The house being completed, and the cold weather having set in, the whole family, parents and all, enter it, and remain there during the winter, going out only at intervals for necessary purposes. In spring they desert this habitation and never return to it.
Of course they are warm enough during winter while thus housed, even in the very coldest weather. The heat of their own bodies would make them so, lying as they do, huddled together, and sometimes on top of one another, but the mud walls of their habitations are a foot or more in thickness, and neither frost nor rain can penetrate within.
Now, a curious fact has been observed in connection with the houses of these creatures. It shows how nature has adapted them to the circ.u.mstances in which they may be placed. By philosophers it is termed "instinct"; but in our opinion it is the same sort of instinct which enables Mr Hobbs to pick a "Chubb" lock. It is this:--
In southern climates--in Louisiana, for instance--the swamps and rivers do not freeze over in winter. There the muskrat does not construct such houses as that described, but is contented all the year with his burrow in the banks. He can go forth freely and seek his food at all seasons.
In the north it is different. There for months the rivers are frozen over with thick ice. The muskrat could only come out under the ice, or above it. If the latter, the entrance of his burrow would betray him, and men with their traps, and dogs, or other enemies, would easily get at him. Even if he had also a water entrance, by which he might escape upon the invasion of his burrow, he would drown for want of air.
Although an amphibious animal, like the beaver and otter, he cannot live altogether under water, and must rise at intervals to take breath. The running stream in winter does not perhaps furnish him with his favourite food--the roots and stems of water-plants. These the swamp affords to his satisfaction; besides, it gives him security from the attacks of men and preying animals, as the wolverine and fisher. Moreover, his house in the swamp cannot be easily approached by the hunter--man--except when the ice becomes very thick and strong. Then, indeed, is the season of peril for the muskrat, but even then he has loopholes of escape. How cunningly this creature adapts itself to its geographical situation! In the extreme north--in the hyperborean regions of the Hudson"s Bay Company--lakes, rivers, and even springs freeze up in winter. The shallow marshes become solid ice, congealed to their very bottoms. How is the muskrat to get under water there? Thus, then, he manages the matter:--
Upon deep lakes, as soon as the ice becomes strong enough to bear his weight, he makes a hole in it, and over this he constructs his dome-shaped habitation, bringing the materials up through the hole, from the bottom of the lake. The house thus formed sits prominently upon the ice. Its entrance is in the floor--the hole which has already been made--and thus is kept open during the whole season of frost, by the care and watchfulness of the inmates, and by their pa.s.sing constantly out and in to seek their food--the water-plants of the lake.
This peculiar construction of the muskrat"s dwelling, with its water-pa.s.sage, would afford all the means of escape from its ordinary enemies--the beasts of prey--and, perhaps, against these alone nature has instructed it to provide. But with all its cunning it is, of course, outwitted by the superior ingenuity of its enemy--man.
The food of the muskrat is varied. It loves the roots of several species of _nymphae_, but its favourite is _calamus_ root (_calamus_ or _acorus aromaticus_). It is known to eat sh.e.l.l-fish, and heaps of the sh.e.l.ls of fresh-water muscles (_unios_) are often found near its retreat. Some a.s.sert that it eats fish, but the same a.s.sertion is made with regard to the beaver. This point is by no means clearly made out; and the closet naturalists deny it, founding their opposing theory, as usual, upon the teeth. For my part, I have but little faith in the "teeth," since I have known horses, hogs, and cattle greedily devour both fish, flesh, and fowl.
The muskrat is easily tamed, and becomes familiar and docile. It is very intelligent, and will fondly caress the hand of its master.
Indians and Canadian settlers often have them in their houses as pets; but there is so much of the rat in their appearance, and they emit such a disagreeable odour in the spring, as to prevent them from becoming general favourites. They are difficult to cage up, and will eat their way out of a deal box in a single night. Their flesh, although somewhat musky, is eaten by the Indians and white hunters, but these gentry eat almost everything that "lives, breathes, and moves." Many Canadians, however, are fond of the flesh.
It is not for its flesh that the muskrat is so eagerly hunted. Its fur is the important consideration. This is almost equal to the fur of the beaver in the manufacture of hats, and sells for a price that pays the Indians and white trappers for the hardships they undergo in obtaining it. It is, moreover, used in the making of boas and m.u.f.fs, as it somewhat resembles the fur of the pine marten or American sable (_Mustela martes_), and on account of its cheapness is sometimes pa.s.sed off for the latter. It is one of the regular articles of the Hudson"s Bay Company"s commerce, and thousands of muskrat skins are annually obtained. Indeed, were it not that the animal is prolific and difficult to capture, its species would soon suffer extermination.
