[3] Nine different matches were proposed for Joanna in the course of her life; but they all vanished into air, and the "excellent lady," as she was usually called by the Portuguese, died as she had lived, in single blessedness, at the ripe age of sixty-eight. In the Mem. de la Acad. de Hist., tom. vi., the 19th Il.u.s.tracion is devoted to this topic, in regard to which Father Florez shows sufficient ignorance, or inaccuracy. Reynas Catholicas, tom. ii. p. 780.
[4] Instructions relating to this matter, written with the queen"s own hand, still exist in the archives of Simancas. Mem. de la Acad. de Hist., ubi supra.
[5] La Clede, Histoire de Portugal, tom. iv. p. 100.
The Portuguese historian, Faria y Sousa, expends half a dozen folio pages on these royal revelries, which cost six months" preparation, and taxed the wits of the most finished artists and artificers in France, England, Flanders, Castile, and Portugal. (Europa Portuguesa, tom. ii. pp. 452 et seq.) We see, throughout, the same luxury of spectacle, the same elegant games of chivalry, as the tilt of reeds, the rings, and the like, which the Castilians adopted from the Spanish Arabs.
[6] Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. fol. 38.--Abarca, Reyes de Aragon, tom. ii. fol. 312.
[7] Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. fol. 78, 82.--La Clede, Hist.
de Portugal, tom. iv. p. 95.--Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 146.
Martyr, in a letter written at the close of 1496, thus speaks of the princess Isabella"s faithful attachment to her husband"s memory; "Mira fuit hujus foeminae in abjiciendis secundis nuptiis constantia. Tanta est ejus modestia, tanta vidualis cast.i.tas, ut neo mensa post mariti mortem comederit, nec lauti quicquam degustaverit. Jejuniis sese vigiliisque ita maceravit, ut sicco stipite siccior sit effecta. Suffulta rubore perturbatur, quandocunque de jugali thalamo sermo intexitur. Parentum tamen aliquando precibus, veluti olfacimus, inflectetur. Viget fama, futuram vestri regis Emmanuelis uxorem." Epist. 171.
[8] Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. fol. 63.
[9] Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. lib. 2, cap. 5.--Ferreras, Hist. d"Espagne, tom. viii. p. 160.
[10] I believe there is no instance of such a union, save that of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, with Dona Constanza, daughter of Peter the Cruel, in 1371, from whom Queen Isabella was lineally descended on the father"s side. The t.i.tle of _Prince of the Asturias_, appropriated to the heir apparent of Castile, was first created for the infant Don Henry, afterwards Henry III., on occasion of his marriage with John of Gaunt"s daughter, in 1388. It was professedly in imitation of the English t.i.tle of Prince of Wales; and the Asturias were selected as that portion of the ancient Gothic monarchy, which had never bowed beneath the Saracen yoke.
Florez, Reynas Catholicas, tom. ii. pp. 708-715.--Mendoza, Dignidades, lib. 3, cap. 23.
[11] Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, lib. 2, cap. 25.--Rymer, Foedera, (London, 1727,) vol. xii. pp. 638-642.
Ferdinand used his good offices to mediate a peace between Henry VII. and the king of Scots; and it is a proof of the respect entertained for him by both these monarchs, that they agreed to refer their disputes to his arbitration. (Rymer, Foedera, vol. xii. p. 671.) "And so," says the old chronicler Hall, of the English prince, "beying confederate and alied by treatie and league with al his neighbors, he gratefied with his moost heartie thanks kyng Ferdinand and the quene his wife, to which woman none other was comparable in her tyme, for that they were the mediators, organes, and instrumentes by the which the truce was concluded betwene the Scottish kynge and him, and rewarded his amba.s.sadoure moost liberally and bountefully." Chronicle, p. 483.
[12] See the marriage treaty in Rymer. (Foedera, vol. xii. pp. 658-666.) The marriage had been arranged between the Spanish and English courts as far back as March, 1489, when the elder of the parties had not yet reached the fifth year of her age. This was confirmed by another, more full and definite, in the following year, 1490. By this treaty, it was stipulated, that Catharine"s portion should be 200,000 gold crowns, one-half to be paid down at the date of her marriage, and the remainder in two equal payments in the course of the two years ensuing. The prince of Wales was to settle on her one-third of the revenues of the princ.i.p.ality of Wales, the dukedom of Cornwall, and earldom of Chester. Rymer, Foedera, vol. xii.
pp. 411-417.
[13] "Procuro," says Zurita, "que se effectua.s.sen los matrimonios de sus hijos, no solo con promesas, pero con dadivas que se hizieron a los privados de aquellos principes, que en ello entendian." Hist. del Rey Hernando, lib. 2, cap. 3.
