1. The custody of the wife"s person.
2. The exclusive control and guardianship of their children.
3. The sole ownership of her personal, and use of her real estate, unless previously settled upon her, or placed in the hands of trustees, as in the case of minors, lunatics, and idiots.
4. The absolute right to the product of her industry.
5. Also against laws which give to the widower so much larger and more permanent an interest in the property of his deceased wife, than they give to the widow in that of the deceased husband.
6. Finally, against the whole system by which "the legal existence of the wife is suspended during marriage," so that in most States, she neither has a legal part in the choice of her residence, nor can she make a will, nor sue or be sued in her own name, nor inherit property.
We believe that personal independence and equal human rights can never be forfeited, except for crime; that marriage should be an equal and permanent partnership, and so recognized by law; that until it is so recognized, married partners should provide against the radical injustice of present laws, by every means in their power.
We believe that where domestic difficulties arise, no appeal should be made to legal tribunals under existing laws, but that all difficulties should be submitted to the equitable adjustment of arbitrators mutually chosen.
Thus reverencing law, we enter our protest against rules and customs which are unworthy of the name, since they violate justice, the essence of law.
(Signed), HENRY. B. BLACKWELL, _Worcester Spy_, 1855. LUCY STONE.
To the above _The Liberator_ appended the following:
We are very sorry (as will be a host of others) to lose Lucy Stone, and certainly no less glad to gain Lucy Blackwell. Our most fervent benediction upon the heads of the parties thus united.
This was a timely protest against the whole idea of the old Blackstone code, which made woman a nonent.i.ty in marriage. Lucy Stone took an equally brave step in refusing to take her husband"s name, respecting her own individuality and the name that represented it. These protests have called down on Mrs. Stone much ridicule and persecution, but she has firmly maintained her position, although at great inconvenience in the execution of legal doc.u.ments, and suffering the injustice of having her vote refused as Lucy Stone, soon after the bill pa.s.sed in Ma.s.sachusetts giving all women the right to vote on the school question.
In 1858, Caroline H. Dall, of Boston, gave a series of literary lectures in different parts of the country, on "Woman"s Claims to Education," beginning in her native city. Her subjects were:
_Nov. 1st._--The ideal standard of education, depressed by public opinion, but developed by the spirit of the age; Egypt and Algiers.
_Nov. 8th._--Public opinion, as it is influenced by the study of the Cla.s.sics and History, by general literature, newspapers, and customs.
_Nov. 15th._--Public opinion as modified by individual lives: Mary Wollstonecroft, Anna Jamieson, Charlotte Bronte, and Margaret Fuller.
In June 11th, of this year, Mrs. Dall writes to the _Liberator_ of her efforts to circulate the following pet.i.tion:
_To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts, in General Court a.s.sembled:_
WHEREAS, The women of Ma.s.sachusetts are disfranchised by its State Const.i.tution solely on account of s.e.x.
We do respectfully demand the right of suffrage, which involves all other rights of citizenship, and one that can not justly be withheld, as the following admitted principles of government show:
1st. "All men are born free and equal."
2d. "Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed."
3d. "Taxation and representation are inseparable." We, the undersigned, therefore pet.i.tion your Honorable Body to take the necessary steps to revise the Const.i.tution so that all citizens may enjoy equal political rights.
NEW ENGLAND CONVENTION.
May 27th, 1859, an enthusiastic Convention was held in Mercantile Hall. Long before the hour announced the aisles, ante-rooms,, and lobbies were crowded. At three o"clock Mrs. Caroline H. Dall called the meeting to order. Mrs. Caroline M. Severance was chosen President.
On taking the chair, she said:
This movement enrolls itself among the efforts of the age, and the anniversaries of the week as the most radical, and yet in the best sense the most conservative of them all. It bears the same relation, to all the charities of the day, which strive n.o.bly to serve woman, that the Anti-Slavery movement bears to all superficial palliations of slavery. Like that, it goes beneath effects, and seeks to remove causes. After showing in a very lucid manner the difference in the family inst.i.tution, when the mother is ignorant and enslaved, and when an educated, harmoniously developed equal, she closed by saying: It will be seen then, that instead of confounding the philosophy of the new movement with theories that claim unlimited indulgence for appet.i.te or pa.s.sion, the world should recognize in this the only radical cure.... No statement could better define this movement than Tennyson"s beautiful stanzas:
The woman"s cause is man"s; they sink or rise Together, dwarfed or G.o.dlike, bond or free, If she be small, slight-natured, miserable, How shall man grow?
The woman is not undeveloped man, But diverse.
Yet in the long years, _liker_ must they grow; The man be more of woman, she of man: _He_ gain in sweetness and in moral height-- _She_ mental breadth, nor fail in childward care, Nor lose the childlike in the larger mind.
And so these twain, upon the skirts of Time Sit side by side, full-summed in all their powers, Self-reverent each, and reverencing each; Distinct in individualities, But like each other, as are those who love.
Then comes the statelier Eden back to man; Then reign the world"s great bridals, chaste and calm; Then springs the crowning race of humankind.
And we who are privileged with the poet to foresee this better Eden; we who have
The Future grand and great,-- The safe appeal of Truth to Time,--
adopting the victorious cry of the Crusaders, "G.o.d wills it!" may listen to hear above the present din and discord, the stern mandate of His laws, bidding the world "Onward! onward!" and catch the rhythmical reply of all its movements, "We advance."
