The "age of protection" for girls was raised from 10 to 14 years in 1887, and to 18 in 1895. The penalty is confinement in the penitentiary for life or for not less than five years.
SUFFRAGE: Since 1887 every person, male or female, twenty-one years old, who is the parent or guardian of a child of school age residing in the district, or has paid Territorial or county school tax, exclusive of poll-tax, during the preceding year, is eligible to the office of school trustee and ent.i.tled to vote for this officer at any School District election. This includes all cities and towns in the Territory.
OFFICE HOLDING: Women may legally serve as school trustees, court commissioners, clerks of court, official stenographers, deputies and clerks in Territorial, county and munic.i.p.al offices, and notaries public. Very few, however, are filling any of these offices.
Governor L. C. Hughes held that women were qualified to sit on any State Board and appointed one on the board of the State Normal School and one a.s.sistant superintendent of the Insane Asylum. None have since been appointed. There are no women physicians in any public inst.i.tutions, and no police matrons at any jail or station-house.
OCCUPATIONS: No profession or occupation is legally forbidden to women.
EDUCATION: The State University is co-educational. In the public schools there are 122 men and 257 women teachers. The average monthly salary of the men is $73.23; of the women, $63.17.
FOOTNOTES:
[160] The History is indebted to Mrs. L. C. Hughes of Tucson, former president of the Territorial Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation, and to Mrs.
Laura M. Johns of Kansas for material used in this chapter.
CHAPTER XXVII.
ARKANSAS.[161]
In 1885 the first woman suffrage a.s.sociation in Arkansas was formed at Eureka Springs by Miss Phoebe W. Couzins and Mrs. Lizzie D. Fyler, who was made president. Miss Susan B. Anthony lectured in February, 1889, in Helena, Fort Smith and Little Rock, at the last place introduced by Gov. James B. Eagle. On Sunday afternoon she spoke at a temperance meeting in this city, to a large audience that manifested every evidence of approval although she advocated woman suffrage. These were the first addresses on woman"s enfranchis.e.m.e.nt given in the State.
No regularly const.i.tuted State suffrage convention ever has been held, but at the close of the annual Woman"s Christian Temperance Union convention it is customary for the members of this body who favor the ballot for woman to meet and elect the usual officers for that branch of the work.
For fifteen years before her death in 1899, Mrs. Clara A. McDiarmid was a leader, was president of the a.s.sociation and represented the State at the national conventions. Dr. Ida J. Brooks is an earnest worker, and valuable a.s.sistance has been given by Mrs. Fannie L. Chunn and Mrs. Bernie Babc.o.c.k.
In 1896 Mrs. Lida A. Meriwether of Tennessee gave twelve lectures under the auspices of the National a.s.sociation. Miss Frances A.
Griffin of Alabama also spoke here on this subject.
Not even this brief history of the suffrage movement would be complete without a mention of the _Woman"s Chronicle_, established in 1888 by Catherine Campbell Cunningham, Mary Burt Brooks and Haryot Holt Cahoon. Mrs. Brooks was princ.i.p.al of the Forest Grove School, and Miss Cunningham a teacher in the public schools of Little Rock, but every week for five years this bright, newsy paper appeared on time. It was devoted to the general interests of women, with a strong advocacy of their enfranchis.e.m.e.nt. During the General a.s.sembly it was laid each Sat.u.r.day morning on the desk of every legislator. Charles E.
Cunningham encouraged and sustained his daughter in her work.
LEGISLATIVE ACTION AND LAWS: The only bill for woman suffrage was that championed in the Senate by J. P. H. Russ, in 1891, "An act to give white women the right to vote and hold office, and all other rights the same as are accorded to male citizens." This unconst.i.tutional measure pa.s.sed third reading, but it is not surprising that it received only four affirmative votes; fourteen voted against it and fourteen refrained from voting.
In 1895 the law recognizing insanity after marriage as a ground for divorce was repealed.
This year a law was pa.s.sed requiring the councils of all first-cla.s.s cities to elect a police matron to look after woman prisoners.
Dower exists but not curtesy, unless the wife dies intestate and there has been issue born alive. If there are children the wife is ent.i.tled to one-third of the real property for her life and one-third of the personal property absolutely. If there are no children living she takes in fee simple one-half of the real estate where it is a new acquisition and not an inheritance, and one-half of the personal estate absolutely as against the collateral heirs; but as against creditors she takes one-third of the real estate in fee simple and one-third of the personal property absolutely. If either the husband or the wife die without a will and there are neither father, mother, nor their descendants, nor any paternal or maternal kindred capable of inheriting, the whole estate, both real and personal, goes to the surviving wife or husband.
The wife may sell or transfer her separate real estate without the consent of the husband. He can do the same with his real estate but can not impair her dower. A transfer of the homestead requires the joint signature.
