[177] [Signed:] _President_, Elizabeth B. Chace; _Secretaries_, f.a.n.n.y P. Palmer, Elizabeth C. Hinckley; _Treasurer_, Susan B. P.
Martin; _Executive Committee_, Sarah E. H. Doyle, Susan Sisson, William Barker, Francis C. Frost, Anna E. Aldrich, Frederick A.
Hinckley, Susan G. Kenyon, Rachael E. Fry, A. A. Tyng, Arnold B.
Chace.
[178] The speakers were Abraham Payne, John Wyman, Matilda Hindman, Frederick A. Hinckley, Rev. Mr. Wendt, Elizabeth B. Chace, William I. Bowditch, Mary F. Eastman, William Lloyd Garrison, jr., Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Dougla.s.s, Henry B. Blackwell.
CHAPTER x.x.xIV.
MAINE.
Women on School Committees--Elvira C. Thornd.y.k.e--Suffrage Society, 1868--Rockland--The Snow Sisters--Portland Meeting, 1870--John Neal--Judge G.o.ddard--Colby University Open to Girls, August 12, 1871--Mrs. Clara Hapgood Nash Admitted to the Bar, October 26, 1872--Tax-payers Protest--Ann F. Greeley, 1872--March, 1872, Bill for Woman Suffrage Lost in the House, Pa.s.sed in the Senate by Seven Votes--Miss Frank Charles, Register of Deeds--Judge Reddington--Mr. Randall"s Motion--Moral Eminence of Maine--Convention in Granite Hall, Augusta, January, 1873, Hon. Joshua Nye, President--Delia A. Curtis--Opinions of the Supreme Court in Regard to Women Holding Offices--Governor Dingley"s Message, 1875--Convention, Representatives Hall, Portland, Judge Kingsbury, President, February 12, 1876.
The first movement in Maine, in 1868, turned on the question of women being eligible on school committees. Here, as in Vermont, the men inaugurated the movement. The following letter, from the _Portland Press_, gives the initiative steps:
HIRAM, March 15, 1868.
MR. EDITOR: A statement is going the rounds of the press that the Democrats of Hiram supported a lady for a member of the school committee. I am unwilling that any person or party shall be ridiculed or censured for an act of which I was the instigator, and for which I am chiefly responsible. I am in favor of electing ladies to that office, and accordingly voted for one, without her knowledge or consent; several Democrats as well as Republicans voted with me. I have reason to believe that scores of Democrats voted for the able and popular candidate of the Republicans (Dr.
William H. Smith), and but for my peculiar notion I should have voted for him myself, as I always vote with the Republican party.
I am in favor, however, of laying aside politics in voting for school committees, and the question of capability should outweigh the question of s.e.x. A few years ago we had a large number of boy schoolmasters, but agents are learning to appreciate teachers of tact, experience and natural qualifications, as well as book-knowledge. Of eleven schools under the care of the writer the past year, but one had a male teacher, and by turning to the reports I find that of forty-nine schools in Hiram during the past two years, forty-two were taught by ladies. Four of these teachers of the past year have taught respectively twenty, twenty-one, twenty-three and thirty schools. I put the question, why should a lady who has taught thirty schools be considered less suitable for the office of school committee than the undersigned, who has taught but two, or scores of men who never taught school at all? Slowly and with hesitation over the ice of prejudice comes that unreasonable reason--"_O, "cause._" But regardless of pants or crinoline, the question remains unanswered and unanswerable. It is not deemed improper for the ladies of Hiram to go with their husbands to the town-house to a cattle show and fair, and serve as committees on b.u.t.ter and cheese, but it is considered unreasonable for ladies to serve as superintendents of school committees.
General Washington gave a lieutenant"s commission to a woman for her skill and bravery in manning a battery at the battle of Monmouth. He also granted her half-pay during life. It is stated in "Lincoln"s Lives of the Presidents" that "she wore an epaulette, and everybody called her Captain Molly." And yet I do not read in history that General Washington was ever impeached.
