[479] Aristotle, "Politics," I, 3-4.
[480] Plato, "The Laws," VI, p. 233.
[481] Cardinal Gibbons, "Our Christian Heritage," pp. 416-420.
[482] Cardinal Gibbons, "Our Christian Heritage," p. 432.
[483] Cardinal Gibbons, "Our Christian Heritage," pp. 429-430.
[484] P. Allard, "Les Esclaves Chretiens," p. 215.
[485] Cardinal Gibbons, _op. cit._, p. 436.
[486] Lecky, "History of European Morals," Vol. II, p. 76.
[487] St. Gregory I, "Letter VI."
[488] In treating of an early period of Spanish American history, undue importance seems to be given by some writers and historians, such as Bancroft, Robertson and Blyden, to the fact that Bartholomew de Las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, when before the Court of Charles V of Spain, in 1517, counseled that Negro slaves take the place of Indians, as he considered the Negroes a hardier race. Other reliable authorities, such as Fiske and Mac.n.u.tt, claim that Las Casas merely tolerated for a time, what already existed and what he could not prevent. All agree that Las Casas in later life bitterly regretted having approved of slavery under any form or condition whatever. John Fiske, in his "The Discovery of America," Vol. II, p. 458, says, "that the life work of Las Casas did much to diminish the volume of Negro slavery and the spiritual corruption attendant upon it." This non-Catholic writer furthermore declares that "when the work of Las Casas is deeply considered, we cannot make him anything else but an antagonist of human slavery in all its forms, and the mightiest and most effective antagonist, withal, that has ever lived." F. A. Mac.n.u.tt in his work "Bartholomew De Las Casas," page 98, speaks of him in like manner. In connection with Negro slavery in the West Indies it should be said that the famous Cardinal Ximenes, of Spain, had protested already in 1516 against the recruiting of Negro slaves in Africa as then carried on for the West Indies.
[489] Cardinal Gibbons, _op. cit._, p. 434.
[490] Leo XIII to the Bishops of Brazil in a Letter dated Rome, May 5, 1888. Among the strong opponents of slavery before and during the Civil War in America was the noted Catholic philosopher and publicist, Orestes A. Brownson. His views on slavery and allied questions are found in his "Works," Vol. XVII, edited by his son, Henry F. Brownson.
[491] Lecky, "History of Rationalism," Vol. II, pp. 31-32.
[492] Guizot, "History of Civilization," Lect. VI.
[493] Blyden, "Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race," p. 46. A recent work ent.i.tled "Slavery in Germanic Society During the Middle Ages," by Dr. Agnes Wergeland, late professor of history in the University of Wyoming, throws light on the work of the Church in behalf of the oppressed and enslaved. In the preface of this book Prof. J. F. Jameson, of the Carnegie Inst.i.tution of Washington, declares that "we cannot hope to attain a true understanding of American slavery in some of its essential aspects unless we are somehow made mindful of the history of slavery as a whole."
[494] Mark, 16-15.
[495] Details of this expedition are found in "The Franciscans in Arizona," by Fr. Zephyrim Englehardt, O.F.M.
[496] French "Historical Collections of Louisiana," Vol. III, p. 89.
[497] Russell, "Maryland, The Land of Sanctuary," p. 268.
[498] Woodson, "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," pp. 23-42.
[499] _African Repository_, XI, 294-295.
[500] Woodson, "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," pp. 99, 121.
[501] Johnston, "The Negro in the New World," pp. 142-401.
[502] Woodson, "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," p. 139, quoting Special Report of U. S. Com. of Ed., 1871, pp. 205-206.
[503] McElrone, Memoir to "Bishop England"s Works," Vol. I, XIV.
[504] Acts and Decrees of the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, p.
xxviii; also No. 484, p. 244.
[505] Acts and Decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, No.
239, p. 134.
[506] This brings to mind the fact that, in one burial lot in Calvary Cemetery, Memphis, Tennessee, lie the bodies of twenty-one priests and some fifty Catholic Sisters who fell victims of yellow fever, while nursing the sick during the great epidemics which raged in that city during 1873 and 1878.
[507] Reilly, "Life and Times of Cardinal Gibbons," Vol. II, p. 47.
[508] Riley, "Pa.s.sing Events in the Life of Cardinal Gibbons," App. X.
[509] Will, "Life of Cardinal Gibbons," p. 361.
[510] Judge Thomas Lee, in "America," p. 495, New York, March, 1917.
[511] Bragg, "Men of Maryland," p. 131.
[512] Riley, "Pa.s.sing Events in the Life of Cardinal Gibbons," p. 365.
DOc.u.mENTS
LETTERS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON BEARING ON THE NEGRO
In bringing together here the important expressions of George Washington reflecting his att.i.tude toward the Negro, no claim to the discovery of something new is made. Our aim is rather to publish these extracts in succinct form for the convenience of those who may be interested in this field. While it is to be regretted that we have not here a large collection of such materials, these are adequate to give one a better conception of what Washington thought about the Negro than can be usually obtained from secondary works.
Complying with the custom of transporting troublesome blacks to the West Indies,[513] Washington addressed Captain John Thompson the following July 2, 1766:
"_Sir:_
"With this letter comes a Negro (Tom), which I beg the favour of you to sell, in any of the Islands you may go to, for whatever he will fetch and bring me in return for him.
"One hhd of best mola.s.ses One ditto of best rum One barrell of lymes if good and cheap One pot of tamarinds containing about 10 Ibs.
Two small ditto of mixed sweetmeats about 5 lbs. each.
"And the residue, much or little, in good old spirits. That this fellow is both a rogue and a runaway (tho" he was by no means remarkable for the former, and never practiced the latter till of late) I shall not pretend to deny--But he is exceeding healthy, strong, and good at the hoe the whole neighbourhood can testifie and particularly M. Johnson and his son, who have both had him under them as foreman of the gang; which gives me reason to hope he may, with your good management, sell well, if kept clean and trim"d up a little when offered for sale.
"I shall cherfully allow you the customary commissions on this affair, and must beg the favour of you (least he shoud attempt his escape) to keep him handcuffd till you get to sea--or in the bay--after which I doubt not but you may make him very useful to you.
"I wish you a pleasant and prosperous pa.s.sage, and a safe and speedy return, being Sir
"Yr Yery Hble. Servt.
"Go. WASHINGTON."[514]
The question as to whether Washington wanted Negroes in the army has often been raised. Addressing a Committee of Congress January 28, 1778, Washington said in part: