DEAR FRIENDS:--As I finished reading this paragraph, your letter, inviting me to your Convention, to be held on the 19th inst., was received. I can not, as I gladly would, be with you. That my mite may not be wanting in aid of the cause, taking the above extract for my text, I would add as a commentary, that, according to the laws and usages of a large portion of Christendom, in the event of the death of Mr. Lawrence, Mrs. Lawrence, the one whose skill and taste has formed this elegant establishment, would be left by the will of Mr. Lawrence an income from a part of the estate, and the "privilege" of occupying "during her natural life," two or three rooms in the large mansion, but powerless as a stranger in the beautiful demesne made valuable by her industry and skill! This is not "supposing" a case, only in the application of it to Mrs. L. In this country, where, as a general rule, women take their full share of the labor and responsibility of a household, and thus by their constant a.s.siduity contribute their full proportion to the means by which a comfortable competence is secured, do we not see the disposal of it a.s.sumed as a matter of right by the male partner of the firm?
That women contribute their full share in the building-up of an estate by _labor_--the only rightful mode--no one that is capable of taking an enlightened view of the prevailing condition of things will deny.
True, she may not wield the axe or guide the plough, braced by the invigorating air, for hers is the wearisome task, and the one which requires the most skill to attend to the complicated machinery within doors; she may not handle the awl or the plane for "ten hours a day,"
with but a small tax on the intellectual, but by her _perpetual_ oversight and unvarying labor she may make one dollar, two, or more.
This is one form of the many grievances to which women are subjected, all arising from the false a.s.sumption of their inferiority by nature and by the "ordination of Providence." May your Convention aid in dispelling this delusion from the minds of men, but chiefly from the minds of women; for to themselves, in a great degree, is their degraded position owing. Rouse them to a belief in their natural equality, and to a desire to sustain it by cultivation of their n.o.blest powers.
There is much that crowds on me for utterance, but there will be those among you that will be able to give a fuller and fitter expression to the thoughts that cl.u.s.ter around this all-important question, the "Rights and Duties of Women"--her rights equal to those of men--she alone the judge of her duties.
May your Convention hasten the day when these rights shall be acknowledged as equal to those of man and independent of him, and when men and women shall equally co-operate for the good of all mankind.
With great interest, your friend, SARAH PUGH.
_To the Ohio Convention of Women, Phila., April 15, 1850._
RESOLUTIONS OF THE SALEM (OHIO) CONVENTION, 1850.
6th. _Resolved_, That in those laws which confer on man the power to control the property and person of woman, and to remove from her at will the children of her affection, we recognize only the modified code of the slave plantation; and that thus we are brought more nearly in sympathy with the suffering slave, who is despoiled of all his rights.
16th. _Resolved_, That we regard those women who content themselves with an idle, aimless life, as involved in the guilt as well as the suffering of their own oppression; and that we hold those who go forth into the world, in the face of the frowns and the sneers of the public, to fill larger spheres of labor, as the truest preachers of the cause of Woman"s Rights.
19th. _Resolved_, That, as woman is not permitted to hold office, nor have any voice in the Government, she should not be compelled to pay taxes out of her scanty wages to support men who get eight dollars a day for _taking_ the right to _themselves_ to enact laws _for_ her.
20th. _Resolved_, That we, the women of Ohio, will hereafter meet annually in Convention, to consult upon and adopt measures for the removal of the various disabilities--political, social, religious, legal, and pecuniary--to which women, as a cla.s.s, are subjected, and from which results so much misery, degradation, and crime.
After the Akron Convention in 1851, _The New York Sunday Mercury_ published a woodcut covering a whole page, representing the Convention. Every woman in coat and breeches and high-heeled boots, sitting cross-legged smoking cigars (truly manly arguments for equal political rights). There was not a Bloomer present.
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON.