[14] Historians differ, as usual, as to the strength of this armament.
Martyr makes it 110 vessels, and 10,000 soldiers, (Opus Epist., epist.
168;) while Bernaldez carries the number to 130 sail, and 25,000 soldiers, (Reyes Catolicos, MS., cap. 153.) Ferreras adopts the latter estimate, (tom. viii. p. 173.) Martyr may have intended only the galleys and regular troops, while Bernaldez, more loosely, included vessels and seamen of every description. See also the royal ordinances, ap. Coleccion de Cedulas, (tom. i. nos. 79, 80, 82,) whose language implies a very large number, without specifying it.
[15] Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 172.--Carbajal, a.n.a.les, MS., ano 1496.--Mariana, Hist. de Espana, tom. ii. lib. 26, cap. 12.
[16] Carbajal, a.n.a.les, MS., ano 1496.--Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist.
172.
[17] Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 174.--Garibay, Compendio, tom. ii.
lib. 19, cap. 6.--Gaillard, Rivalite, tom. iii. pp. 416, 423.--Sandoval, Historia del Emperador Carlos V., (Amberes, 1681,) tom. i. p. 2.
These, comprehending her verses, public addresses, and discourse on her own life, have been collected into a single volume, under the t.i.tle of "La Couronne Margaritique," Lyons, 1549, by the French writer Jean la Maire de Belges, her faithful follower, but whose greatest glory it is, to have been the instructor of Clement Marot.
[18] Fontenelle, Oeuvres, tom. i. dial. 4.
"Ci gist Margot, la gentil" damoiselle Qu"a deux maris, et encore est pucelle."
It must be allowed that Margaret"s quiet nonchalance was much more suited to Fontenelle"s habitual taste, than the imposing scene of Cato"s death.
Indeed, the French satirist was so averse to scenes of all kinds, that he has contrived to find a ridiculous side in this last act of the patriot Roman.
[19] That these were not mere holiday sports, was proved by the melancholy death of Alonso de Cardenas, son of the comendador of Leon, who lost his life in a tourney. Oviedo, Quincuagenas, MS., bat. 1, quinc. 2, dial. 1.
[20] Carbajal, a.n.a.les, MS., ano 1497.--Mariana, Hist. de Espana, tom. ii.
lib. 26, cap. 16.--Lanuza, Historias, lib. 1, cap. 8.--Abarca, Reyes de Aragon, tom. ii. fol. 330.
"Y aunque," says the last author, "a la princessa se le dexaron todos sus criados, estilos, y entretenimientos, se la advirtio, que en las ceremonias no havia de tratar a las personas Reales, y Grandes con la familiaridad y llaneza de las casas de Austria, Borgonia, y Francia, sino con la gravedad, y mesurada autoridad de los Reyes y naciones de Espana!"
The sixth volume of the Spanish Academy of History contains an inventory, taken from the archives of Simancas, of the rich plate and jewels, presented to the princess Margaret on the day of her marriage. They are said to be "of such value and perfect workmanship, that the like was never before seen." (Il.u.s.t. 11, pp. 338-342.) Isabella had turned these baubles to good account in the war of Granada. She was too simple in her taste to attach much value to luxury of apparel.
[21] It is precisely this period, or rather the whole period from 1493 to 1497, which Oviedo selects as that of the greatest splendor and festivity at the court of the Catholic sovereigns. "El ano de 1493, y uno o dos despues, y aun hasta el de 1497 anos fue cuando la corte de los Reyes Catolicos Don Fernando e Dona Isabel de gloriosa memoria, mas alegres tiempos e mas regozijados, vino en su corte, e mas enc.u.mbrada andubo la gala e las fiestas e servicios de galanes e damas." Quincuagenas, MS., bat. 1, quinc. 4, dial. 44.
[22] Faria y Sousa, Europa Portuguesa, tom. ii. pp. 498, 499.--La Clede, Hist. de Portugal, tom. iv. p. 95.--Zurita, tom. v, lib. 3, cap. 6.-- Lanuza, Historias, ubi supra.
[23] Carbajal, a.n.a.les, MS., ano 1497.--Florez, Reynas Catholicas, tom. ii.
pp. 846, 848.--Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. fol. 127, 128.--La Clede, Hist. de Portugal, tom. iv. p. 101.
The physicians recommended a temporary separation of John from his young bride; a remedy, however, which the queen opposed from conscientious scruples somewhat singular. "Hortantur medici Reginam, hortatur et Rex, ut a principis latere Margaritam aliquando semoveat, interpellet. Inducias precantur. Protestantur periculum ex frequenti copula ephebo imminere; qualiter eum suxerit, quamve subtristis incedat, consideret iterum atque iterum monent; medullas laedi, stomachum hebetari se sentire Reginae renunciant. Intercidat, dum licet, obstetque principiis, instant. Nil proficiunt. Respondet Regina, homines non oportere, quos Deus jugali vinculo junxerit, separare." Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 176.