Mrs. Severance then read an appropriate poem from the pen of Mrs.
Sarah Nowell, in which she eulogizes Florence Nightingale, Rosa Bonheur, Harriet Hosmer, and a.s.serts the equality of man and woman in the creation.
Dr. Harriot K. Hunt made some pointed remarks on the education of woman.
The Rev. James Freeman Clarke was then introduced. He said:
I understand the cause advocated on this platform to be an unpopular one. It is a feeble cause, a misunderstood cause, a misrepresented cause. Hence, it seems to me, if any one is asked to say anything in behalf of it, and if he really believes it is a good cause, he should speak; and so I have come.
Certainly any interest which concerns one-half the human race is an important one. Every man, no matter how stern, hard, and unrelenting he may have become in the bitter strife and struggle of the world, every man was once a little infant, cradled on a mother"s knee, and taking his life from the sweet fountains of her love. He was a little child, watched by her tender, careful eye, and so secured from ill. He was a little, inquiring boy, with a boundless appet.i.te for information, which only his mother could give. At her knee he found his primary school: it is where we have all found it. He had his sisters--the companions of his childhood; he had the little girls, who were to him the ideals of some wonderful goodness and excellence, some strange grace and beauty, though he could not tell what it was. With these antecedents no man on the face of the round world can refuse to hear woman, when she comes earnestly, but quietly saying, "We are not where we ought to be;" "We do not have what we ought to have." I think their demands are reasonable, all of them. What are they? Occupation, education, and the highest sphere of work of which they are capable. These I understand to be the three demands.
1st. Occupation. When your child steals on a busy hour and asks for "something to do," you feel ashamed that you have nothing for him--that you can not give him the natural occupation which shall develop all the faculties of mind and body. Is it not a reasonable request which women make, when they ask for something to do? They want to be useful in the world. They ask permission to support themselves and those who are dear to them. What can they do now? They can go into factories, a few of them; a few more can be servants in your homes; they can cook your dinner if they have been taught how. If they are women of genius, they can take the pen and write; but how few are there in this world, either men or women of genius. If they have extraordinary business talent, they can keep a boarding-house. If they have some education they can keep school. After this, there is the point of the needle upon which they may be precipitated--and nothing else.
We see the gloom that must fall on them, on their children, and on all they love, when the male protector is taken away. This demand for more varied occupation is not a new one. Many years ago, one of the wisest and truest men of this country, a philanthropist and reformer--Matthew Carey, of Philadelphia--labored to impress upon the people the fact, that what was wanted for the elevation of woman was to open to her new avenues of business. A very sad book was written a few months ago, "Dr. Sanger"s work on Prost.i.tution." It is a very dreadful book; not calculated, I think, to excite any prurient feeling in any one. In that book he says:
First, that the majority of the prost.i.tutes of this country are mere children, between the ages of fifteen and twenty. That the lives of these poor, wretched, degraded creatures, last on an average about four years. Now, when we hear of slaves used up in six years on a sugar plantation, we think it horrible; but here are these poor girls killed in a more dreadful way, in a shorter time. And he adds that the princ.i.p.al cause of their prost.i.tution is that they have no occupation by which they can support themselves. Without support, without resources, they struggle for a while and then are thrown under the feet of the trampling city.
Give them occupation and they will take care of themselves: they will rise out of the mire of pollution, out of this filth; for it is not in the nature of woman to remain there. Give them at least a chance; open wide every door; and whenever they are able to get a living by their head or their hands in an honest way, let them do it. This is the first claim; and it seems to me that no one can reasonably object to it.
2d. Education. You say that public schools are open to girls as well as boys. I know that, but what is it that educates? The school has but little to do with it. When the boy goes there you say, "Go there, work with a will, and fit yourself for an occupation whereby you may earn your bread." But you say to the girls, "Go to school, get your education, and then come home, sit still, and do nothing." We must give them every chance to fit themselves for new spheres of duty. If a woman wants to study medicine, let her study it; if she wants to study divinity, let her study it; if she wants to study anything, let her have the opportunity. If she finds faculties within her, let them have a chance to expand. That is the second demand--the whole of it.
And the third claim is for a Sphere of Influence. "That is not it," do you say? "You want to take woman _out_ of her sphere."
Not at all, we wish to give her a sphere, not to take her from any place she likes to fill; to give her a chance to exercise those wonderful, those divine faculties that G.o.d has wrapped in the feminine mind, in the woman"s heart.
As regards voting, why should not women go to the polls? You think it a very strange desire, I know; but we have thought many things stranger which seem quite natural now. One need not live long to find strange things grow common. Why not vote, then? Is it because they have not as much power to understand what is true and right as man? If you go to the polls, and see the style of men who meet there voting, can you come away, and tell us that the women you meet are not as able to decide what is right as those men? "Ah, it will brush off every feminine grace, if woman goes to the polls." Why? "Because she must meet rude men there."
Very well, so she must meet them in the street, and they do not hurt her; nor will I believe that there is not sufficient inventive power in the Yankee intellect to overcome this difficulty. I can conceive of a broader and more generous activity in politics. I can see her drawing out all the harshness and bitterness when she goes to the polls. These three points are all I intended to touch; and I will give way to those who are to follow.
Mrs. CAROLINE H. DALL was then introduced. She said: I have observed that all public orators labor under some embarra.s.sment when they rise to speak. Not to be behind the dignity of my position, I labor under a _double_ embarra.s.sment.