_To the Woman"s Convention, held at Akron, Ohio, May 25, 1851:_
DEAR FRIENDS:--It would give me great pleasure to accept your invitation to attend the Convention, but as circ.u.mstances forbid my being present with you, allow me, in addressing you by letter, to touch on those points of this great question which have, of late, much occupied my thoughts. It is often said to us tauntingly, "Well, you have held Conventions, you have speechified and resolved, protested and appealed, declared and pet.i.tioned, and now, what next? Why do you not do something?" I have as often heard the reply, "We know not what to do."
Having for some years rehea.r.s.ed to the unjust judge our grievances, our legal and political disabilities and social wrongs, let us glance at what we may do, at the various rights of which we may, even now, quietly take possession. True, our right to vote we can not exercise until our State Const.i.tutions are remodelled; but we can pet.i.tion our legislators every session, and plead our cause before them. We can make a manifestation by going to the polls, at each returning election, bearing banners, with inscriptions thereon of great sentiments handed down to us by our revolutionary fathers--such as, "No Taxation without Representation," "No just Government can be formed without the consent of the Governed," etc. We can refuse to pay all taxes, and, like the English dissenters, suffer our goods to be seized and sold, if need be. Such manifestations would appeal to a cla.s.s of minds that now take no note of our Conventions or their proceedings; who never dream, even, that woman thinks herself defrauded of a single right. The trades and professions are all open to us; let us quietly enter and make ourselves, if not rich and famous, at least independent and respectable. Many of them are quite proper to woman, and some peculiarly so. As merchants, postmasters, and silversmiths, teachers, preachers, and physicians, woman has already proved herself fully competent. Who so well fitted to fill the pulpits of our day as woman? All admit her superior to man in the affections, high moral sentiments, and religious enthusiasm; and so long as our popular theology and reason are at loggerheads, we have no need of acute metaphysicians or skillful logicians in our pulpits. We want those who can make the most effective appeals to our imaginations, our hopes and fears.
Again, as physicians. How desirable are educated women in this profession! Give her knowledge commensurate with her natural qualifications, and there is no position woman could a.s.sume that would be so pre-eminently useful to her race at large, and her own s.e.x in particular, as that of ministering angel to the sick and afflicted; an angel, not capable of sympathy merely, but armed with the power to relieve suffering and prevent disease. The science of Obstetrics is a branch of the profession which should be monopolized by woman. The fact that it is now almost wholly in the hands of the male pract.i.tioner, is an outrage on common decency that nothing but the tyrant _custom_ can excuse. "From the earliest history down to 1568, it was practiced by women. The distinguished individual first to make the innovation on this ancient, time-sanctified custom, was no less a personage than a court prost.i.tute, the d.u.c.h.ess of Villiers, a favorite mistress of Louis XIV. of France." This is a formidable evil, and productive of much immorality, misery, and crime. But now that some colleges are open to woman, and the "Female Medical College of Pennsylvania" has been established for our s.e.x exclusively, I hope this custom may be abolished as speedily as possible, for no excuse can be found for its continuance, in the want of knowledge and skill in our own s.e.x. It seems to me, the existence of this custom argues a much greater want of delicacy and refinement in woman, than would the practice of the profession by her in all its various branches.
But the great work before us is the education of those just coming on the stage of action. Begin with the girls of _to-day_, and in twenty years we can revolutionize this nation. The childhood of woman must be free and untrammeled. The girl must be allowed to romp and play, climb, skate, and swim; her clothing must be more like that of the boy--strong, loose-fitting garments, thick boots, etc., that she may be out at all times, and enter freely into all kinds of sports. Teach her to go alone, by night and day, if need be, on the lonely highway, or through the busy streets of the crowded metropolis. The manner in which all courage and self-reliance is educated _out_ of the girl, her path portrayed with dangers and difficulties that never exist, is melancholy indeed. Better, far, suffer occasional insults or die outright, than live the life of a _coward_, or never move without a protector. The best protector any woman can have, one that will serve her at all times and in all places, is _courage_; this she must get by her own experience, and experience comes by exposure. Let the girl be thoroughly developed in body and soul, not modeled, like a piece of clay, after some artificial specimen of humanity, with a body like some plate in G.o.dey"s book of fashion, and a mind after the type of Father Gregory"s pattern daughters, loaded down with the traditions, proprieties, and sentimentalities of generations of silly mothers and grandmothers, but left free to be, to grow, to feel, to think, to act.