Females have more and better influence than males, and under their instruction our schools have been improving for some years.
There is less kicking and cudgeling, and more attention is given to that best of all rules, "The Golden Rule." If they are more efficient as teachers is it not fair to presume that they would excel as committees?
Very respectfully yours,
LLEWELLYN A. WADSWORTH.
The editor of the _Press_ adds to the above his own endors.e.m.e.nt, in these words:
We are pleased to have Mr. Wadsworth"s explanation of the reform movement in Hiram, which we had been misled into crediting to the Democrats. * * * Go on, Mr. Wadsworth, you have our best wishes.
There is nothing in the way of the general adoption of your ideas but a lot of antiquated and obsolete notions, sustained by the laughter of fools.
The same year we have the report of the first suffrage society in that State, which seems to place Maine in the van of her New England sisters, notwithstanding the great darkness our correspondent deplores:
DEAR REVOLUTION: A society has just been organized here called the Equal Rights a.s.sociation of Rockland. It bids fair to live, although it requires all the courage of heroic souls to contend against the darkness that envelopes the people. But the foundation is laid, and many n.o.ble women are catching the inspiration of the hour. When we are fully under way, we shall send you a copy of our preamble and resolutions.
ELVIRA C. THORNd.y.k.e, _Cor. Sec"y_.
The Hon. John Neal, who was foremost in all good work in Maine, in a letter to _The Revolution_, describes the first meeting called in Portland, in May, 1870, to consider the subject of suffrage for woman. He says:
DEAR REVOLUTION: According to my promise, I sent an advertis.e.m.e.nt to all three of our daily papers last Sat.u.r.day, in substance like the following, though somewhat varied in language:
ELEVATION OF WOMAN.--All who favor Woman Suffrage, the Sixteenth Amendment, and the restoration of woman to her "natural and inalienable rights," are wanted for consultation at the audience room of the Portland Inst.i.tute and Public Library, on Wednesday evening next, at half-past seven o"clock. Per order
JOHN NEAL.
The weather was unfavorable; nevertheless, the small room, holding from sixty to seventy-five, to which the well-disposed were invited for consultation and organization, was crowded so that near the close not a seat could be had; and crowded, too, with educated and intelligent women, and brave, thoughtful men, so far as one might judge by appearances, and about in equal proportions. Among the latter were Mr. Talbot, United States district-attorney, a good lawyer and a self-convinced fellow laborer, so far as suffrage is concerned; but rather unwilling to go further at present, lest if a woman should be sent to the legislature (against her will, of course!) she might neglect her family, or be obliged to take her husband with her, to keep her out of mischief; just as if Portland, with 35,000 inhabitants and four representatives, would not be likely to find _two_ unmarried women or widows, or married women not disqualified by matrimonial inc.u.mbrances or liabilities, to represent the s.e.x; or lest, if she should get into the post-office, being by nature so curious and inquisitive, she might be found peeping--as if the chief distinction between superior and inferior minds was not this very disposition to inquire and investigate; as if, indeed, that which distinguishes the barbarous from the civilized, were not this very inquisitiveness and curiosity; the savage being satisfied with himself and averse to inquiry; the civilized ever on the alert, in proportion to his intelligence, and, like the Athenians, always on the look-out for some "new thing."
And then, too, we had Judge G.o.ddard, of the Superior Court, one of our boldest and clearest thinkers, who could not be persuaded to take a part in the discussion, though declaring himself entirely opposed to the movement. And yet, he is the very man who, at a Republican convention several years ago, offered a resolution in favor of impartial suffrage, only to find himself in a minority of two; but persevered nevertheless, year after year, until the very same resolution, word for word, was unanimously adopted by another Republican convention! Of course, Judge G.o.ddard will not be likely to shrink from giving his reasons hereafter, if the movement should propagate itself, as it certainly will.