A married woman as sole trader may engage in business on her own account and have the profits free from the interference of her husband, but if she is simply working for wages he may sue for her earnings and his receipt will bind her.
The father is the legal guardian of the children, having custody of their persons and property, but "no man shall bind his child to apprenticeship or service, or part with the control of such child, or create any testamentary guardianship therefor, unless the mother shall in writing signify her consent thereto." At the father"s death the mother may be guardian of the persons of the children but not of their property unless derived from her.
There is no law requiring the husband to support his family.
The "age of protection" for girls was raised from 12 to 16 years in 1893, with a penalty of imprisonment in the penitentiary not less than five years nor more than twenty-one. In 1899 the minimum penalty was reduced to one year.
SUFFRAGE: Women have no form of suffrage except under the Three-Mile Law. This provides that, on pet.i.tion of a majority of the inhabitants living within three miles of any church or school, the court shall make it illegal for liquor to be sold within this limit for two years.
The law never has been utilized in the larger cities, but has been tried in numerous small towns and hundreds of outlying districts, where it has borne the test bravely, ruling out completely the public drink-houses. Wherever it has been put into force, women have been a strong factor, giving their own signatures in its favor and in many instances making house to house canva.s.ses to obtain signers.
OFFICE HOLDING: Women are not eligible for any elective office. For twenty-five years, however, they have held clerkships in both branches of the General a.s.sembly. In 1899 a bill to disqualify them from holding these was defeated in the Lower House by a considerable majority. But this same Legislature did not hesitate to declare women not qualified to serve as notaries public, which they had been doing for several years.
There are police matrons in Little Rock and Hot Springs.
For one year the "visiting committee" appointed by the School Board was composed of three men and two women. The latter made a written report, but the innovation was not repeated.
OCCUPATIONS: Women are not permitted to practice law. No other profession or occupation is legally forbidden.
EDUCATION: All of the universities and colleges are coeducational, even the Law and Medical Departments of the State University being open to women.
In the public schools there are 4,515 men and 2,558 women teachers.
The average monthly salary of the men is $49.22, of the women, $35.52.
FOOTNOTES:
[161] The History is indebted for the material for this chapter to Miss Catherine Campbell Cunningham of Little Rock, one of the earliest suffrage workers in the State.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
CALIFORNIA.[162]
The first woman suffrage meeting on the Pacific Coast was held in San Francisco in May, 1869, and a State a.s.sociation was formed in January, 1870. From that date meetings were held regularly and a committee of women did faithful work at the Legislature every session, securing many changes in the laws to the advantage of women.[163]
At the annual meeting of the a.s.sociation in San Francisco in December, 1884, Mrs. Laura De Force Gordon succeeded Mrs. Clara S. Foltz as president and held the office for the next ten years. During this time she attended a number of national suffrage conventions in Washington and delivered addresses in many parts of the United States.
In the political campaign of 1888 Mrs. Gordon and Mrs. Foltz were employed as speakers by the Democratic Central Committee, and Miss Addie L. Ballou by the Republican. The Populist and the Labor parties selected women as delegates to their State conventions and placed them on their tickets for various offices. Mrs. Lillie Devereux Blake of New York and Mrs. Marilla M. Ricker of New Hampshire visited the Pacific Coast and gave very acceptable lectures to the suffrage societies.
In 1889 Mrs. Ellen Clark Sargent and Mrs. Sarah Knox Goodrich each subscribed $100 to send Mrs. Gordon to Washington Territory to aid the women there in securing the adoption of a suffrage amendment to the State const.i.tution. She canva.s.sed the State, contributing her services. The next year, through the efforts of these two ladies and their own contributions, over $1,000 were sent to South Dakota to a.s.sist the women in a similar attempt.
Suffrage meetings for various purposes were held in 1890, the largest being a grand rally at Metropolitan Temple, July 4, to celebrate the admission of Wyoming as a State with full suffrage for women, at which there were addresses by the Hon. T. V. Cator, the Rev. C. W. Wendte, James K. Barry, the Hon. P. Reddy, the Hon. Charles Summer, Mrs.
Gordon and others. This year the State Grange and the Farmers"
Alliance cordially indorsed woman suffrage at their conventions. The annual suffrage meeting was held in Washington Hall, San Francisco, September 26. Mrs. Gordon was appointed a committee to select her own a.s.sistants and have full charge of the legislative work during the winter.
In 1891 practically every organization of either men or women seemed to be permeated with the agitation for woman suffrage. Among the most effective speakers and writers were Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Stetson, Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper, Miss Agnes Manning, Miss Ina D. Coolbrith, Mme.
A. L. Sorbier, Mrs. E. O. Smith and Mrs. Sara A. T. Lemmon.[164]