_1894._--FACTORY INSPECTORS: The first women Factory Inspectors were appointed in 1894, and six are now serving.
The Education Department also has a few as Inspectors. Local authorities in large towns are realizing the value of women as Sanitary Inspectors, and the number of these increases gradually.
STEPS IN EDUCATION.
Half a century ago there was not one school or college where women could have any approach to University cla.s.ses. Now there are over 2,000 women graduates, besides 1,500 who hold certificates from Oxford and Cambridge in place of the degrees which would have been theirs had those ancient seats of learning opened their gates to women graduates.
The following table shows the particulars:
Approximate total number of graduates Distribution. Women Admitted. in January, 1900.
London University By a supplemental charter of 1878 1,100 Victoria University By its charter of foundation, 1880 180 Royal University of Ireland 1882 425 The Scottish Universities: Edinburgh, By an ordinance of the University Glasgow, Commissioners in 1892 empowering Aberdeen, the admission of women 226 St. Andrews.
University of Wales By a charter in 1893 incorporating the Colleges of Aberystwith, Cardiff, Bangor 27 Durham By an amending charter in 1895 25 Girton College, Cambridge Opened for women 1872 529 Newnham College, " Opened for women 1880 577 Halls for Women in Oxford Opened for women 1879 426
The students of the three Women"s Colleges above take the examinations of Cambridge and Oxford and have instruction in part from their faculties, but receive only certificates instead of degrees. The other universities grant them full degrees.
The establishment of an equal standard of knowledge for men and women has brought about the result that the achievements of women in literature, science and art, once treated as abnormal and exceptional are now quite normal and usual; and the liberal learning, once confined to the very few in favored circ.u.mstances, is within the reach of numbers. As a corollary to this it has been recognized that women"s occupations also deserve systematic training, with the result that when once the training was given the resourcefulness of women has enabled them to follow out new lines, and a new independence has dawned upon them. At the same time the sense of personal responsibility which comes of independence has made many more women realize that they have a duty to the community, and therefore has compelled them to set their thoughts and minds to the performance of those duties. As a natural consequence the fact is being more and more realized by the Electorate and by Government Departments that women can bring useful service to the community.
THE ISLE OF MAN.
[The ancient kingdom of the Isle of Man, with an independent government since the time of the vikings, and making its own laws which require only the sanction of the Crown, extended Full Suffrage to women property owners in December, 1880, and the act received the a.s.sent of Queen Victoria, January 5th, 1881. This was extended to all women rate-payers in 1892.]
PROGRESS IN THE COLONIES.
NEW ZEALAND.[488]
The first of the Colonies of the British Empire to grant the Parliamentary Franchise to women was New Zealand, therefore, the story of Colonial Progress fitly opens with the land of the Maories. The earliest public mention that this writer has been able to find of the question was in a speech of Sir Julius Vogel to his const.i.tuents in 1876, when he said that he was in favor of extending the franchise to women--but as far back as 1869 a pamphlet on the subject, ent.i.tled An Appeal to the Men of New Zealand, had been written by Mrs. Mary Muller, who may be fitly termed the pioneer woman suffragist of that colony.
In 1878 the Government introduced an Electoral Bill which included the franchise for rate-paying women; this pa.s.sed the House of Representatives but met with much opposition in the Upper House on points unconnected with women"s suffrage, so that it was ultimately withdrawn.
In 1887 Sir Julius Vogel, Colonial Treasurer, introduced a Bill giving practically universal suffrage to women. This was supported by the Premier, Sir Robert Stout, and pa.s.sed the House of Representatives May 12, 1887, by 41 ayes, 22 noes. Several Members stated that they only voted for it in the hope that in Committee it would be limited to owners of property. An amendment proposed to this effect in Committee was rejected, but this proved a fatal victory, for when the clause was put as it stood the "noes" carried the day.
A resolution moved by Sir John Hall in 1890, carried by a majority of 26, was a further note of encouragement.
The work for Women"s Suffrage was mainly carried on by the Women"s Christian Temperance Union, and they now put forth increased energy, so that early in 1891 Mrs. Kate W. Sheppard, Franchise Superintendent, was able to report that many local unions had appointed franchise superintendents. With what effect they worked was shown when Sir John Hall presented in August, 1891, a pet.i.tion for the suffrage seventy yards long, which was run out to the furthest end of the House; a row of Members ranged themselves on either side to inspect the signatures and found no two alike, as some seemed to expect. On September 4th Sir John Hall"s Bill again pa.s.sed in the House of Representatives, but was lost by two votes in the Legislative Council, or Upper House.
