All this was theory when I first went into the convict establishment, but events, and things observed, soon came to confirm me in such views, and what I experienced so affected my system as to undermine its health. During the first summer I wandered about the place, so far as I was free to move, a solitary, friendless man. My moral situation was such that I could not distinguish those among the convicts who, in the sequel, managed to care for me a little in spite of the distance that always remained between us. There _were_ there men of my own position, ex-n.o.bles like myself, but their companionship was repugnant to me.
Here is one of the incidents which obliged me to see at the outset, how solitary a creature I was, and all the strangeness of my position at the place. One day in August, a fine warm day, about one o"clock in the afternoon, a time when, as a rule, everybody took a nap before resuming work, the convicts rose as one man and ma.s.sed themselves in the court-yard. I had not the slightest idea, up to that moment, that anything was going on. So deeply had I been sunk in my own thoughts, that I saw nearly nothing of what was happening about me of any kind.
But it seems that the convicts had been in a smouldering sort of unusual agitation for three days. Perhaps it had begun sooner; so I thought later when I remembered stray remarks, bits of talk that had come to my ears, the palpable increase of ill-humour among the prisoners, their unusual irritability for some time past. I had attributed it all to the trying summer work, the insufferably long days; to their dreamings about the woods, and freedom, which the season brought up; to the nights too short for rest. It may be that all these things came together to form a ma.s.s of discontent, that only wanted a tolerably good reason for exploding; it was found in the food.
For several days the convicts had not concealed their dissatisfaction with it in open talk in their barracks, and they showed it plainly when a.s.sembled for dinner or supper; one of the cooks had been changed, but, after a couple of days, the new comer was sent to the right-about, and the old one brought back. The restlessness and ill-humour were general; mischief was brewing.
"Here are we slaving to death, and they give us nothing but filth to eat," grumbled one in the kitchen.
"If you don"t like it, why don"t you order jellies and blanc-mange?"
said another.
"Sour cabbage soup, why, that"s _good_. I delight in it; there"s nothing more juicy," exclaimed a third.
"Well, if they gave you nothing but beef, beef, beef, for ever and ever, would you like _that_?"
"Yes, yes; they ought to give us meat," said a fourth; "one"s almost killed at the workshops; and, by heaven! when one has got through with work there one"s hungry, hungry; and you don"t get anything to satisfy your hunger."
"It"s true, the victuals are simply d.a.m.nable."
"He fills his pockets, don"t you fear!"
"It isn"t your business."
"Whose business is it? My belly"s my own. If we were all to make a row about it together, you"d soon see."
"Yes."
"Haven"t we been beaten enough for complaining, dolt that you are?"
"True enough! What"s done in a hurry is never well done. And how would you set about making a raid over it, tell me that?"
"I"ll tell you, by G.o.d! If everybody will go, I"ll go too, for I"m just dying of hunger. It"s all very well for those who eat at a better table, apart, to keep quiet; but those who eat the regulation food----"
"There"s a fellow with eyes that do their work, bursting with envy _he_ is. Don"t his eyes glisten when he sees something that doesn"t belong to him?"
"Well, pals, why don"t we make up our minds? Have we gone through enough? They flay us, the brigands! Let"s go at them."
"What"s the good? I tell you ye must chew what they give you, and stuff your mouth full of it. Look at the fellow, he wants people to chew his food for him. We"re in prison, and have got to stand it."
"Yes, that"s it; we"re in prison."
"That"s it always; the people die of hunger, and the Government fills its belly."
"That"s true. Our eight-eyes (_the Major_) has got finely fat over it; he"s bought a pair of gray horses."
"He don"t like his gla.s.s at all, that fellow," said a convict ironically.
"He had a bout at cards a little while ago with the vet; for two hours he played without a half-penny in his pocket. Fedka told me so."
"That"s why we get cabbage soup that"s fit for nothing."
"You"re all idiots! It doesn"t matter; _nothing_ matters."
"I tell you if we all join in complaining we shall see what he has to say for himself. Let"s make up our minds."
"_Say_ for himself? You"ll get his fist on your pate; that"s just all."
"I tell you they"ll have him up, and try him."
All the prisoners were in great agitation; the truth is, the food was execrable. The general anguish, suffering, and suspense seemed to be coming to a head. Convicts are, by disposition, or, as such, quarrelsome and rebellious; but a general revolt is rare, for they can never agree upon it; we all of us felt that since there was, as a rule, more violent talk than doing.
