A striking event in the train of possible fruitful activities left behind was the visit of the great leader, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Suffrage a.s.sociation, with her able young a.s.sistants, who came to Utah for Nov. 16-18, 1919. She was accompanied by Dr. Valerie Parker and Mrs. Jean Nelson Penfield, chairmen in the National League of Women Voters, and Miss Marjorie Shuler, director of publicity for the National a.s.sociation. The convention, held in the a.s.sembly Hall, was in charge of the Suffrage Council, its president, Mrs. Richards, a.s.sisted by Mrs. Cohen and Mrs.
E. E. Corfman. A long and valuable program was carried out. Mrs. Catt spoke in the Tabernacle on Sunday afternoon, introduced by President Charles W. Penrose with a glowing tribute to her power as a leader, to the sincerity and womanliness of her character and to the catholicity of her vision and sympathy. There were banquets, teas and receptions.
At the close of the convention the Suffrage Council, which had rendered such splendid service for the past twenty years, was merged into the State League of Women Voters and Mrs. Richards willingly resigned her leadership to its chairman, Mrs. Clesson S. Kinney.
On Feb. 12, 1920, a jubilee celebration was held in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the woman suffrage bill by the Territorial Governor S. A. Mann. There was also celebrated the granting of the complete franchise by the immense majority of the voters in 1895.
Utah celebrated in Salt Lake City August 30, with a great demonstration, the triumph of woman suffrage in the United States through the ratification of the Federal Amendment, which had been proclaimed August 26. It was introduced with an impressive parade led by bands of music and the program of ceremonies was carried out on the steps of the State Capitol. Governor Bamberger, former Governor Heber M. Wells, Congressman E. O. Leatherwood and Mayor C. Clarence Neslen joined the women in congratulatory addresses. Mrs. Richards, Mrs.
Hannah Lapish and Mrs. Lydia Alder, veteran suffragists, told of the early struggles and Mrs. Beulah Storrs Lewis appealed to women to keep high the standard in order to lead men out of the darkness of war into the light of brotherly love and make ready for world peace. Mrs. Annie Wells Cannon and Mrs. Susa Young Gates were appointed to send a telegram of congratulation to Mrs. Catt. The celebration was under the auspices of the League of Women Voters, whose chairman, Mrs. Kinney, presided. The most impressive figure on the platform was President Emmeline B. Wells, 92 years old, who had voted since 1870 and who had labored all these years for this glorious achievement. What those dim eyes had seen of history in the making, what those old ears had heard and what that clear brain had conceived and carried out only her close a.s.sociates knew. She was the incarnate figure of tender, delicate, eternally determined womanhood, arrived and triumphant.
FOOTNOTES:
[184] The History is indebted for this chapter to Mrs. Susa Young Gates, member of the General Board of the Woman"s Relief Society and editor of the Relief Society"s Magazine since it was established in 1913 and historian of the activities of Utah women.
CHAPTER XLIV.
VERMONT.[185]
The first convention to consider woman suffrage took place in Vermont in 1883, when a State a.s.sociation was formed, and others were held regularly to the end of the century, with the cooperation of the Ma.s.sachusetts a.s.sociation. At the convention held in Waterbury Center June 12, 13, 1900, Henry B. Blackwell of Boston, editor of the _Woman"s Journal_, was the chief speaker. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, the new president of the National American Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation, sent a letter of helpful suggestions. Pet.i.tions for a Federal Suffrage Amendment were forwarded to Congress. During this and the following years the _Woman"s Journal_ was sent to members of the Legislature; a column prepared from that paper was sent to every editor in the State and much literature was distributed, the Woman"s Christian Temperance Union a.s.sisting.
The convention of 1901 met in Rochester June 25, 26. The speakers were Mr. Blackwell, Professor W. L. Burd.i.c.k, the Rev. George L. Story, Miss Eliza Eaton, Miss Blanche Dunham and Mrs. Laura Kezer, president of the W. C. T. U. The convention congratulated women of the Methodist Episcopal Church on their admission as delegates to the General Conference, the Vermont conference having voted for it unanimously.
In 1902 the convention met at West Concord June 18, 19, among the speakers being Miss Mary N. Chase, president of the New Hampshire Suffrage a.s.sociation, and Mr. Blackwell, who never missed a convention.[186] The State Baptist a.s.sociation went on record this year in favor of women voting on license and prohibition and the Universalist Church convention endorsed equal suffrage.