We had also for consideration a synopsis of what deserves to be called most emphatically "The Maine Law," in relation to married women, prepared by Mr. Drummond, our late speaker and formerly attorney-general, and one of our best lawyers, where it was demonstrated, both by enactments and adjudications, running from March, 1844, to February, 1866, that a married woman--to say nothing of widows and spinsters--has little to complain of in our State, her legal rights being far ahead of the age, and not only acknowledged, but enforced; she being mistress of herself and of her earnings, and allowed to trade for herself, while "her contracts for any lawful purpose are made valid and binding, and to be enforced, as if she were sole agent of her property, but she cannot be arrested."
Then followed Mr. S. B. Beckett, just returned from a trip to the Holy Land, who testified, among other things, that he had seen women both in London and Ireland who knew "how to keep a hotel,"
which is reckoned among men as the highest earthly qualification--and proved it by managing some of the largest and best in the world.
And then Mr. Charles Jose, late one of our aldermen, who, half in earnest and half in jest, took t"other side of the question, urging, first, that this was a political movement--as if that were any objection, supposing it true; our whole system of government being a political movement, and that, by which we trampled out the last great rebellion, another, both parties and all parties cooperating in the work; next, that women did not ask for suffrage--it was the men who asked for it, in their names; that there were no complaints and no pet.i.tions from women! As if pet.i.tions had not gone up and complaints, too, by thousands, from all parts of the country, from school-teachers and office clerks and others, as well as from the women at large, both over sea and here.
But enough. The meeting stands adjourned for a week. Probably no organization will be attempted, lest it might serve to check free discussion.
J. N.
_May 5, 1870._
Mr. W. W. McCann wrote to the _Woman"s Journal_ of this suffrage meeting in Portland, in 1870:
Judge Howe"s voice, when he addressed the jury of Wyoming as "Ladies and Gentlemen of the Grand Jury," fell upon the ears of that crowded court-room as a strange and unusual sound. Equally strange and impracticable seemed the call for a "woman suffrage meeting," at the city building, to the conservative citizens of Portland. However, notwithstanding the suspicion and prejudice with which this movement is regarded, quite a large and highly respectable audience a.s.sembled at an early hour to witness the new and wonderful phenomenon of a meeting to aid in giving the ballot to woman.
Hon. John Neal, who issued the call for the meeting, was the first to speak. He reviewed the history of this movement, both in this country and in England. He gave some entertaining reminiscences of his acquaintance with John Stuart Mill forty years ago. Mr. Mill was not then in favor of universal suffrage; he advocated the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of the male s.e.x only. Mr. Neal claimed the right for women also. He was happy to learn that since then Mr. Mill has thrown all the weight of his influence and his masterly intellect in favor of universal suffrage. He then entered into an elaborate discussion of some of the objections brought against woman suffrage, and, much to the surprise of many present, showed that the rights which women demand are just and reasonable, and ought to be granted. John M.
Todd remarked that he was not so much impressed by the logical arguments in favor of suffrage as by the shallow and baseless arguments of the opposition. The friends of woman suffrage are becoming active and earnest in their efforts, and discussion is freely going on through the daily papers.
To-day, the _Eastern Argus_, a leading Democratic organ of this city, denounces this movement as the most "d.a.m.nable heresy of this generation." We venture the prediction that its friends, if true to the progressive tendencies of the day, will realize the consummation of their cherished heresy in the proposed sixteenth amendment, which will abolish all distinction of cla.s.s and s.e.x.
On August 12, 1871, the announcement that Colby University would be opened to girls gave general satisfaction to the women of Maine. A correspondent says:
Hereafter young women will be admitted to this inst.i.tution on "precisely the same terms as young men." They may take the regular course, or such a course as they may select, taking at least two studies each term. They will room and board in families in the village, and simply attend the required exercises at the college. The next examination for entrance will be on Wednesday, August 30. One young lady has already signified her purpose to enter the regular course. Four New England colleges are now open to women--Bates, at Lewiston; Colby, at Waterville, Me.; Vermont University, at Burlington, Vt., and Wesleyan, at Middletown, Conn. Let"s have no more women"s colleges established, for the next decade will make them unnecessary, as by that time all the colleges of the country will be opened to them.