Development is one thing, that system of cramping, restraining, torturing, perverting, and mystifying, called education, is quite another. We have had women enough befooled under the one system, pray let us try the other. The girl must early be impressed with the idea that she is to be "a hand, not a mouth"; a worker, and not a drone, in the great hive of human activity. Like the boy, she must be taught to look forward to a life of self-dependence, and early prepare herself for some trade or profession. Woman has relied heretofore too entirely for her support on the _needle_--that one-eyed demon of destruction that slays its thousands annually; that evil genius of our s.e.x, which, in spite of all our devotion, will never make us healthy, wealthy, or wise.
Teach the girl it is no part of her life to cater to the prejudices of those around her. Make her independent of public sentiment, by showing her how worthless and rotten a thing it is. It is a settled axiom with me, after much examination and reflection, that public sentiment is false on every subject. Yet what a tyrant it is over us all, woman especially, whose very life is to please, whose highest ambition is to be approved. But once outrage this tyrant, place yourself beyond his jurisdiction, taste the joy of free thought and action, and how powerless is his rule over you! his sceptre lies broken at your feet; his very babblings of condemnation are sweet music in your ears; his darkening frown is sunshine to your heart, for they tell of your triumph and his discomfort. Think you, women _thus_ educated would long remain the weak, dependent beings we now find them? By no means.
Depend upon it, they would soon settle for themselves this whole question of Woman"s Rights. As educated capitalists and skillful laborers, they would not be long in finding their true level in political and social life.
E. C. STANTON.
SENECA FALLS, _May 1861._
RESOLUTIONS OF THE Ma.s.sILON (OHIO) CONVENTION, 1852.
1st. _Resolved_, That in the proposition affirmed by the nation to be self-evidently true, that "all men are created equal," the word "MEN"
is a general term, including the whole race, without distinction of s.e.x.
2d. _Resolved_, That this equality of the s.e.xes must extend, and does extend, to rights personal, social, legal, political, industrial, and religious, including, of course, representation in the Government, the elective franchise, free choice in occupations, and an impartial distribution of the reward of effort; and in reference to all these particulars, woman has the same right to choose _her_ sphere of action, as man to choose _his_.
3d. _Resolved_, That since every human being has an individual sphere, and that is the largest he or she can fill, no one has the right to determine the proper sphere of another.
4th. _Resolved_, That the a.s.sertion of these rights for woman, equally with man, involves the doctrine that she, equally with him, should be _protected in their exercise_.
5th. _Resolved_, That we do not believe any legal or political restriction necessary to preserve the distinctive character of woman, and that in demanding for women equality of rights with their fathers, husbands, brothers, and sons, we neither deny that distinctive character, nor wish them to avoid any duty, or to lay aside that feminine delicacy which legitimately belongs to them as mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters.
6th. _Resolved_, That to perfect the marriage union and provide for the inevitable vicissitudes of life, the individuality of both parties should be equally and distinctively recognised by the parties themselves, and by the laws of the land; and, therefore, justice and the highest regard for the interests of society require that our laws be so amended, that married women may be permitted to conduct business on their own account; to acquire, hold, invest, and dispose of property in their own separate and individual right, subject to all corresponding and appropriate obligations.
7th. _Resolved_, That the clause of the Const.i.tution of the State of Ohio, which declares that "all men have the right of acquiring and possessing property," is violated by the judicial doctrine that the labor of the wife is the property of the husband.
8th. _Resolved_, That in the general scantiness of compensation of woman"s labor, the restrictions imposed by custom and public opinion upon her choice of employments, and her opportunities of earning money, and the laws and social usages which regulate the distribution of property as between men and women, have produced a pecuniary dependence of woman upon man, widely and deeply injurious in many ways; and not the least of all in too often perverting marriage, which should be a holy relation growing out of spiritual affinities, into a mere bargain and sale--a means to woman of securing a subsistence and a home, and to man of obtaining a kitchen drudge or a parlor ornament.
