To this a.s.sembly Bishop Matthew Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, sent almost his last public utterance:
For more than thirty years I have been in favor of woman suffrage. I was led to this position not by the consideration of the question of natural rights or of alleged injustice or of inequality before the law, but by what I believed would be the influence of woman on the great moral questions of the day. Were the ballot in the hands of women, I am satisfied that the evils of intemperance would be greatly lessened, and I fear that without that ballot we shall not succeed against the saloons and kindred evils in large cities. You will doubtless have many obstacles placed in your way; there will be many conflicts to sustain; but I have no doubt that the coming years will see the triumph of your cause; and that our higher civilization and morality will rejoice in the work which enlightened woman will accomplish.
The resolutions presented by Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert (Ills.), chairman of the committee, were adopted.
WHEREAS, The fundamental idea of a republic is the right of self-government, the right of every citizen to choose her own representatives to enact the laws by which she is governed; and
WHEREAS, This right can be secured only by the exercise of the suffrage; therefore
_Resolved_, That the ballot in the hand of every qualified citizen const.i.tutes the true political status of the people, and to deprive one-half of the people of the use of the ballot is to deny the first principle of a republican government.
_Resolved_, That it is the duty of Congress to submit a Sixteenth Amendment to the National Const.i.tution, securing to women the right of suffrage; first, because the disfranchis.e.m.e.nt of one-half of the people deprives that half of the means of self-protection and support, limits their resources for self-development and weakens their influence on popular thought; second, because giving all men the absolute authority to decide the social, civil and political status of women, creates a spirit of caste, unrepublican in tendency; third, because in depriving the State of the united wisdom of man and woman, that important "consensus of the competent," our form of government becomes in fact an oligarchy of males instead of a republic of the people.
_Resolved_, That since the women citizens of the United States have thus far failed to receive proper recognition from any of the existing political parties, we recommend the appointment by this convention of a committee on future political action.
_Resolved_, That as there is a general awakening to the rights of women in all European countries, the time has arrived to take the initiative steps for a grand International Woman Suffrage Convention, to be held in either England or America, and that for this purpose a committee of three be appointed at this convention to correspond with leading persons in different countries interested in the elevation of women.
Miss Couzins submitted the following, which was unanimously accepted:
_Resolved_, That in the death of Wendell Phillips the nation has lost one of its greatest moral heroes, its most eloquent orator and honest advocate of justice and equality for all cla.s.ses; and woman in her struggle for enfranchis.e.m.e.nt has lost in him a steadfast friend and wise counselor. His consistency in the application of republican principles of government brought him to the woman suffrage platform at the inauguration of the movement, where he remained faithful to the end. The National Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation in convention a.s.sembled, would express their grat.i.tude for his brave words for woman before the Legislatures of so many States and on so many platforms, both in England and America, and would extend their sincere sympathy to her who was his constant inspiration to the utterance of the highest truth, his n.o.ble wife, Ann Green Phillips.
_Resolved_, That the services of Anna Ella Carroll of Maryland, who directed the armies of the republic up the Tennessee river and then southward to the center of the Confederate power to its base in northern Alabama, cutting the Memphis and Charleston railroad and thus breaking the backbone of the rebellion, ent.i.tle her justly to the name of the military genius of the war; that her long struggle for recognition at the hands of our Government commends her to the sympathy of all who believe in truth and justice; and the continued refusal of the Government to acknowledge this woman"s service, which saved to us the Union, defeated national bankruptcy and prevented the intervention of foreign powers, merits the condemnation of all lovers of right, and we hereby not only send to her our loving recognition and sympathy, but pledge ourselves to arouse this nation to the fact of her services.[16]
The plan of work submitted by Mrs. Gougar, chairman of the committee, was adopted.[17] This was supplemented by suggestions of the national board as to methods of organization.[18]
The following officers were elected: president, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, N. Y.; vice-presidents-at-large, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, N. Y., the Rev. Olympia Brown, Wis., Phoebe W. Couzins, Mo., Abigail Scott Duniway, Ore.; recording secretaries, Ellen H.
