illiterate to total native white and free colored 485 "
Foreign white and free colored illiterate to total foreign white and free colored 824 "
Native illiterate white and free colored to total of both (native) over 20 years of age 1035 "
Foreign illiterate white and free colored to total of both (foreign) over 20 years of age 1448 "
Foreign illiterate over twenty years of age 195114 Foreign illiterate to total foreign over 20 years of age, supposing the illiterate to be all white 1451 "
Following the geographical sections we obtain the following results:[415]
+------------------------------------------------------------+PercentagePercentagePercentage ofSections.of Pupilsof Pupils toilliterate toto the whitethe white andwhitePopulation.free coloredPopulation.Population.+---------------------------------------------------------New England States25902571188Middle States21792102316Southern States14521392922Southwestern States16321610845Northwestern States21722151503+------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+PercentagePercentagePercentageofPercentageofPercentageofilliterateofilliterateofSections.illiterateto Nativesilliteratetoilliteratetoover 20toForeignersto freeNatives.Years ofForeigners.over 20Colored.age.Years ofage.------------------------------------------------------------------New EnglandStates264214632439845Middle States18430095515922242Southern States93020305288802120SouthwesternStates841166391215201854NorthwesternStates4979924637722144California andTerritories17502163141323511247+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
OCCUPATIONS.
In the tables of occupations the only cla.s.s noticed is the white and free colored male population over fifteen years of age, no returns of female employment being given. As interesting to the general reader, although not in immediate connection with the subject, the following is given:[416]
Ratio per cent.
Occupations. to the total employed.
Commerce, trade, manufactures, mechanic arts, and mining 2972 Agriculture 4469 Labor (not agricultural) 1850 Army 10 Sea and river navigation 217 Law, Medicine, and Divinity 176 Other pursuits requiring education 178 Government civil service 46 Domestic service 41 Other occupations 41 ------ 10000
A similar but more elaborate statement of the occupations of the people of Great Britain was published in the British census for 1841, and is reprinted by Professor De Bow in his compendium.[417]
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+PercentagePercentagePercentageOccupations.to totalto totalto totalMales.Females.Population.-----------------------------------------------------------------Commerce, trade, and manufactures26247121652Agriculture153384796Labor (not agricultural)699121405Army14270Navy and merchant seamen, boatmen,&c.235117Clerical, legal, and medicalprofessions660234Other pursuits requiring education1173676Government and munic.i.p.al civilservice430222Domestic servants278948618Persons of independent means147388269Pensioners, paupers, lunatics,and prisoners111101106Unoccupied (including women andchildren)400576065835-------------------------------100100100+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
WAGES.
In introducing this subject, Professor De Bow remarks, "The money price of wages, unless the price of other articles be known, gives but an unsatisfactory idea of the condition of the laboring cla.s.ses at different periods and in different countries." In the following tables of the rates of remuneration in 1850 this difficulty will scarcely exist, so far as New York is concerned at least. The large number of domestic servants who have been added to our population since that year precludes the possibility of any considerable advance in the rate of wages, and, as every reader has an idea of what a woman"s necessary expenses must be, each will be enabled to decide for himself whether the compensation is sufficient, or whether society at large would not be benefited were some of the surplus domestic servants removed to other localities, and thus, by increasing the demand, augment the wages. The following was the average weekly wages (with board) of a domestic servant in the year 1850:[418]
States. Wages.
Alabama $1 41 Arkansas 1 67 California 13 00 Columbia (District of) 1 31 Connecticut 1 36 Delaware 0 84 Florida 1 83 Georgia 1 52 Illinois 1 14 Indiana 0 90 Iowa 1 07 Kentucky 1 09 Louisiana 2 57 Maine 1 09 Maryland 0 89 Ma.s.sachusetts 1 48 Michigan 1 10 Mississippi 1 52 Missouri 1 17 New Hampshire 1 27 New Jersey 0 97 New York 1 05 North Carolina 0 87 Ohio 0 96 Pennsylvania 0 80 Rhode Island 1 42 South Carolina 1 42 Tennessee 1 00 Texas 2 00 Vermont 1 19 Virginia 0 96 Wisconsin 1 27 Territories.
Minnesota 2 25 New Mexico 0 78 Oregon 10 00 Utah 1 46
The following is a table of the monthly wages in factories in the different states. It is, of course, exclusive of board and lodging.
Looking at the amount received by female operatives, will any one feel surprised that they should abandon the incessant and poorly paid employment?
WAGES PER MONTH (WITHOUT BOARD).
