5. Ibid., 3690.
6. Ibid., 3605. Also see Jonathan Saltzman and Andrew Ryan, "Ex-Wife Testifies She Was Fooled," Boston Globe, June 3, 2009, www.boston.com/news/local/ma.s.sachusetts/articles/2009/06/03/rockefeller_ex_wife_testifies_she_was_fooled.
7. Ibid., 2099.
8. Ibid., 3551.
9. Ibid., 996.
10. Ibid., 4919.
11. Schoetz, "Amber Alert Off, Little Girl Still Missing."
12. Ben Waber made this point to me. Also see Ben Waber, People a.n.a.lytics: How Social Sensing Technology Will Transform Business and What It Tells Us About the Future of Work (Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press, 2013).
13. "David Rockefeller, Sr.," Forbes, last modified March 2013, www.forbes.com/profile/david-rockefeller-sr.
14. Seal, The Man in the Rockefeller Suit, 2198.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 2151.
17. Ibid.
18. For my account of the Clue party, I relied on ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Alex Pentland, Honest Signals: How They Shape Our World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008). Also see Alex Pentland, interview by Jennifer Robison, Gallup Business Journal, November 13, 2008, businessjournal.gallup.com/content/111766/news-flash-workplace-socializing-productive.aspx.
22. Watergate: A Brief History with Doc.u.ments, ed. Stanley I. Kutler (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing, 2010). I first came across the idea that conversations are often opaque in Daniel Menaker, A Good Talk: The Story and Skill of Conversation (New York: Twelve, 2010).
23. Waber, People a.n.a.lytics, 14.
24. Saltzman and Ryan, "Ex-Wife Testifies She Was Fooled."
25. Clark Rockefeller, interview by Maria Cramer, John R. Ellement, and Michael Levenson, Boston Globe, August 24, 2008, www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/08/24/im_not_quite_sure_what_im_supposed_to_remember_i_dont_lose_much_thought_over_it.
26. Seal, The Man in the Rockefeller Suit, 3923.
27. Waber, People a.n.a.lytics, 7880.
28. Ibid., 105.
29. Ibid., 174.
30. The Man in the Rockefeller Suit, 45754577.
31. Ibid.
32. Portions of the text in this section first appeared in Ulrich Boser, "We"re All Lying Liars: Why People Tell Lies, and Why White Lies Can Be OK," U.S. News and World Report, May 18, 2009, health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/brain-and-behavior/articles/2009/05/18/were-all-lying-liars-why-people-tell-lies-and-why-white-lies-can-be-ok.
33. Dan Ariely, The Honest Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone-Especially Ourselves (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 27. I exchanged emails with Ariely, who gave me a taped interview.
34. D"Vera Cohn, Paul Taylor, Mark Hugo Lopez, Catherine A. Gallagher, Kim Parker, and Kevin T. Maa.s.s, "Gun Homicide Rate Down 49% Since 1993 Peak; Public Unaware," Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends, May 7, 2013, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/07/gun-homicide-rate-down-49-since-1993-peak-public-unaware/.
35. "Uncut: FBI Video of Clark Rockefeller Interview," WCVBtv, YouTube, last modified June 9, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4A0mWp8dIA.
Chapter 4.
1. I interviewed Semugabo in May 2013. I also paid Semugabo fifty dollars to cover his transportation costs for my interview with him and for his follow-up interviews with my researcher.
2. For background on the genocide, I relied on a number of sources, including "Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda," Human Rights Watch, March 1, 1999, www.hrw.org/reports/1999/03/01/leave-none-tell-story, and Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (New York: Picador, 1998).
3. Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), 21.
4. "Relationships/s.e.x: Advice for Cheaters and Their Partners," Dr. Phil, accessed on September 11, 2013, www.drphil.com/articles/article/127.
5. "Bud Welch (USA)," The Forgiveness Project, March 29, 2010, theforgivenessproject.com/stories/bud-welch-usa. I first came across Welch"s story in Michael McCullough, Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct (San Francisco: Jossey-Ba.s.s, 2008).
6. Paul Tullis, "Can Forgiveness Play a Role in Criminal Justice?," New York Times, January 4, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/magazine/can-forgiveness-play-a-role-in-criminal-justice.html?pagewanted=all.
