2 Muhammad had no doubt heard that Jesus had promised a Paracletos, John xvi.
7. This t.i.tle, understood by him, probably from the similarity of sound, as equivalent to Periclytos, he applied to himself with reference to his own name Muhammad (i.e. praised, glorified) from the same root and of the same meaning as Ahmad, also one of the Prophet"s names. It may be here remarked that the name Muhammad, if p.r.o.nounced Muhammed, "might be understood by an Arab in an active instead of a pa.s.sive sense." (Lane, Kor. p. 52.) Other pa.s.sages of Scripture understood by Muslims of their Prophet are Deut.
x.x.xiii. 2, where Paran is said to mean Islam; Isai. xxi. 6, where the "rider on the a.s.s" is Jesus, the "rider on the camel" Muhammad; Matt. xx. 1-16, where the morning, noon, and even are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; John iv. 21; 1 John iv. 2, 3, where Muhammad is said to be "the spirit that is of G.o.d," because he proclaimed that Jesus was a true man and not G.o.d.
3 If this allude to a meditated attack on the Banu Nadir (see Sura [cii.]
lix.) we have a clue to the probable date of the Sura. The promise, however, may be general. But the tone of verse 9 evidently points to a period when, as at Medina, the prospects of Islam were becoming hopeful.
SURA LVII.-IRON [XCIX.]
MEDINA.1-29 Verses
In the Name of G.o.d, the Compa.s.sionate, the Merciful
ALL that is in the Heavens and in the Earth praiseth G.o.d, and He is the Mighty, the Wise!
His the Kingdom of the Heavens and of the Earth; He maketh alive and killeth; and He hath power over all things!
He is the first and the last; the Seen and the Hidden;2 and He knoweth all things!
It is He who in six days created the Heavens and the Earth, then ascended His throne. He knoweth that which entereth the earth, and that which goeth forth from it, and what cometh down from Heaven, and what mounteth up to it; and wherever ye are, He is with you; and G.o.d beholdeth all your actions!
His the kingdom of the Heavens and the Earth; and to G.o.d shall all things return!
He causeth the night to pa.s.s into the day, and He causeth the day to pa.s.s into the night: and He knoweth the very secrets of the bosom!
Believe in G.o.d and his apostle, and bestow in alms of that whereof G.o.d hath made you heirs: for whoever among you believe and give alms-their"s shall be a great recompense.
What hath come to you that ye believe not in G.o.d, although the apostle exhorteth you to believe in your Lord, and He hath accepted your alliance-if ye are true believers?
He it is who hath sent down clear tokens upon His servant, that He may bring you out of darkness into light; and truly, Kind, Merciful to you is G.o.d.
And what hath come to you that ye expend not for the cause of G.o.d? since the heritage of the Heavens and of the Earth is G.o.d"s only! Those among you who contributed before the victory, and fought, shall be differently treated from certain others among you! Such shall have a n.o.bler grade than those who contributed and fought after it. But a goodly recompense hath G.o.d promised to all; and G.o.d is fully informed of your actions.
Who is he that will lend a generous loan to G.o.d? So will He double it to him, and he shall have a n.o.ble reward.
One day thou shalt see the believers, men and women, with their light running before them, and on their right hand.3 The angels shall say to them, "Good tidings for you this day of gardens beneath whose shades the rivers flow, in which ye shall abide for ever!" This the great bliss!
On that day the hypocrites, both men and women, shall say to those who believe, "Tarry for us, that we may kindle our light at yours." It shall be said, "Return ye back, and seek light for yourselves." But between them shall be set a wall with a gateway, within which shall be the Mercy, and in front, without it, the Torment. They shall cry to them, "Were we not with you?" They shall say, "Yes! but ye led yourselves into temptation, and ye delayed, and ye doubted, and the good things ye craved deceived you, till the doom of G.o.d arrived:-and the deceiver deceived you in regard to G.o.d."
On that day, therefore, no ransom shall be taken from you or from those who believe not:-your abode the fire!-This shall be your master!4 and wretched the journey thither!