In 1903 the convention was held at Barton June 9, 10, with Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer, a national organizer, among the speakers. The convention of 1904 went to Woodstock, June 22, 23, and was addressed by the Rev.
Harry L. and Mrs. Canfield, suffrage leaders there, and many others.
It was announced that Mrs. Dorcas McClelan of Glover had left a bequest of $150 to the a.s.sociation. A "composition" ent.i.tled Female Education, written by a pupil in a Woodstock school in 1831, now Mrs.
Harriet Walker of Denver, 90 years old, was read and much enjoyed.
The convention of 1905 took place in Springfield June 7, 8. During the year 10,000 copies of Opinions on Equal Suffrage by Vermont Men and Women had been distributed and the _Woman"s Journal_ placed in twelve libraries. A memorial service was held for Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, a life long suffragist. In 1906 the convention was held at Brattleboro June 6, 7, with a long list of State speakers, including six clergymen. A memorial service with tributes of appreciation was held for Miss Susan B. Anthony.
Burlington entertained the convention June 13, 14, 1907, which had the privilege of hearing Mayor W. J. Bigelow, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, now president of the National a.s.sociation, and State Representative H. H.
Shaw of Burlington. Mr. Blackwell presented a fine portrait of his wife, Lucy Stone. Four prominent State workers had died during the year, the Hon. Henry Ballard, C. W. Wyman, Miss Carolyn Scott and Miss Laura Moore, the latter for twenty-two years secretary of the State a.s.sociation, its leader and inspirer. She was known at the Capitol as "the Saint of Barnet" and U. S. Senator Carroll S. Page once said: "If the cause of equal suffrage should ever prevail in Vermont it will be largely because of the seed sown by Laura Moore." Miss Scott, her companion and co-worker, who pa.s.sed away in her 92d year, left a bequest of $1,000 to the a.s.sociation.
At the convention in Rutland Oct. 12, 13, 1908, among the speakers were the Reverend Mary Traffern Whitney and Mrs. Annette W. Parmelee, State superintendent of press. The a.s.sociation voted to become auxiliary to the National a.s.sociation. A letter was read from former Governor Fletcher D. Proctor, declaring himself in favor of the movement and willing to a.s.sist it. Signatures to the suffrage pet.i.tion this year included the names of Governor George H. Prouty, Lieutenant Governor John Abner Mead and Secretary of State Guy Bailey.
In 1909 the convention held at Barre June 4, 5, decided to concentrate its efforts on a State const.i.tutional amendment to be voted on in 1910. A press report of the convention said: "Henry B. Blackwell, although 84 years of age, is a commanding figure and his voice as it rings forth in tones of conviction is more like that of a man in his prime than of one who has pa.s.sed his four-score milestone." It therefore was a great shock when the news came on September 7 that this far-visioned leader had pa.s.sed from earth. The State suffragists owed him a debt of grat.i.tude which could only be repaid by carrying forward his life work.
In 1910 and 1911 the a.s.sociation so sadly bereft by death held no convention but the work did not cease. Miss Chase, now a national organizer, formed new leagues; Mrs. Parmelee sent out 3,057 pieces of mail, circularized the clergy, conducted thirty-seven debates, wrote 131 newspaper articles, furnished leaflets to ninety W. C. T. U.
units, sent _Woman"s Journals_ to every graded school and every library in the State and circulated literature at the county fairs.
She also prepared a leaflet, Seventeen Reasons Why Women Should Vote, wrote and superintended the production of a play ent.i.tled A Mock Session of the Legislature and spoke at legislative sessions, churches, granges and parlor meetings. She was ably a.s.sisted in this work by the secretary, Mrs. Canfield, who had charge of the large Vermont and New Hampshire tent at the State Fair at White River Junction, where speeches were made, literature distributed and signatures obtained. Fourteen speakers were kept busy. The pastors of all the churches in the State were circularized and as a rule were sympathetic.[187]
In 1912 the convention was held at Montpelier on June 7, with Professor George B. c.o.x of Dartmouth College; Attorney J. H. Senter and Dr. J. Edward Wright among the speakers. At Woodstock a big suffrage "rally" was held with Dr. Harvey W. Wiley of Washington as chief speaker. Mrs. Frances Rastall, recently appointed State congressional chairman by the National a.s.sociation, organized a congressional committee in every county. At the convention in Rochester June 11, 12, 1913, Mrs. Emily Chaffee of Detroit, Mich., and many State speakers made addresses. Mrs. Julia Pierce, the State president, handsomely entertained speakers and delegates at her home.