7. McCullough, Beyond Revenge, 14.
8. This is widely cited. I first came across the idea in Amy Sullivan, "Rwanda"s "Miracle" of Forgiveness," USA Today, February 15, 2010, usatoday30.usatoday.com/NEWS/usaedition/2010-02-15-column15_ST_U.htm.
9. The soap opera has been widely covered. I first came across it in Michael Kavanagh, "Love in the Time of Reconciliation," On the Media, July 6, 2007, Pete Rose and Rick Hill, My Prison Without Bars (Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 2000), 320. I first came across Rose"s story in Rick Hampson, "Can You Forgive Lance Armstrong?," USA Today, January 18, 2013, www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/01/17/forgive-lance-armstrong-redemption/1843073.
11. I interviewed Ervin Staub, professor of psychology emeritus at the University of Ma.s.sachusetts, Amherst, in December 2012. Also see Ervin Staub, The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
12. Elizabeth Paluck, "Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 3 (March 2009): 574587.
13. As cited in Gregory H. Stanton, Journal of Genocide Research 6, no. 2 (June 2004): 211228.
14. "Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes," Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation at the University of Florida, accessed on September 11, 2013, ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu/venomous_snake_faqs.shtml.
15. "Shark Attack Statistics," Oceana, oceana.org/en/our-work/protect-marine-wildlife/sharks/learn-act/shark-attack-statistics.
16. Amanda Ripley, The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes-and Why (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008), 33. Also see David Ropeik and George Gray, Risk: A Practical Guide for Deciding What"s Really Safe and What"s Really Dangerous in the World Around You (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002), Barry Gla.s.sner, Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things (New York: Perseus, 2010), and Bruce Schneier, "The Psychology of Security," Schneier on Security, accessed on September 11, 2013, www.schneier.com/essay-155.html#sdendnote29anc.
17. Ropeik and Gray, Risk, 2.
18. Elie Wiesel, Night, trans. Marion Wiesel (New York: Hill and w.a.n.g, 1972).
19. My account of Wiesel"s investment in the Madoff scheme-including Wiesel"s quotes-comes from "The Madoff Panel Transcript," Upstart Business Journal, February 26, 2009, upstart.bizjournals.com/executives/2009/02/26/Wiesel-and-Madoff-Transcript.html?page=all.
20. Tina Rosenberg, Join the Club: How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).
21. Andrew Howard, "Groupthink and Corporate Governance Reform: Changing the Formal and Informal Decisionmaking Processes of Corporate Boards," Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 20, no. 2 (January 2011): 425456.
22. G. S. Berns et al., "Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation," Biological Psychiatry 58, no. 3 (August 2005): 245253. Also see Sandra Blakeslee, "What Other People Say May Change What You See," New York Times, June 28, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/science/28brai.html.
23. Berns, "Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation."
24. Blakeslee, "What Other People Say May Change What You See."
25. Paul Rusesabagina, Tom Zoellner, An Ordinary Man: An Autobiography (New York: Penguin, 2007).
26. My account of Tajfel"s life relies on the work of Peter Robinson, Social Groups and Ident.i.ties: Developing the Legacy of Henri Tajfel (Oxford: b.u.t.terworth-Heinemann, 1996), and Henri Tajfel, Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
27. Henri Tajfel, "Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination," Scientific American 223 (1970): 96102.
28. Jeremy N. Bailenson and others, "Facial Similarity Between Voters and Candidates Causes Influence," Public Opinion Quarterly 72, no. 5 (2008): 935961.
29. Christie Nicholson, "How We Fool Ourselves Over and Over," Scientific American, June 19, 2010, www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=how-we-fool-ourselves-over-and-over-10-06-19.
30. Stanley Milgram, "Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority," Human Relations 18, no. 1 (February 1965): 5776.
31. "Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda"s Community-Based Gacaca Courts," Human Rights Watch, 2011, www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/rwanda0511webwcover_0.pdf.
32. "How Rwanda Judged Its Genocide," Africa Research Inst.i.tute, April 2012, www.africaresearchinst.i.tute.org/files/counterpoints/docs/How-Rwanda-judged-its-genocide-E6QODPW0KV.pdf.
33. Ibid.
34. Chuck Korr and Marvin Close, More Than Just a Game: Soccer vs. Apartheid: The Most Important Soccer Story Ever Told (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008).
35. Lynne Duke, "Apartheid-Era Jail Restored as a Monument," Washington Post, January 27, 1997, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/africa/jan/31/sajail.htm.