Sheldon, D. C., Julia T. Foster, Penn.; Pearl Adams, Ills.; corresponding secretary, Rachel G. Foster (Avery), Penn.; foreign corresponding secretaries, Caroline Ashurst Biggs, Lydia E. Becker, England; Marguerite Berry Stanton, Hubertine Auclert, France; treasurer, Jane H. Spofford, D. C.; auditors, Ruth C. Dennison, Julia A. Wilbur, D. C.; chairman of executive committee, May Wright Sewall, Ind., and vice-presidents in every State.
The financial report showed the receipts for 1884 to be in round numbers $2,000, and a balance of $300 still remaining in the treasury.
In her address closing the convention Miss Anthony said:
The reason men are so slow in conceding political equality to women is because they can not believe that women suffer the humiliation of disfranchis.e.m.e.nt as they would. A dear and n.o.ble friend, one who aided our work most efficiently in the early days, said to me, "Why do you say the "emanc.i.p.ation of women?"" I replied, "Because women are political slaves!" Is it not strange that men think that what to them would be degradation, slavery, is to women elevation, liberty? Men put the right of suffrage for themselves above all price, and count the denial of it the most severe punishment. If a man serving a term in State"s prison has one friend outside who cares for him, that friend will get up a pet.i.tion begging the Governor to commute his sentence, if for not more than forty-eight hours prior to its expiration, so that, when he comes out of prison he may not be compelled to suffer the disgrace of disfranchis.e.m.e.nt and may not be doomed to walk among his fellows with the mark of Cain upon his forehead. The only penalty inflicted upon the men, who a few years ago laid the knife at the throat of the Nation, was that of disfranchis.e.m.e.nt, which all men, loyal and disloyal, felt was too grievous to be borne, and our Government made haste to permit every one, even the leader of them all, to escape from this humiliation, this degradation, and again to be honored with the crowning right of United States citizenship. How can men thus delude themselves with the idea that what to them is ignominy unbearable is to women honor and glory unspeakable.[19]
An able address from Mrs. Matilda Joslyn Gage (N. Y.) arrived too late for the convention. It was a denial of the superiority of man from a scientific standpoint, and was so original in thought that it deserves to be reproduced almost in full:
....We must bear in mind the old theologic belief that the earth was flat, the center of the universe, around which all else revolved--that all created things animate and inanimate, were made for man alone--that woman was not part of the original plan of creation but was an after-thought for man"s special use and benefit. So that a science which proves the falsity of any of these theological conceptions aids in the overthrow of all.
The first great battle fought by science for woman was a Geographical one lasting for twelve centuries. But finally, Columbus, sustained and sent on his way by Isabella in 1492, followed by Magellan"s circ.u.mnavigation of the globe twenty years later, settled the question of the earth"s rotundity and was the first step toward woman"s enfranchis.e.m.e.nt.
Another great battle was in progress at the same time and the second victory was an Astronomical one. Copernicus was born, the telescope discovered, the earth sank to its subordinate place in the solar system and another battle for woman was won.
Chemistry, long opposed under the name of Alchemy, at last gained a victory, and by its union of diverse atoms began to teach men that nature is a system of nuptials, and that the feminine is everywhere present as an absolute necessity of life.
Geology continued this lesson. It not only taught the immense age of creation, but the motherhood of even the rocks.
Botany was destined for a fierce battle, as when Linnaeus declared the s.e.xual nature of plants, he was shunned as having degraded the works of G.o.d by a recognition of the feminine in plant life.
Philology owes its rank to Catherine II of Russia, who, in a.s.sembling her great congress of deputies from the numerous provinces of her empire, gave the first impetus to this science.
Max Muller declares the evidence of language to be irrefragable, and it is the only history we possess prior to historic periods.