+------------------------------------------------Cotton.Wool.Pig Iron.States.---------------------------------M.F.M.F.M.F.-----------------------------------------$ c.$ c.$ c.$ c.$ c.$. c.Alabama11 717 9817 60Arkansas14 615 88CaliforniaD. of Col.14 028 0030 00Connecticut19 0811 8024 1212 8626 80Delaware15 3111 5818 7917 33Florida32 145 00Georgia14 577 3927 4714 1017 445 00Illinois22 0012 5222 06Indiana13 026 7721 8111 0526 00Iowa11 14Kentucky14 959 3615 3011 1120 234 70LouisianaMaine29 3512 1522 5711 7722 00Maryland15 429 4818 6011 8920 14Ma.s.sach"sts22 9013 6022 9514 2227 50Michigan21 6511 4735 00Mississippi14 215 94Missouri10 9310 0032 006 5024 28N. Hamp.26 0013 4722 8614 5318 00New Jersey17 989 5625 228 6021 20New York18 329 6819 9711 7625 00N. Carolina11 656 1318 007 008 004 00Ohio16 599 4220 1410 9024 48Pennsylv"a17 859 9119 2310 4121 655 11Rho. Island18 6012 9520 7015 18S. Carolina13 948 30Tennessee10 946 4217 666 0012 815 11Texas20 0020 00Vermont15 5312 6524 4611 8122 08Virginia10 186 9818 179 9112 766 86Wisconsin22 4830 00+------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------+IronWroughtFisheries.Castings.Iron.States.---------------------------------M.F.M.F.M.F.-----------------------------------------$. c.$ c.$ c.$ c.$. c.$. c.Alabama30 0515 29ArkansasCalifornia23 33D. of Col.27 05Connecticut27 028 0031 5920 81Delaware23 3625 53Florida17 588 40Georgia27 4311 355 00Illinois28 50Indiana25 7427 454 00Iowa32 35Kentucky24 894 1532 06Louisiana35 60Maine29 005 0019 12Maryland27 5024 31Ma.s.sach"sts30 9029 4612 7915 70Michigan28 6822 43Mississippi37 91Missouri19 6330 00N. Hamp.33 0531 3410 00New Jersey24 0027 3113 34New York27 4928 9120 35N. Carolina23 4610 434 7823 6411 77Ohio27 3229 5819 07Pennsylv"a27 556 0028 316 57Rho. Island29 6357 8534 00S. Carolina13 594 00Tennessee17 964 5015 205 00Texas43 43Vermont28 2732 08Virginia19 919 4425 4121 70Wisconsin26 7321 50+-----------------------------------------------+
The number of hands employed in these manufactures is as follows:[419]
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+MenMen"s averageWomenWomen"sManufactures.employed.Wages peremployed.average WagesMonth.per Month.-------------------------------------------------------------Cotton33,150$16 7959,136$9 24Wool22,67821 4916,57411 86Pig-iron20,29821 681505 13Iron castings23,54127 38485 87Wrought iron16,11027 021387 35Fisheries20,70420 4942910 08--------------------Total employed136,48176,475+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
PAUPERISM.
From tables relating to pauperism in the United States we learn that in the year ending June 1, 1850, when our population was 23,191,876, there were supported (in whole or in part) at public expense:[420]
Natives 66,434 Foreigners 68,538 ------- Total 134,972
The cost of such support was $2,954,806. This is much less than the outlay in England, where, in the year 1848, there was expended 6,180,764 sterling (or over thirty million dollars), the population being 17,521,956.[421]
CRIME.
There were confined in the various state prisons throughout the Union on June 1, 1850:[422]
White males 4643 " females 115 Total whites ---- 4758
Colored males 801 " females 87 Total colored ---- 888 ---- Aggregate 5646
Of these there were
Native whites 3259 " colored 866 Total natives ---- 4125
Foreign whites 1499 " colored 22 Total foreign ---- 1521 ---- Aggregate 5646
INTEMPERANCE.
It need not be repeated that habits of intemperance and prost.i.tution are closely allied. The following figures give the statistics of the breweries and distilleries in the United States:[423]
The total number of these establishments is 1217 In which is invested a capital of $8,507,574
They employ 6140 hands, and consume during the year,
Barley 3,787,195 bushels.
Corn 11,067,761 "
Rye 2,143,927 "
Oats 56,607 "
Apples 526,840 "
Hops 1,294 tons.
Mola.s.ses 61,675 hogsheads.
Their yearly production is,
Ale, 1,179,495 barrels, or 42,471,820 gallons.
Whisky, etc. 41,364,224 "
Rum 6,500,500 "
---------- Total 90,336,544 "
If these stimulants were used in the United States, exclusive of export or import, the average allowance for each man, woman, and child in the community would be nearly four gallons per year. The figures show how much we produce, but will not aid the inquiry as to how much is consumed.
NATIVITIES.