[31] Moore, "Historical Notes," 4.
[32] Hamilton"s "Works," I, 76-78.
[33] Moore, "Historical Notes," 13.
[34] Madison"s Papers, 68.
[35] Letter of Hamilton to Jay, March 14, 1779; and Journals of the Continental Congress.
[36] Hening, Statutes at Large, IX, 280.
[37] Ibid., XI, 308, 309.
[38] Rhode Island Colonial Records, VIII, 640, 641.
[39] Ibid., 358-360.
[40] Moore, "Historical Notes," 19.
[41] Ma.n.u.scripts in the Archives of Ma.s.sachusetts, CXCIX, 80.
[42] Moore, "Historical Notes," 20.
[43] Laws of the State of New York, Chapter x.x.xII, Fourth Session.
[44] Sparks, "Correspondence of the American Revolution," III, 331.
[45] Moore, "Historical Notes," 20.
[46] Ibid., 21.
[47] Taking up the Southern situation, Hamilton in 1779 wrote Jay as follows:
"_Dear Sir_: Colonel Laurens, who will have the honor of delivering you this letter, is on his way to South Carolina, on a project which I think, in the present situation of affairs there, is a very good one, and deserves every kind of support and encouragement. This is, to raise two, three, or four battalions of negroes, with the a.s.sistance of the government of that State, by contributions from the owners, in proportion to the number they possess. If you should think proper to enter upon the subject with him, he will give you a detail of his plan. He wishes to have it recommended by Congress to the State; and, as an inducement, that they would engage to take their battalions into Continental pay.
"It appears to me, that an expedient of this kind, in the present state of Southern affairs, is the most rational that can be adopted, and promises very important advantages. Indeed, I hardly see how a sufficient force can be collected in that quarter without it: and the enemy"s operations there are growing infinitely serious and formidable. I have not the least doubt, that the negroes will make very excellent soldiers with proper management: and I will venture to p.r.o.nounce, that they cannot be put in better hands than those of Mr.
Laurens. He has all the zeal, intelligence, enterprise, and every other qualification, requisite to succeed in such an undertaking. It is a maxim with some great military judges, that, with sensible officers, soldiers can hardly be too stupid; and, on this principle, it is thought that the Russians would make the best soldiers in the world, if they were under other officers than their own. The King of Prussia is among the number who maintain this doctrine, and has a very emphatic saying on the occasion, which I do not exactly recollect. I mention this because I have frequently heard it objected to the scheme of embodying negroes, that they are too stupid to make soldiers. This is so far from appearing to me a valid objection, that I think their want of cultivation (for their natural faculties are as good as ours), joined to that habit of subordination which they acquire from a life of servitude will enable them sooner to become soldiers than our white inhabitants. Let officers be men of sense and sentiment, and the nearer the soldiers approach to machines, perhaps the better.
"I foresee that this project will have to combat much opposition from prejudice and self-interest. The contempt we have been taught to entertain for the blacks, makes us fancy many things that are founded neither in reason nor experience; and an unwillingness to part with property of so valuable a kind, will furnish a thousand arguments to show the impracticability, or pernicious tendency, of a scheme which requires such sacrifices. But it should be considered, that if we do not make use of them in this way, the enemy probably will; and that the best way to counteract the temptations they will hold out, will be to offer them ourselves. An essential part of the plan is, to give them their freedom with their swords. This will secure their fidelity, animate their courage, and, I believe, will have a good influence upon those who remain, by opening a door to their emanc.i.p.ation.
"This circ.u.mstance, I confess, has no small weight in inducing me to wish the success of the project; for the dictates of humanity and true policy equally interest me in favor of this unfortunate cla.s.s of men.
"While I am on the subject of Southern affairs, you will excuse the liberty I take in saying, that I do not think measures sufficiently vigorous are pursuing for our defence in that quarter. Except the few regular troops of South Carolina, we seem to be relying wholly on the militia of that and two neighboring States. These will soon grow impatient of service and leave our affairs in a miserable situation.
No considerable force can be uniformly kept up by militia, to say nothing of the many obvious and well-known inconveniences that attend this kind of troops. I would beg leave to suggest, sir, that no time ought to be lost in making a draught of militia to serve a twelve-month, from the States of North and South Carolina and Virginia. But South Carolina, being very weak in her population of whites, may be excused from the draught, on condition of furnishing the black battalions. The two others may furnish about three thousand five hundred men, and be exempted, on that account, from sending any succor to this army. The States to the northward of Virginia, will be fully able to give competent supplies to the army here; and it will require all the force and exertions of the three States I have mentioned, to withstand the storm which has arisen, and is increasing in the South.
"The troops draughted, must be thrown into battalions, and officered in the best possible manner. The best supernumerary officers may be made use of as far as they will go. If arms are wanted for their troops, and no better way of supplying them is to be found, we should endeavor to levy a contribution of arms upon the militia at large.
Extraordinary exigencies demand extraordinary means. I fear this Southern business will become a very _grave_ one.
"With the truest respect and esteem, I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
Alexander Hamilton."
[48] The resolutions of Congress were as follows:
"_Resolved_, That it be recommended to the States of South Carolina and Georgia, if they shall think the same expedient, to take measures immediately for raising three thousand able-bodied negroes.
"That the said negroes be formed into separate corps, as battalions, according to the arrangements adopted for the main army, to be commanded by white commissioned and non-commissioned officers.
"That the commissioned officers be appointed by the said States.
"That the non-commissioned officers may, if the said States respectively shall think proper, be taken from among the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the continental battalions of the said States respectively.
"That the Governors of the said States, together with the commanding officer of the Southern army, be empowered to incorporate the several continental battalions of their States with each other respectively, agreeably to the arrangement of the army, as established by the resolutions of May 27, 1778; and to appoint such of the supernumerary officers to command the said negroes, as shall choose to go into that service.
"_Resolved_, That Congress will make provision for paying the proprietors of such Negroes as shall be enlisted for the service of the United States during the war, a full compensation for the property, at a rate not exceeding one thousand dollars for each active, able-bodied negro man of standard size, not exceeding thirty-five years of age, who shall be so enlisted and pa.s.s muster.
"That no pay or bounty be allowed to the said negroes; but that they be clothed and subsisted at the expense of the United States.
"That every negro, who shall well and faithfully serve as a soldier to the end of the present war, and shall return his arms, be emanc.i.p.ated, and receive the sum of fifty dollars."
In connection with this Congress pa.s.sed also the following resolution:
"WHEREAS John Laurens, Esq., who has heretofore acted as aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief, is desirous of repairing to South Carolina, with a design to a.s.sist in defence of the Southern States:
"_Resolved_, That a commission of lieutenant-colonel be granted to the said John Laurens, Esq."
Journals of the Continental Congress, 1779, pp. 386, 418.
[49] Sparks, "Writings of Washington," VIII, 322, 323.
[50] Ford, "Washington"s Writings," VII, 371.
[51] Letter from the Adjutant General of the U.S. War Department.
[52] Schloezer"s "Briefwechsel," IV, 365.
[52a] The Washington Ma.n.u.scripts in the Library of Congress.
[53] "The Spirit of "76 in Rhode Island," 186-188.
[54] Sidney S. Rider, "An Historical Tract in the Rhode Island Series,"
No. 10.
[55] Marquis de Chastellux, "Travels," I, 454.
[56] Moore, "Historical Notes," 19.
[57] "The Spirit of Rhode Island in "76," 186-188.