At St. Albans a successful "rally" with Mrs. Marian Booth Kelly as speaker was held.
In 1914 the convention was held in Burlington November 4, 5, and the city hall was crowded at the evening meetings. Mrs. Beatrice Forbes Robertson Hale of New York and Mrs. Maud Wood Park of Boston were the out-of-town speakers and Representative E. P. Jose of Johnson headed the State coterie. Conforming to plans sent out by the National a.s.sociation, "suffrage day" had been observed May 1 in Burlington with an address by Mayor James E. Burke.
The convention which met at Springfield Oct. 20, 21, 1915, received a royal welcome. American flags and suffrage banners were suspended across the streets and the stores were decorated with yellow. A reception and banquet were given by Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Woolson at Mucross Park. Among the speakers were Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, Arthur P. Howard, editor of _The Advance_; the Hon. James Hartness, Dr. Grace Sherwood and Representative H. E. Taylor. Mrs. Pierce, having served six years as president, asked to be released and was made honorary president for life. Mrs. Lucia E. Blanchard was elected in her place. The convention deplored the opposing att.i.tude of Congressman Frank Greene and of U. S. Senator William P. Dillingham, who had declared himself "unalterably opposed" to the Federal Suffrage Amendment, and it commended the stand of Congressman Porter Dale.
Among public officials declaring themselves favorable were U. S.
Marshal Horace W. Bailey, Dr. Guy Potter Benton, president of the University of Vermont, and J. N. Barss, superintendent of the State Industrial School.
On March 1, 1916, Mrs. Rastall called a congressional conference in Burlington. Mrs. Catt, national president, and Mrs. Susan W.
Fitzgerald of Boston addressed a large audience. The day sessions were at the City Hall and the ma.s.s meeting at the Strong Theater. During the autumn a delegation of suffragists called on U. S. Senator Carroll S. Page of Hyde Park to urge his support of the Federal Suffrage Amendment. They were graciously received, entertained at luncheon at the Inn and reported themselves as "pleased with the interview." In November the National a.s.sociation sent Mrs. Augusta Hughston, one of its organizers, for a month"s field work, paying all expenses, and eighteen clubs were formed with officers and active committees.
In 1917 the convention was held at St. Albans June 27, 28, with the usual list of good speakers. Mrs. Lilian H. Olzendam was employed as State organizer. A resolution was pa.s.sed condemning the methods of the "militant" suffragists. It was reported that after an address by Mrs.
Rastall at the State conference of the Federation of Labor at Bellows Falls August 11, 12, woman suffrage was endorsed unanimously.
In accordance with the plans of the National a.s.sociation to strengthen the situation wherever there were opposing members of Congress, and to a.s.sist in bringing pressure on Senator Dillingham, Mrs. Halsey W.
Wilson, its recording secretary, was sent to Vermont in July, 1918, and also Miss Marjorie Shuler, its director of field publicity, who spent two weeks, speaking, interviewing editors and building up favorable press sentiment. The convention was held at Burlington July 10, 11 and was addressed by Mrs. Wilson, Mrs. A. L. Bailey, State president; Mrs. Joanna Croft Read, State secretary, and Dr. Alice Wakefield. A resolution was adopted thanking Senator Page for his promise to support the Federal Suffrage Amendment. Senator Dillingham still remained obdurate and Mrs. Wilson returned to meet with the Executive Board August 17 at Montpelier, after which Mrs. Bailey, Mrs.
Read, Mrs. Parmelee, Mrs. Olzendam and Mrs. Wilson called on him by appointment to appeal for his vote. He was very courteous but gave them no encouragement. Mrs. Wilson remained for three weeks conferring with and a.s.sisting the workers. In November, at the expense of the National a.s.sociation, Mrs. Hughston spent three weeks doing valuable field work.
In January, 1919, Mrs. Wilson again returned to a.s.sist the board during the legislative session, remaining until after the convention, which was held at Burlington March 11, 12. The speakers were Mrs.
Catt, Mrs. Wilson, Dr. Marion Horton, the new State president; City Attorney Hamilton S. Peck, Miss Bernice Tuttle, president of the Child Welfare Bureau; Mrs. Anna Hawkes Putnam, State chairman of the Woman"s Division of the National Council of Defense; Mrs. M. D. Chittenden, president of the State Y. W. C. A., and others. Mrs. Parmelee gave an account of the work for woman suffrage in Vermont and its courageous leaders during the past thirty-six years and the reasons why bills were voted down in the Legislature.
RATIFICATION. On June 4, 1919, the Federal Suffrage Amendment was submitted to the Legislatures for ratification and a survey showed that Vermont"s would probably be necessary to make the needed 36. Mrs.
Halsey Wilson returned for consultation with the State leaders and an intensive effort was begun which continued for more than a year. Mrs.
Olzendam, chairman of ratification, not only obtained enough favorable pledges from the members to ratify but an agreement by a majority to pay their own expenses, and give their time for a special session. It was soon evident, however, that Governor Percival W. Clement was determined not to call one. Every possible influence was brought to bear on him but he based his refusal on the ground that it would be unconst.i.tutional. By March, 1920, 35 States had ratified and it seemed that the 36th would have to be Vermont or Connecticut, whose Governor also had refused to call a special session.
An ingenious demonstration was decided on, which was made possible by a contribution of $1,000 from the Leslie Suffrage Commission. An interview of Vermont women with the Governor was arranged by a good friend of suffrage, Major Harvey Goodell, secretary of Civil and Military Affairs. On April 21, a remarkable deputation of 400 women arrived in Montpelier, representing twelve of the fourteen counties, loyal, ardent soldiers, overcoming the obstacles of long distances, almost impa.s.sable roads and poor train service, many coming from towns where there were no trains and where they must plow through deep snow and over muddy and rocky roads, one woman walking five miles. Led by Mrs. Olzendam in a cold, drenching rain they marched through the streets and up the steps of the Capitol and took their places before the Governor"s chair. One by one, fourteen speakers presented the case in a few sentences. It was a notable demonstration in size, enthusiasm and determination. It had been arranged that letters and telegrams should arrive the day before, the day of and the day following the visit and his excellency received 1,600 communications in three days.
Governor Clement"s only response was that he did not wish to make a decision at present.
In May, 1920, the State Republican convention, with the Governor seated on the platform, pa.s.sed a resolution urging him to call a special session, saying: "We have full faith and confidence that the voters of the State, regardless of party affiliation, would cordially approve and endorse the ratification of the Federal Suffrage Amendment."
The State suffrage convention met in the roof garden of The Tavern, St. Albans, July 1, 2, in a rousing convention. Governor John H.
Bartlett of New Hampshire, which had ratified, was the guest of honor, attending by special request of Will Hays, chairman of the National Republican Committee. He had consulted Governor Clement about coming, who answered: "I shall be glad to have you. Regret I shall be unable to hear you." Miss Katharine Ludington, chairman of the Connecticut League of Women Voters, and Miss Julia A. Hinaman, its press chairman, were among the speakers. Mayor Charles A. Buck extended the freedom of the city and Mrs. Read, acting president, responded. On the platform were a large number of prominent Vermont men and women. The report of Mrs. Olzendam described the strenuous efforts of the women of the State for an extra session, acknowledging the a.s.sistance of Miss Ann Batchelder, Mrs. Vida M. Chase and others and thanking Mrs.
Wilson, Mrs. Raymond Brown, fourth vice-president, and Miss Shuler, of the National a.s.sociation; Mrs. Sara Algeo, president of the Woman Suffrage Party of Rhode Island, and Miss Winifred Brown of Utah for their help. The delegates expressed in applause and in words their high appreciation of Mrs. Olzendam"s work. A resolution was pa.s.sed at an evening ma.s.s meeting calling upon Governor Clement to summon a special session in order that Vermont might have the honor of being the 36th State to ratify.