9th. _Resolved_, That sacred and inestimable in value as are the rights which we a.s.sert for woman, their possession and exercise are not the ultimate end we aim at; for rights are not ends, but only means to ends, implying duties, and are to be demanded in order that duties may be performed.
10th. _Resolved_, That G.o.d, in const.i.tuting woman the mother of mankind, made her a living Providence, to produce, nourish, guard, and govern His best and n.o.blest work from helpless infancy to adult years.
Having endowed her with faculties ample, but no more than sufficient, for the performance of her great work, He requires of her, as essentially necessary to its performance, the full development of those faculties.
11th. _Resolved_, That we do not charge woman"s deprivation of her rights upon man alone, for woman also has contributed to this result; and as both have sinned together, we call on both to repent together, that the wrong done by both may, by the united exertions of both, be undone.
FIFTH NATIONAL WOMAN"S RIGHTS CONVENTION, CLEVELAND, OHIO, 1853.
1st. _Resolved_, That by Human Rights, we mean natural Rights, in contradistinction to conventional usages, and that because Woman is a Human being, she, _therefore_, has Human Rights.
2d. _Resolved_, because woman is a human being, and man is no more, she has, by virtue of her const.i.tutional nature, equal rights with man; and that state of society must necessarily be wrong which does not, in its usages and inst.i.tutions, afford equal opportunities for the enjoyment and protection of these Rights.
4th. _Resolved_, the common law, by giving the husband the custody of the wife"s person, does virtually place her on a level with criminals, lunatics, and fools, since these are the only cla.s.ses of adult persons over which the law-makers have thought it necessary to place keepers.
5th. _Resolved_, That if it be true, in the language of John C.
Calhoun, that "he who digs the money out of the soil, has a right to it against the universe," then the law which gives to the husband the power to use and control the earnings of the wife, makes robbery legal, and is as mean as it is unjust.
6th. _Resolved_, That woman will soonest free herself from the legal disabilities she now suffers, by securing the right to the elective franchise, thus becoming herself a lawmaker; and that to this end we will pet.i.tion our respective State Legislatures to call conventions to amend their Const.i.tutions, so that the right to the elective franchise shall not be limited by the word "male."
7th. _Resolved_, That there is neither justice nor sound policy in the present arrangements of society, restricting women to so comparatively a narrow range of employments; excluding them from those which are most lucrative; and even in those to which they are admitted, awarding them a compensation less, generally by one-half or two-thirds, than is paid to men for an equal amount of service rendered.
8th. _Resolved_, That, although the question of the intellectual strength and attainments of woman has nothing to do with the settlement of their rights, yet in reply to the oft-repeated inquiry, "Have women, by nature, the same force of intellect with men?" we will reply, that this inquiry can never be answered till women shall have such training as shall give their physical and intellectual powers as full opportunities for development, by being as heavily taxed and all their resources as fully called forth, as are now those of man.
Mr. Garrison, on being called for, replied that the resolutions would do for his speech to-night, and read as follows:
1st. _Resolved_, That the natural rights of one human being, are those of every other, in all cases equally sacred and inalienable; hence the boasted "Rights of Man," about which we hear so much, are simply the "Rights of Woman," of which we hear so little; or, in other words, they are the Rights of Humanity, neither affected by, nor dependent upon, s.e.x or condition.
2d. _Resolved_, That those who deride the claims of woman to a full recognition of her civil rights and political equality, exhibit the spirit which tyrants and usurpers have displayed in all ages toward the ma.s.s of mankind; strike at the foundation of all truly free and equitable government; contend for a s.e.xual aristocracy, which is as irrational and unjust in principle, as that of wealth and hereditary descent, and show their appreciation of liberty to be wholly one-sided and supremely selfish.