36. Jere Longman, "Origins of Tournament in an Infamous Prison," New York Times, July 5, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/sports/soccer/06robben.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
37. Korr and Close, More Than Just a Game, 27.
38. Marcy R. Podkopacz, Deborah A. Eckberg, and Keri Zehm, "Drug Court Defendant Experience and Fairness Study," Fourth Judicial District of the State of Minnesota (June 2004), www.mncourts.gov/Doc.u.ments/4/Public/Research/Drug_Court_Fairness_Report%282004%29.pdf.
39. I interviewed Fredrik Kazigwemo in May 2013. I donated fifty dollars to the Reconciliation Village at the request of one of the village"s staff.
40. Zack Baddorf, "Reconciliation Village Hosts Victims, Perpetrators of Rwandan Genocide," Voice of America, September 17, 2010, www.voanews.com/content/reconciliation-village-hosts-victims-prepetrators-of-rwandan-genocide-103207594/155845.html.
41. Peter H. Kim and others, "Removing the Shadow of Suspicion: The Effects of Apology Versus Denial for Repairing Competence- Versus Integrity-Based Trust Violations," Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 1 (February 2004): 104118. I also interviewed Kim, a.s.sociate professor of management and organization at the USC Marshall School of Business, in December 2012.
42. Carol Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Ballantine Books, 2008). Also see "Brainology: Transforming Students" Motivation to Learn," Independent School Magazine, Winter 2008, www.nais.org/Magazines-Newsletters/ISMagazine/Pages/Brainology.aspx.
43. Dweck, Mindset, 152.
44. J. A., "Speed Is Not Everything," Economist, January 2, 2013, www.economist.com/blogs/theworldin2013/2013/01/fastest-growing-economies-2013.
45. Marc Sommers, "The Darling Dictator of the Day," New York Times, May 27, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/05/28/opinion/Paul-Kagame-The-Darling-Dictator-of-the-day.html.
46. "Former President Clinton Announces Winners of the Third Annual Clinton Global Citizen Awards," Clinton Global Initiative, September 23, 2009, press.clintonglobalinitiative.org/press_releases/former-president-clinton-announces-winners-of-the-third-annual-clinton-global-citizen-awards.
47. Jeffrey Gettleman, "Rwanda Pursues Dissenters and the Homeless," New York Times, April 30, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/05/01/world/africa/01rwanda.html.
48. Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), 83.
49. Dietlind Stolle, Stuart Soroka, and Richard Johnston, "When Does Diversity Erode Trust? Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions," Political Studies 56, no. 1 (March 2008): 5775.
50. Bruno Frey, "Crowding Out and Crowding In of Intrinsic Preferences," in Reflexive Governance for Global Public Goods, eds. Eric Brousseau, Tom Dedeurwaerdere, and Bernd Siebenhuner (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).
Chapter 5.
1. My account of the first football game relies on two sources: "Rutgers 6 Princeton 4 College Field, New Brunswick, NJ," Scarlet Knights, accessed on September 11, 2013, scarletknights.com/football/history/first-game.asp, and Allen Barra, "The First Down, Ever," Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2009, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703932904574511921170497590.html.
2. "In His Own Words: Quotes by Lombardi," ESPN Cla.s.sic, accessed on September 11, 2013, espn.go.com/cla.s.sic/quotes_Lombardi.html.
3. Bill Walsh, Steve Jamison, and Craig Walsh, The Score Takes Care of Itself: My Philosophy of Leadership (New York: Portfolio Trade, 2010), 85.
4. Paul Zimmerman, "Revolutionaries," Sports Ill.u.s.trated, August 17, 1998, sportsill.u.s.trated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1013561/5/index.htm.
5. My account relies on Gary Myers, The Catch: One Play, Two Dynasties, and the Game That Changed the NFL (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009), and David Harris, The Genius: How Bill Walsh Reinvented Football and Created an NFL Dynasty (New York: Random House, 2008). Also see video footage of the game online: "49ers: Remember the Catch (Montana to Dwight Clark)," YouTube, May 24, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBHjtcr7wQM.
6. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.
7. Walsh, Jamison, and Walsh, The Score Takes Care of Itself, 28.
8. Ibid., 131.
9. Ibid., 113.
10. Harris, The Genius, 81.
11. This anecdote comes from Walsh, Jamison, and Walsh, The Score Takes Care of Itself, 34.