Just before the convention the Governor went to Washington and the press dispatches of July 1 told of a long talk he had that day with President-elect Harding. Both men admitted in interviews that the calling of a special session in Vermont had been discussed. Senator Harding said he told the Governor he would be very glad to see this done but made plain his desire not to interfere with the Governor"s prerogatives. Governor Clement frankly admitted that he had been urged by Senator Harding, Chairman Hays and other Republican leaders to give an early call but made the stereotyped excuses. Nevertheless the press generally expressed the opinion that he would yield. On the contrary he returned home and on July 12 issued an official proclamation in which he made the a.s.sertion that "the Federal Const.i.tution in its present form threatened the foundation of free popular government; the 16th Amendment, providing for a federal income tax, was lobbied through Congress and State Legislatures by federal agents and the 18th Amendment for Federal prohibition was forced through by paid agents of irresponsible organizations with unlimited funds." To what he called the proposal to "force through the 19th Amendment for woman suffrage in the same manner," he said: "I will never be a party to any proceeding which proposes to change the organic law of the State without the consent of the people." "The National Const.i.tution," he said, "threatens free popular government alike as it stands and as it is interpreted by the Supreme Court. Its decision leaves the people at the mercy of any group of men who may lobby a proposal for a change in it through Congress and then through the Legislatures."
Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, national president, issued an open letter to the Governor in the course of which she said:
In order that this generation of your fellowmen and posterity also may not misunderstand your position, the National American Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation urges you to supplement your proclamation with answers to the following questions: Do you challenge the fact which has stood unchallenged for 131 years that the Federal Const.i.tution is the supreme law of this land and supersedes all State const.i.tutions whenever the two are in conflict? Do you know that on Jan. 10, 1791, Vermont ratified that Const.i.tution, although she had one of her own, and by so doing accepted the precedence of the Federal Const.i.tution and by that act was admitted into the Union? If you do know these facts of common knowledge why did you throw over your refusal to call a special session the camouflage of a dissertation about the alleged conflict between the Vermont and Federal Const.i.tutions which has nothing whatever to do with the calling of a special session of your Legislature?... Do you not know that when a Legislature acts upon a Federal const.i.tutional amendment it draws its authority from the Federal and not from the State const.i.tution, and that the Governor has no responsible part in the transaction except as custodian of the amendment when it comes from the Federal Secretary of State and returns to him with the Certificate of Ratification? Then why profess such a burden of personal responsibility in the matter?
You pretend to fear "an invasion of State"s Rights" and take upon yourself the responsibility of preserving "the foundations of free popular government." Then why did you veto the Presidential suffrage bill pa.s.sed by the Legislature of Vermont in 1919, which was strictly a State action and conferred the vote upon the women of Vermont alone?... Your national party convention in 1920 called for completion of ratification in time for women to vote for the next President. Your party"s National Committee in the interim of conventions took action three times--once asking Congress to submit the amendment; once favoring early ratification and once calling upon Republican Governors to call special sessions in order that ratification might proceed. Your State party convention, your party"s State Committee, your State Legislature, hundreds of Vermont women, the chairman of the National Republican Committee and the chairman of your State Republican Committee, the candidate for President of your party--all have asked you to call a special session.... You owe it to the Republican party and to the world to explain your a.s.sumption of an authority that belongs to your party leaders. By what right do you make this a.s.sumption? Governor Clement, tell it all!"
The total cost of the efforts to secure a special session was $7,442, of which the National a.s.sociation paid $2,578 and the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission $4,864.[188]
Following the convention of the State a.s.sociation at St. Albans, July 1, 2, 1920, Miss Ludington explained the purpose of the National League of Women Voters and the a.s.sociation was dissolved and a State league organized with Mrs. Lilian Olzendam chairman.
The Vermont suffrage a.s.sociation was fortunate in always having the support of other State organizations, the Woman"s Christian Temperance Union, Grange, Federation of Labor, Teachers" a.s.sociation, Federation of Women"s Clubs, Young Women"s Christian a.s.sociation and, in the closing years, of all political parties. Among other noted speakers from outside the State not mentioned were Professor Charles Zueblin, Mrs. Florence Kelley and Mrs. Susan S. Fessenden, president of the Ma.s.sachusetts W. C. T. U. Over fifty clergymen of various denominations gave active a.s.sistance.[189]
LEGISLATIVE ACTION. From 1884 to 1900 a bill to give Munic.i.p.al suffrage to taxpaying women was regularly introduced in the Legislature only to be defeated.
1902. The Town and Munic.i.p.al Suffrage bill in the Senate was defeated by 22 to 6; in the House by 111 to 75. A Presidential suffrage bill received only six votes. A bill permitting women to vote on the license question was defeated by 138 to 67. Pet.i.tions with 15,000 signatures had been presented for these various measures.