October 26, 1872, another advance step was heralded abroad:
On motion of the Hon. James S. Milliken, Mrs. Clara Hapgood Nash, of Columbia Falls, was formally admitted to the bar as an attorney-at-law. During the session of the court in the forenoon, Mrs. Nash had presented herself before the examining committee, Messrs. Granger, Milliken and Walker, and had pa.s.sed a more than commonly creditable examination. After the opening of the court in the afternoon, Mr. Milliken arose and said: "May it please the court, I hold in my hand papers showing that Mrs. Hapgood Nash, of Columbia Falls, has pa.s.sed the committee appointed by the court to examine candidates for admission to the bar as attorneys-at-law and has paid to the county treasurer the duty required by the statute; and I now move the court that she be admitted to this bar as an attorney-at-law. In making the motion I am not unaware that this is a novel and unusual proceeding. It is the first instance in this county and this State, and, so far as I am aware, the first instance in New England, of the application of a woman to be formally admitted to the bar as a pract.i.tioner. But knowing Mrs. Nash to be a modest and refined lady, of literary and legal attainments, I feel safe in a.s.suring Your Honor that by a course of honorable practice, and by her courteous intercourse with the members of the profession, she will do her full part to conquer any prejudice that may now exist against the idea of women being admitted as attorneys at law."
Judge Barrows, after examining the papers handed to him, said: "I am not aware of anything in the const.i.tution or laws of this State prohibiting the admission of a woman, possessing the proper qualifications, to the practice of the law. I have no sympathy with that feeling or prejudice which would exclude women from any of the occupations of life for which they may be qualified.
The papers put into my hands show that Mrs. Nash has received the unanimous approval of the examining committee, as possessing the qualifications requisite for an acceptable attorney, and that she has paid the legal duty to the county treasurer, and I direct that she be admitted."
On May 10, 1873, the trustees of the Industrial School for Girls issued the following appeal to the people of the State:
The undersigned, trustees of the Maine Industrial School for Girls, hereby earnestly appeal to the generosity of the State, to the rich and poor alike, for aid to this important movement. Our call is to mothers and fathers blessed with virtuous and obedient children; to those who have suffered by the waywardness of some beloved daughter; and to all who would gladly see the neglected, exposed and erring girls in our midst reclaimed. For six years has this subject been agitated in the State and presented to the consideration of several legislatures; and during that time the objects, plans and practical workings of such an inst.i.tution, have become familiar to the public mind. The project is now so near consummation that by prompt and liberal response to this appeal, the school can be in active operation by the first of July next.
By the terms of the resolution of the legislature granting State aid of five thousand dollars, the sum of twenty thousand dollars must first be secured from other sources. Of this, five thousand at least has been contributed by two generous ladies in Hallowell. For the balance the trustees confidentially look to the citizens of the whole State as equally to be benefited. Let them send their contributions, whether large or small, freely and at once, to either of the undersigned and the receipt of the same shall be duly acknowledged.[179]
Some of the women tax-payers[180] in Ellsworth, Maine, sent the following protest to the a.s.sessors of that city:
We the undersigned residents of the city of Ellsworth, believing in the declaration of our forefathers, that "governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed," and that "taxation without representation is tyranny," beg leave to protest against being taxed for support of laws that we have no voice in making. By taxing us you cla.s.s us with aliens and minors, the only males who are taxed and not allowed to vote, you make us the political inferiors of the most ignorant foreigners, negroes, and men who have not intellect enough to learn to write their names, or to read the vote given them. Our property is at the disposal of men who have not the ability to acc.u.mulate a dollar"s worth and who pay only a poll-tax. We therefore protest against being taxed until we are allowed the rights of citizens.