Through Philology we ascend to the dawn of nations and learn of the domestic, religious and governmental habits of people who left neither monuments nor writing to speak for them. From it we learn the original meaning of our terms, father and mother.
Father, says Muller, who is a recognized philological authority, is derived from the root "Pa," which means to protect, to support, to nourish. Among the earliest Aryans, the word _mater_ (mother), from the root "Ma," signified maker; creation being thus distinctively a.s.sociated with the feminine. Taylor, in his Primitive Culture says the husband acknowledged the offspring of his wife as his own as thus only had he a right to claim the t.i.tle of father.
While Philology has opened a new fount of historic knowledge, Biology, the seventh and most important witness, the latest science in opposition to divine authority, is the first to deny the theory of man"s original perfection. Science gained many triumphs, conquered many superst.i.tions, before the world caught a glimpse of the result toward which each step was tending--the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of woman.
Through Biology we learn that the first manifestation of life is feminine. The alb.u.minous protoplasm lying in silent darkness on the bottom of the sea, possessing within itself all the phenomena exhibited by the highest forms of life, as sensation, motion, nutrition and reproduction, produces its like, and in all forms of life the capacity for reproduction undeniably stamps the feminine. Not only does science establish the fact that primordial life is feminine, but it also proves that a greater expenditure of vital force is requisite for the production of the feminine than for the masculine.
The experiments of Meehan, Gentry, Treat, Herrick, Wallace, Combe, Wood and many others, show s.e.x to depend upon environment and nutrition. A meager, contracted environment, together with innutritious or scanty food, results in a weakened vitality and the birth of males; a broad, generous environment together with abundant nutrition, in the birth of females. The most perfect plant produces feminine flowers; the best nurtured insect or animal demonstrates the same law. From every summary of vital statistics we gather further proof that more abundant vitality, fewer infantile deaths and greater comparative longevity belong to woman. It is a recognized fact that quick reaction to a stimulus is proof of superior vitality. In England, where very complete vital statistics have been recorded for many years, it is shown that while the mean duration of man"s life within the last thirty years has increased five per cent. that of woman has increased more than eight per cent. Our own last census (tenth) shows New Hampshire to be the State most favorable for longevity.
While one in seventy-four of its inhabitants is eighty years old, among native white men the proportion is but one to eighty, while among native white women, the very great preponderance of one to fifty-eight is shown.
That the vitality of the world is at a depressed standard is proven by the fact that more boys are born than girls, the per cent. varying in different countries. Male infants are more often deformed, suffer from abnormal characteristics, and more speedily succ.u.mb to infantile diseases than female infants, so that within a few years, notwithstanding the large proportion of male births, the balance of life is upon the feminine side. Many children are born to a rising people, but this biological truth is curiously supplemented by the fact that the proportion of girls born among such people, is always in excess of boys; while in races dying out, the very large proportion of boys" births over those of girls is equally noticeable.
From these hastily presented scientific facts it is manifest that woman possesses in a higher degree than man that adaptation to the conditions surrounding her which is everywhere accepted as evidence of superior vitality and higher physical rank in life; and when biology becomes more fully understood it will also be universally acknowledged that the primal creative power, like the first manifestation of life, is feminine.
FOOTNOTES:
[10] The Call ended as follows: "The satisfactory results of Unrestricted Suffrage for Women in Wyoming Territory, of School Suffrage in twelve States, of Munic.i.p.al and School Suffrage in England and Scotland, of Munic.i.p.al and Parliamentary Suffrage in the Isle of Man, with the recent triumph in Washington Territory; also the constant agitation of the suffrage question in this country and in England, and the demands that women are everywhere making for larger liberties, are most encouraging signs of the times. This is the supreme hour for all who are interested in the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of women to dedicate their time and money to the success of this movement, and by their generous contributions to strengthen those upon whom rests the responsibility of carrying forward this beneficent reform.
"ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, President.
"SUSAN B. ANTHONY, Vice-Pres"t at Large.
"MAY WRIGHT SEWALL, Ch. Ex. Committee.
"JANE H. SPOFFORD, Treasurer."
[11] The report of this convention, edited by Miss Anthony and Mrs.
Stanton, is the most complete of any ever issued by the a.s.sociation and has been placed in most of the public libraries of the United States.
[12] A list of delegates and those making State reports from year to year will be found in the last chapter of the Appendix.
[13] The history of the work in the various States, as detailed more or less fully in these reports from year to year, will be found recorded in the State chapters.
[14] Letters were received from S. Alfred Steinthal, treasurer of the Manchester society; F. Henrietta Muller, member of the London School Board; Frances Lord, poor-law guardian in London; Eliza Orme, England"s first woman lawyer; Dr. Agnes McLaren, Hannah Ford, Mary A.
Estlin, Anna M. and Mary Priestman, Margaret Priestman Tanner, Rebecca Moore, Margaret E. Parker, all distinguished English women.
[15] California--Clarina I. H. Nichols, Mrs. S. J. Manning, Sarah Knox Goodrich; Colorado--Dr. Alida C. Avery, Henry C. Dillon; Connecticut--Frances Ellen Burr; District of Columbia--Cornelia A.
Sheldon; Illinois--Dr. Alice B. Stockham, Ada H. Kepley, Pearl Adams, Lucinda B. Chandler, Annette Porter, M. D.; Iowa--Caroline A. Ingham, Jonathan and Mary V. S. Cowgill, M. A. Root; Kansas--Ex-Governor and Mrs. J. P. St. John, Mary A. Humphrey, Lorenzo Westover, Susan E.
Wattles, Mrs. Van Coleman; Kentucky--Ellen B. Dietrick; Ma.s.sachusetts--Lilian Whiting; Michigan--Catharine A. F. Stebbins, Mrs. R. M. Young, Cordelia F. Briggs; Maine--Ellen French Foster, Lavina M. Snow; Minnesota--Eliza B. Gamble, Laura Howe Carpenter, Mrs.
T. B. Walker; Missouri--Elizabeth Avery Meriwether, Annie R. Irvine; Nebraska--Judge and Mrs. A.D. Yoc.u.m, Madame Charlton Edholm, Harriet S. Brooks; New Jersey--Theresa Walling Seabrook, Augusta Cooper; New Hampshire--Armenia S. White, Eliza Morrill; New York--Madame Clara Neymann, Mary F. Seymour, Jean Brooks Greenleaf, Mary F. Gilbert, Mathilde F. Wendt, Helen M. Loder, Augusta Lilienthal, Amy Post, Sarah H. Hallock, Elizabeth Oakes Smith; Ohio--Frances Dana Gage; Pennsylvania--Adeline Thomson, Deborah A. Pennock, Matilda Hindman, Hattie M. Du Bois, Mrs. Lovisa C. McCullough; Rhode Island--Catherine C. Knowles; Texas--Jennie Bland Beauchamp; Virginia--N. O. Town; Washington Ty.--Barbara J. Thompson; Wisconsin--Almeda B. Gray, Evaleen L. Mason, Mathilde Anneke; Canada--Dr. Emily H. Stowe.
[16] For a full account of Miss Carroll"s services and such congressional action as was taken, see History of Woman Suffrage, Vol.
II, pp. 3 and 863. It is the story of a national disgrace.
[17] _Resolved_, That we hold a convention in every unorganized State and Territory during the present year, as far as possible, at the capital.
_Resolved_, That we consider the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of the women citizens of the United States the paramount issue of the hour, therefore
_Resolved_, That we will, by all honorable methods, oppose the election of any presidential candidate who is a known opponent to woman suffrage, and we recommend similar action on the part of our State a.s.sociations in regard to State and congressional candidates and further