The mode of taking it differs from that practised in trapping the beaver. It is often caught in traps set for the latter, but such a "catch" is regarded in the light of a misfortune, as until it is taken out the trap is rendered useless for its real object. As an amus.e.m.e.nt it is sometimes hunted by dogs, as the otter is, and dug out of its burrow; but the labour of laying open its deep cave is ill repaid by the sport. The amateur sportsman frequently gets a shot at the muskrat while pa.s.sing along the bank near its haunts, and almost as frequently misses his aim. The creature is too quick for him, and dives almost without making a bubble. Of course once in the pool it is seen no more.
Many tribes of Indians hunt the muskrat both for its flesh and skin.
They have peculiar modes of capturing it, of one of which the hunter-naturalist gave an account. A winter which he had spent at a fort in the neighbourhood of a settlement of Ojibways gave him an opportunity of witnessing this sport in perfection.
CHAPTER TEN.
A RAT-HUNT.
"Chingawa," began he, "a Chippeway or Ojibway Indian, better-known at the fort as `Old Foxey," was a noted hunter of his tribe. I had grown to be a favourite with him. My well-known pa.s.sion for the chase was a sort of masonic link between us; and our friendship was farther augmented by the present of an old knife for which I had no farther use.
The knife was not worth twopence of sterling money, but it made `Old Foxey" my best friend; and all his `hunter-craft"--the gatherings of about sixty winters--became mine.
"I had not yet been inducted into the mystery of `rat-catching," but the season for that `n.o.ble" sport at length arrived, and the Indian hunter invited me to join him in a muskrat hunt.
"Taking our `traps" on our shoulders, we set out for the place where the game was to be found. This was a chain of small lakes or ponds that ran through a marshy valley, some ten or twelve miles distant from the fort.
"The traps, or implements, consisted of an ice-chisel with a handle some five feet in length, a small pickaxe, an iron-pointed spear barbed only on one side, with a long straight shaft, and a light pole about a dozen feet in length, quite straight and supple.
"We had provided ourselves with a small stock of eatables as well as materials for kindling a fire--but no Indian is ever without these. We had also carried our blankets along with us, as we designed to make a night of it by the lakes.
"After trudging for several hours through the silent winter forests, and crossing both lakes and rivers upon the ice, we reached the great marsh.
Of course, this, as well as the lakes, was frozen over with thick ice; we could have traversed it with a loaded waggon and horses without danger of breaking through.
"We soon came to some dome-shaped heaps rising above the level of the ice. They were of mud, bound together with gra.s.s and flags, and were hardened by the frost. Within each of these rounded heaps, Old Foxey knew there was at least half a dozen muskrats--perhaps three times that number--lying snug and warm and huddled together.
"Since there appeared no hole or entrance, the question was how to get at the animals inside. Simply by digging until the inside should be laid open, thought I. This of itself would be no slight labour. The roof and sides, as my companion informed me, were three feet in thickness; and the tough mud was frozen to the hardness and consistency of a fire-brick. But after getting through this sh.e.l.l, where should we find the inmates? Why, most likely, we should not find them at all after all this labour. So said my companion, telling me at the same time that there were subterranean, or rather subaqueous, pa.s.sages, by which the muskrats would be certain to make off under the ice long before he had penetrated near them.
"I was quite puzzled to know how we should proceed. Not so Old Foxey.
He well knew what he was about, and pitching his traps down by one of the `houses," commenced operations.
"The one he had selected stood out in the lake, some distance from its edge. It was built entirely upon the ice; and, as the hunter well knew, there was a hole in its floor by which the animals could get into the water at will. How then was he to prevent them from escaping by the hole, while we removed the covering or roof? This was what puzzled me, and I watched his movements with interest.
"Instead of digging into the house, he commenced cutting a hole in the ice with his ice-chisel about two feet from the edge of the mud. That being accomplished, he cut another, and another, until four holes were pierced forming the corners of a square, and embracing the house of the muskrat within.
"Leaving this house, he then proceeded to pierce a similar set of holes around another that also stood out on the open lake. After that he went to a third one, and this and then a fourth were prepared in a similar manner.
"He now returned to the first, this time taking care to tread lightly upon the ice and make as little stir as possible. Having arrived there, he took out from his bag a square net made of twisted deer-thongs, and not much, bigger than a blanket. This in a most ingenious manner he pa.s.sed under the ice, until its four corners appeared opposite the four holes; where, drawing them through, he made all last and `taut" by a line stretching from one corner to the other.