[24] Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 182.--L. Marineo, Cosas Memorables, fol. 182.--Carbajal, a.n.a.les, MS., ano 1497.--Oviedo, Quincuagenas, MS., dial. de Deza.
Peter Martyr, in more of a cla.s.sic than a Christian vein, refers Prince John"s composure in his latter hours to his familiarity with the divine Aristotle. "Aetatem quae ferebat superabat; nec mirum tamen. Perlegerat namque divini Aristotelis pleraque volumina," etc. Ubi supra.
[25] Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 183.
Martyr draws an affecting picture of the anguish of the bereaved parents, which betrayed itself in looks more eloquent than words. "Reges tantam dissimulare aerumnam nituntur; ast nos prostratum in internis ipsorum animum cernimus; oculos alter in faciem alterius crebro conjiciunt, in propatulo sedentes. Unde quid lateat proditur. Nimirum tamen, desinerent humana carne vest.i.ti esse homines, essentque adamante duriores, nisi quid amiserint sentirent."
[26] Blancas, Coronaciones de los Serenissimos Reyes de Aragon, (Zaragoza, 1641,) lib. 3, cap. 18.--Garibay, Compendio, tom. ii. lib. 19, cap. 6.-- Sackcloth was subst.i.tuted for the white serge, which till this time had been used as the mourning dress.
[27] Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 182.--Garibay, Compendio, tom. ii.
lib. 19, cap. 6.--L. Marineo, Cosas Memorables, fol. 182.--Blancas, Coronaciones, p. 248.
It must be allowed to furnish no mean proof of the excellence of Prince John"s heart, that it was not corrupted by the liberal doses of flattery with which his worthy tutor was in the habit of regaling him, from time to time. Take the beginning of one of Martyr"s letters to his pupil, in the following modest strain. "Mirande in pueritia senex, salve. Quotquot tec.u.m versantur homines, sive genere polleant, sive ad obsequium fortunae humiliores destinati ministri, te laudant, extollunt, admirantur." Opus Epist., epist. 98.
[28] Hopes were entertained of a male heir at the time of John"s death, as his widow was left pregnant; but these were frustrated by her being delivered of a still-born infant at the end of a few months. Margaret did not continue long in Spain. She experienced the most affectionate treatment from the king and queen, who made her an extremely liberal provision. (Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. lib. 3, cap. 4.) But her Flemish followers could not reconcile themselves to the reserve and burdensome ceremonial of the Castilian court, so different from the free and jocund life to which they had been accustomed at home; and they prevailed on their mistress to return to her native land in the course of the year 1499. She was subsequently married to the duke of Savoy, who died without issue in less than three years, and Margaret pa.s.sed the remainder of her life in widowhood, being appointed by her father, the emperor, to the government of the Netherlands, which she administered with ability.
She died in 1530.
[29] Marina has transcribed from the archives of Toledo the writ of summons to that city on this occasion. Teoria, tom. ii. p. 16.--Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. lib. 3, cap. 18.--Bernaldez, Reyes Catolicos, MS., cap. 154.--La Clede, Hist. de Portugal, tom. iv. p. 101.-- Carbajal, a.n.a.les. MS., ano 1498.--Faria y Sousa, Europa Portuguesa, tom.
ii. pp. 500, 501.
The last writer expatiates with great satisfaction on the stately etiquette observed at the reception of the Portuguese monarchs and their suite by the Spanish sovereigns. "Queen Isabella," he says, "appeared leaning on the arm of her old favorite Gutierre de Cardenas, comendador of Leon, and of a Portuguese n.o.ble, Don Juan de Sousa. The latter took care to acquaint her with the rank and condition of each of his countrymen, as they were presented, in order that she might the better adjust the measure of condescension and courtesy due to each; a perilous obligation," he continues, "with all nations, but with the Portuguese most perilous!"
[30] Peter Martyr, Opus Epist., epist. 194.--Abarca, Reyes de Aragon, tom.
ii. fol. 334.--Mariana, Hist. de Espana, tom. ii. lib. 27, cap. 3.
[31] Blancas, Commentarii, p. 273.--Idem, Coronaciones, lib. 1, cap. 18.-- Mariana, Hist. de Espana, tom. ii. lib. 27, cap. 3.--Zurita, Hist. del Rey Hernando, tom. v. fol. 55, 56.
It is remarkable that the Aragonese should so readily have acquiesced in the right of females to convey a t.i.tle to the crown which they could not enjoy themselves. This was precisely the principle on which Edward III.