In 1892 Sir John Hall presented in behalf of the measure the largest pet.i.tion ever seen in the New Zealand Parliament. That year the Hon.
J. Ballance introduced an Electoral Bill on behalf of the Government, in which the most important new feature was the franchise for women.
It pa.s.sed the House of Representatives, but a difference on technical details between the two branches of the Legislature delayed its pa.s.sage in the Council.
In 1893 the Electoral Act of New Zealand conferred the Franchise on every person over twenty-one, although this did not carry the right to sit in Parliament.
As a General Election was close at hand no time was lost in enrolling women on the register. The report of the New Zealand W. C. T. U. of 1893 supplies the following figures:
Men. Women.
On the Register 177,701 109,461 Voting at the Poll 124,439 90,290
A lady present in Auckland during the election relates that the interest taken by the Maori women was very great and that nearly half the Maori votes registered in Auckland were those of women.
The Hon. H. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, when in England for the celebration of the Queen"s jubilee in 1897, spoke of the measure as a great success, saying, "It has come to stay." The Bishop of Auckland, speaking at the Church Congress in England that year, said "it had led to no harm or inconvenience, but the men of New Zealand were wondering why they had permitted the women of that Colony to remain so long without the right to vote in Parliamentary elections."
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.[489]
On July 22d, 1885, Dr. Stirling moved a Resolution in the House of a.s.sembly in favor of conferring the Franchise for both Houses of the Legislature, on widows and spinsters who possessed qualifications (property) which would ent.i.tle them to vote for the Legislative Council. The debate was adjourned on the motion of the Attorney-General and on August 5th the Resolution carried without a division or serious opposition.
This favorable start is the more remarkable that there had been no previous agitation, no society or committee formed, no pet.i.tions presented, no meetings held. It was a matter of enlightened conviction on the part of the legislators. Dr. Stirling introduced a Bill in 1886, in the same terms as his resolution, and on April 13th it pa.s.sed second reading by a majority of two of those voting, but as amendments to the Const.i.tution must have a majority of the whole House, the Bill could not be proceeded with. A general election followed soon after, at which Dr. Stirling did not re-enter Parliament, and Mr. Caldwell took charge of the Bill, which in November, 1889, again pa.s.sed second reading in the House of a.s.sembly, but again by an insufficient majority.
In the Summer of 1889 a public meeting was held to form a Women"s Suffrage League, which set to work holding meetings and collecting signatures to pet.i.tions under the guidance of its Hon. Secretary, Mrs.
Mary Lee. The efforts of the parliamentary friends were thrice baffled--in 1890, 1891 and 1893--by the necessity for a majority of the whole House, which stopped further immediate progress though each time the Bill had pa.s.sed second reading. The growth of support was, however, evidenced by the reply of the Premier to a deputation from the Women"s Suffrage League in November, 1893--that "on the question of Women"s Suffrage the Government were in the position of just persons who needed no conversion, as they were thoroughly at one in the matter and were willing to do all they could to place Women"s Suffrage on the Statute Book."
When, in August, 1894, the Government brought their Adult Suffrage Bill to the Legislative Council the opponents did their utmost to bring about its defeat by obstructive amendments, but in vain. Finally they moved that the clause prohibiting women from sitting in Parliament be struck out, expecting thereby to wreck the Bill, but the supporters of the measure accepted the amendment and so it was carried by a combination of opponents and supporters, giving women Full Suffrage and the right to sit in the Parliament. An address and testimonial were presented to Mrs. Lee by the Hon. C. C. Kingston, the Premier, Dr. c.o.c.kburn, other Members of Parliament and friends. In making the presentation the Premier said he did so at request of the Committee, for her important services in one of the greatest const.i.tutional reforms in Australian history. Royal a.s.sent was given to the Bill in 1895.
The first election under this Act took place in April, 1896.
Statistics published in the _Australian Register_ of June 10th, give the following totals:
Men. Women.