Hath not the time come, for those who believe, to humble their hearts at the warning of G.o.d and at the truth which he hath sent down? and that they be not as those to whom the Scriptures were given heretofore, whose lifetime was prolonged, but whose hearts were hardened, and many of them were perverse?
Know that G.o.d quickeneth the earth after its death! Now have we made these signs clear to you, that ye may understand.
Verily, they who give alms, both men and women, and they who lend a generous loan to G.o.d,-doubled shall it be to them-and they shall have a n.o.ble recompense.
And they who believed in G.o.d and his apostle are the men of truth, and the witnesses in the presence of their Lord;5 They shall have their recompense and their light: But as for the infidels, and those who give the lie to our signs, these shall be the inmates of h.e.l.l.
Know ye that this world"s life is only a sport, and pastime, and show, and a cause of vainglory among you! And the multiplying of riches and children is like the plants which spring up after rain-Their growth rejoiceth the husband-man; then they wither away, and thou seest them all yellow; then they become stubble. And in the next life is a severe chastis.e.m.e.nt,
Or else pardon from G.o.d and His satisfaction: and this world"s life is but a cheating fruition.6
Vie in hasting after pardon from your Lord, and Paradise-whose outspread is as the outspread of the Heaven and of the Earth: Prepared is it for those who believe in G.o.d and His apostles: Such is the bounty of G.o.d: to whom He will He giveth it: and of immense bounty is G.o.d!
No mischance chanceth either on earth or in your own persons, but ere we created them, it was in the Book;7-for easy is this to G.o.d-
Lest ye distress yourselves if good things escape you, and be over joyous for what falleth to your share. G.o.d loveth not the presumptuous, the boaster,
Who are covetous themselves and incite others to covetousness. But whose turneth away from almsgiving-Ah! G.o.d is the Rich, the Praiseworthy.
We have sent our apostles with the clear tokens, and we have caused the Book and the balance8 to descend with them, that men might observe fairness. And we have sent down IRON. Dire evil9 resideth in it, as well as advantage, to mankind! G.o.d would know who will a.s.sist Him and his apostle in secret.
Verily, G.o.d is Powerful, Strong.
And of old sent we Noah and Abraham, and on their seed conferred the gift of prophecy, and the Book; and some of them we guided aright; but many were evil doers.
Then we caused our apostles to follow in their footsteps; and we caused Jesus the son of Mary to follow them; and we gave him the Evangel,10 and we put into the hearts of those who followed him kindness and compa.s.sion: but as to the monastic life, they invented it themselves. The desire only of pleasing G.o.d did we prescribe to them, and this they observed not as it ought to have been observed: but to such of them as believed gave we their reward, though many of them were perverse.
O ye who believe! fear G.o.d and believe in his apostle: two portions of his mercy will He give you. He will bestow on you light to walk in, and He will forgive you: for G.o.d is Forgiving, Merciful;
That the people of the Book may know that they have no control over aught of the favours of G.o.d, and that these gifts of grace11 are in the hands of G.o.d, and that He vouchsafeth them to whom he will; for G.o.d is of immense bounty.
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1 The general tone of this Sura shews it to have been revealed at Medina, and from verse 22 it may be inferred that its true date lies between the battle of Ohod and the battle of the Ditch.
2 Lit. the exterior and the interior.
3 To guide them on their route to paradise.
4 Patronus. Mar. Beschutzer. Ullm. Or, what ye have deserved.
5 Against the infidels.
6 Supellex deceptionis. Mar.
7 Of our eternal decrees.
8 Brought by Gabriel to Noah, who imparted its use to his posterity. So say the commentators. But the expression seems rather to be figurative. Comp.
Sura lv. 6, p. 74.
9 Or, mighty warlike strength, but the ant.i.thesis requires the rendering given in the text. Comp. Gen. iv. 22, and Michna Tr. Aboth, 5, 9.
10 We are not to understand by the word Evangel the actual volume of the New Testament, or any one of its component parts, but rather the revelation made to Jesus by G.o.d himself, which Muhammad may have imagined to have been committed to writing subsequently, in the same way as his own Koran.
11 The word in the original is the same for favours, gifts of grace, bounty.
The reference is to the gift of prophecy (Beidh.) mentioned verse 27.