"His manner of pa.s.sing the net under the ice I have p.r.o.nounced ingenious. It was accomplished by reeving a line from hole to hole by means of the long slender pole already mentioned. The pole, inserted through one of the holes, conducted the line, and was itself conducted by means of two forked sticks that guided it, and pushed it along to the other holes. The line being attached to the comers of the net made it an easy matter to draw the latter into its position.
"All the details of this curious operation were performed with a noiseless adroitness which showed `Old Foxey" was no novice at `rat-catching."
"The net being now quite taut along the lower surface of the ice, must of course completely cover the hole in the `floor." It followed, therefore, that if the muskrats were `at home," they were now `in the trap."
"My companion a.s.sured me that they would be found inside. The reason why he had not used the net on first cutting the holes, was to give any member of the family that had been frightened out, a chance of returning; and this he knew they would certainly do, as these creatures cannot remain very long under the water.
"He soon satisfied me of the truth of his statement. In a few minutes, by means of the ice-chisel and pickaxe, we had pierced the crust of the dome; and there, apparently half asleep,--because dazzled and blinded by the sudden influx of light--were no less than eight full-grown musquashes!
"Almost before I could count them, Old Foxey had transfixed the whole party, one after the other, with his long spear.
"We now proceeded to another of the houses, at which the holes had been cut. There my companion went through a similar series of operations; and was rewarded by a capture of six more `rats."
"In the third of the houses only three were found.
"On opening a fourth, a singular scene met our eyes. There was but, one muskrat alive, and that one seemed to be nearly famished to death. Its body was wasted to mere `skin and bone;" and the animal had evidently been a long time without food. Beside it lay the naked skeletons of several small animals that I at once saw were those of the muskrat. A glance at the bottom of the nest explained all. The hole, which in the other houses had pa.s.sed through the ice, and which we found quite open, in this one was frozen up. The animals had neglected keeping it open, until the ice had got too thick for them to break through; and then, impelled by the cravings of hunger, they had preyed upon each other, until only one, the strongest, survived!
"I found upon counting the skeletons that no less than eleven had tenanted this ice-bound prison.
"The Indian a.s.sured me that in seasons of very severe frost such an occurrence is not rare. At such times the ice forms so rapidly, that the animals--perhaps not having occasion to go out for some hours--find themselves frozen in; and are compelled to perish of hunger, or devour one another!
"It was now near night--for we had not reached the lake until late in the day--and my companion proposed that we should leave farther operations until the following morning. Of course I a.s.sented to the proposal, and we betook ourselves to some pine-trees that grew on a high bank near the sh.o.r.e, where we had determined to pa.s.s the night.
"There we kindled a roaring fire of pine-knots; but we had grown very hungry, and I soon found that of the provisions I had brought, and upon which I had already dined, there remained but a scanty fragment for supper. This did not trouble my companion, who skinned several of the `rats," gave them a slight warming over the fire, and then ate them up with as much _gout_ as if they had been partridges. I was hungry, but not hungry enough for that; so I sat watching him with some astonishment, and not without a slight feeling of disgust.
"It was a beautiful moonlight night, one of the clearest I ever remember. There was a little snow upon the ground, just enough to cover it; and up against the white sides of the hills could be traced the pyramidal outlines of the pines, with their regular gradations of dark needle-clothed branches. They rose on all sides around the lake, looking like ships with furled sails and yards square-set.
"I was in a reverie of admiration, when I was suddenly aroused by a confused noise, that resembled the howling and baying of hounds. I turned an inquiring look upon my companion.
"`Wolves!" he replied, unconcernedly, chawing away at his `roast rat."
"The howling sounded nearer and nearer; and then there was a rattling among dead trees, and the quickly-repeated `crunch, crunch," as of the hoofs of some animal breaking through frozen snow. The next moment a deer dashed past in full run, and took to the ice. It was a large buck, of the `Caribou" or reindeer species (_Cervus tarandus_), and I could see that he was smoking with heat, and almost run down.
"He had hardly pa.s.sed the spot when the howl again broke out in a continued strain, and a string of forms appeared from out the bushes.
They were about a dozen in all; and they were going at full speed like a pack of hounds on the view. Their long muzzles, erect ears, and huge gaunt bodies, were outlined plainly against the snowy ground. I saw that they were wolves. They were white wolves, and of the largest species.