On the roll in Adelaide and suburbs 30,051 24,585 On the roll in the country districts 47,701 34,581 Voting in Adelaide and suburbs 19,938 16,253 Voting in country districts 31,634 23,059 Percentage voting in Adelaide and suburbs 66.34 66.11 Percentage voting in the country districts 66.32 66.68
Speaking at the Annual Meeting of the Central Committee of the Women"s Suffrage Society in London, July 15th, 1898, Dr. c.o.c.kburn (now Sir John c.o.c.kburn, K. C. M. G.) said: "The refining influence of women has made itself felt in this sphere as in every other: they have elevated the whole realm of politics without themselves losing a jot of their innate purity. "No poorer they but richer we," by their addition to the electoral roll."
WEST AUSTRALIA.[490]
The women of West Australia enjoyed the unprecedented experience of having organised their Franchise League and gained the Franchise in one year. The question, however, had been more or less before the Colony since 1893. In that year Mr. Cookworthy had introduced a Women"s Suffrage Resolution in the House of a.s.sembly which was lost by only one vote.
After the next General Election, Mr. Cookworthy again introduced his Resolution in 1897, when it was lost by two votes, one of its strongest supporters being absent. Although there was at that time no organisation specially for the Suffrage, the Women"s Christian Temperance Union did much to extend interest, and there was a large body of support to be found amongst the intelligent women of the Colony. This led to the formation of a Women"s Franchise League for Western Australia.
This League was formally organized at a public meeting of the Leisure Hour Club in Perth, May 11th, 1899, Lady Onslow presiding. That autumn a Resolution similar to the one which had been introduced in the Legislative a.s.sembly pa.s.sed the Council, and before the year closed the Electoral Act was pa.s.sed of which the important part for women lies in the interpretation clause, which interprets "Elector" as any person of either s.e.x whose name is on the Electoral Roll of a province or district. Royal a.s.sent to the Bill was given in 1900. Although women now can vote for members of the Parliament they can not sit in that body.
Already the Women"s Franchise League of Western Australia is transformed into the Women"s Electoral League.
NEW SOUTH WALES.[491]
The Mother Colony seems likely to be the next to enfranchise women.
The question in that Colony first came prominently forward when Sir Henry Parkes, the veteran statesman and oft-times Premier, proposed a clause to give equal voting power to women in his Electoral Bill in 1890. The clause was eventually dropped, but the very fact that it had been introduced in a Government Bill by a man of such high position as Sir Henry Parkes gave the question the impetus for which the friends of the movement were waiting to collect the growing interest into organized form and combined action.
On May 6th, 1891, the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales was formed, Lady Windeyer was elected president and an active campaign was begun. On July 30th Sir Henry Parkes moved a Resolution in the Legislative a.s.sembly "that in the opinion of this House the franchise for the election of members of the Legislative a.s.sembly should be extended to women on the same conditions and subject to the same qualifications as men." The debate was a very long one, occupying twelve hours and concluding at 3 a. m., when the motion was lost by 34 ayes, 57 noes. The friends of Women"s Suffrage were in no way cast down by this vote. They believed that in a full House on a fair test division their friends would have been in a majority, but many who were anxious for the pa.s.sing of the Electoral Bill voted against Sir Henry Parkes" motion lest the inclusion of women should imperil its chances in the Upper House.
The next debate on the question was on November 18th, 1894, when Mr.
O"Reilly moved a Resolution that "in the opinion of this House the time has arrived when the franchise should be extended to women." This was supported by Sir Henry Parkes. The Premier, Sir G. H. Reid, approved of Women"s Suffrage in the abstract but objected that the present Parliament had received no mandate from the people. Sir George Dibbs thought the demand a just one. Eventually the motion, with the words "the time has now arrived" omitted, was carried by a large majority. No debate has taken place since 1894, as the pressure on the time of the Legislature has been great with Federal and other matters, but the question was never in a more hopeful position. The sudden change of government in 1899 placed a strong friend to the cause at the head of affairs in the present Premier, Sir William Lyne, and at the annual meeting of the Suffrage League in August, 1900, Mr. Fegan, M. P. (Minister for Mines) congratulated the women of New South Wales on being so near the goal of their desires. The Premier had definitely said that before the session closed a Bill would be introduced to give women the suffrage, and he hoped that next year they would be able to disband their League, its work being finished.
The Bill was introduced in 1901 but was lost by 19 ayes, 22 noes.
On Aug. 14, 1902, the bill conferring the Parliamentary Franchise on women pa.s.sed the Council. It had already pa.s.sed the a.s.sembly and is now law.