This time, however, the agitation did not fall to the ground. The men gathered in groups in their barracks, talking things over in a violent way, and going over all the particulars of the Major"s misdoings, and trying to get to the bottom of them. In all affairs of that sort there are ringleaders and firebrands. The ringleaders on such occasions are generally rather remarkable fellows, not only in convict establishments, but among all large organisations of workmen, military detachments, etc. They are always people of a peculiar type, enthusiastic men, who have a thirst for justice, very nave, simple, and strong, convinced that their desires are fully capable of realisation; they have as much sense as other people; some are of high intelligence; but they are too full of warmth and zeal to measure their acts. When you come across people who really do know how to direct the ma.s.ses, and get what they want, you find a quite different sort of popular leaders, and one excessively rare among us Russians. The more usual type of leader, the one I first alluded to, does certainly in some sense accomplish their object, so far as bringing about a rising is concerned; but it all ends in filling up the prisons and convict establishments. Thanks to their impetuosity they always come off second-best; but it is this impetuosity that gives them their influences over the ma.s.ses; their ardent, honest indignation does its work, and draws in the more irresolute. Their blind confidence of success seduces even the most hardened sceptics, although this confidence is generally based on such uncertain, childish reasons that it is wonderful how people can put faith in them.
The secret of their influence is that they put themselves at the head, and _go_ ahead, without flinching. They dash forward, heads down, often without the least knowledge worth the name of what they are about, and have nothing about them of the jesuitical practical faculty by dint of which a vile and worthless man often hits his mark and comes uppermost, and will sometimes come all white out of a tub of ink. They _must_ dash their skulls against stone walls. Under ordinary circ.u.mstances these people are bilious, irascible, intolerant, contemptuous, often very warm, which really after all is part of the secret of their strength.
The deplorable thing is that they never go at what is the essential, the vital part of their task, they always go off at once into details instead of going straight to their mark, and this is their ruin. But they and the mob understand one another; that makes them formidable.
I must say a few words about this word "grievance."
Some of the convicts had been transported in connection with a "grievance;" these were the most excited among them, notably a certain Martinoff, who had formerly served in the Hussars, an eager, restless, and choleric, but a worthy and truthful, fellow. Another, Va.s.sili Antonoff, could work himself up into anger coolly and collectedly; he had a generally impudent expression, and a sarcastic smile, but he, too, was honest, and a man of his word, and of no little education. I won"t enumerate; there were plenty of them. Petroff went about in a hurried way from one group to another. He spoke few words, but he was quite as highly excited as any one there, for he was the first to spring out of the barrack when the others ma.s.sed themselves in the court-yard.
Our sergeant, who acted as sergeant-major, came up very soon in quite a fright. The convicts got into rank, and politely begged him to tell the Major that they wanted to speak with him and put him a few questions.
Behind the sergeant came all the invalids, who ranked themselves in face of the convicts. What they asked the sergeant to do frightened the man out of his wits almost, but he dared not refuse to go and report to the Major, for if the convicts mutinied, G.o.d only knows what might happen.
All the men set over us showed themselves great poltroons in handling the prisoners; then, even if nothing further worse happened, if the convicts thought better of it and dispersed, the sub-officer was still in duty bound to inform the authorities of what had been going on. Pale, and trembling with fright, he went headlong to the Major, without even an effort to bring the convicts to reason. He saw that they were not minded to put up with any of his talk, no doubt.
Without the least idea of what was going on, I went into rank myself (it was only later that I heard the earlier details of the story). I thought that the muster-roll was to be called, but I did not see the soldiers who verify the lists, so I was surprised, and began to look about me a little. The men"s faces were working with emotion, and some were ghostly pale. They were sternly silent, and seemed to be thinking of what they should say to the Major. I observed that many of the convicts seemed to wonder at seeing me among them, but they turned their glances away from me. No doubt they thought it strange that I should come into the ranks with them, and join in their remonstrances, and could not quite believe it. Then they turned round to me again in a questioning sort of way.
"What are you doing here?" said Va.s.sili Antonoff, in a loud, rude voice; he happened to be close to me, and a little way from the rest; the man had always. .h.i.therto been scrupulously polite to me.
I looked at him in perplexity, trying to understand what he meant by it; I began to see that something extraordinary was up in our prison.
"Yes, indeed, what are you about here? Go off into the barrack," said a young fellow, a soldier-convict, whom I did not know till then, and who was a good, quiet lad, "this is none of _your_ business."
"Have we not fallen into rank," I answered, "aren"t we going to be mustered?"
"Why, _he"s_ come, too," cried one of them.
"Iron-nose,"[7] said another.
"Fly-killer," added a third, with inexpressible contempt for me in his tone. This new nickname caused a general burst of laughter.
"These fellows are in clover everywhere. We are in prison, with hard labour, I rather fancy; they get wheat-bread and sucking-pig, like great lords as they are. Don"t you get your victuals by yourself? What are you doing here?"
"Your place is not here," said Koulikoff to me brusquely, taking me by the hand and leading me out of the ranks.
He was himself very pale; his dark eyes sparkled with fire, he had bitten his under lip till the blood came; he wasn"t one of those who expected the Major without losing self-possession.
I liked to look at Koulikoff when he was in trying circ.u.mstances like these; then he showed himself just what he was in his strong points and weak. He att.i.tudinised, but he knew how to act, too. I think he would have gone to his death with a certain affected elegance. While everybody was insulting me in words and tones, his politeness was greater than ever; but he spoke in a firm and resolved tone which admitted of no reply.