[Pageheading: NEW YEAR WISHES]
_Queen Victoria to the King of the Belgians._
WINDSOR CASTLE, _31st December 1852._
MY DEAREST UNCLE,--On _this_, the last day of the old year, allow me to offer my most ardent wishes for _many_ and happy returns of the New Year to you and yours. May it be one of peace and prosperity to us _all_, and may we have the happiness of seeing _you_ again. May we still hope to see you this _winter_ or not?
Our Government is very satisfactorily settled. To have my faithful friend Aberdeen as Prime Minister is a great happiness and comfort for me personally. Lord Palmerston is terribly altered, and all his friends think him breaking. He walks with two sticks, and seemed in great suffering at the Council, I thought. I must now conclude. Ever your devoted Niece,
VICTORIA R.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
TO CHAPTER XXII
The opening of the year 1853 saw a strong Coalition Ministry in power; the necessity of a cordial understanding with France was obvious, but bitter and indiscreet attacks on the Emperor of the French were made by certain members of the Government, for which Mr Disraeli took them severely to task. Lord John Russell, who had been appointed Foreign Secretary, resigned that office in February, in favour of Lord Clarendon, being unable to bear the twofold burden of the Leadership of the House and the Foreign Office. Though the arrangement was questioned, he continued during the year to lead the House without office. A Canadian Clergy Reserves Bill, an India Bill, introducing compet.i.tive examination into the Civil Service, and various measures of Metropolitan improvement were pa.s.sed. A more important feature of the Session was Mr Gladstone"s first Budget, dealing comprehensively with the Income Tax, and imposing a duty on successions to real property.
The Eastern Question, however, overshadowed all other interests. For some time a dispute had existed between the Latin and Greek Churches as to the guardianship of the Holy Places (including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre) in Palestine. After long negotiations between the French and Russian Governments, as representing these Churches, an indecisive judgment was p.r.o.nounced by the Porte, which, however, so incensed Russia that she began to make warlike demonstrations, and sent Prince Menschikoff to Constantinople to make peremptory requisitions as to the Holy Places.
In the meanwhile, the Czar had made confidential overtures to Sir Hamilton Seymour, the British Amba.s.sador at St Petersburg, representing the Sultan as a very "sick man," and suggesting that, on the dissolution of his Empire, a concerted disposal of the Turkish dominions should be made by England and Russia; these conversations were reported at once to the British Government. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, who had been sent to represent British interests at Constantinople, arrived there after Prince Menschikoff, and a settlement of the disputes as to the Holy Places was then easily effected, Lord Stratford insisting on this question being kept independent of any other issue. But Prince Menschikoff had come to the conference with instructions to keep an ulterior object in view, namely, to advance a claim, by means of a strained interpretation of the Treaty of Kainardji of 1774, of a Russian protectorate over the Christian subjects of the Sultan. Influenced by Lord Stratford, the Porte rejected the claim, and, in retaliation, the Czar occupied the Danubian Princ.i.p.alities of Wallachia and Moldavia, characterising the step not as an act of war, but a material guarantee of Russia"s just rights. The French Emperor, anxious to divert the attention of his subjects from domestic politics, was making preparations for war; and similar preparations were also being made in England.
Negotiations took place between the Powers with a view of averting war, and a doc.u.ment known as the Vienna Note, to which Great Britain and France were parties, and which Russia accepted, was proffered to the Sultan: again Lord Stratford interposed to prevent its acceptance, and, when the Russian Government subsequently announced its own interpretation of the Note, it was apparent that the Western Powers had been mistaken as to its purport.
An Ultimatum, requiring the evacuation of the Princ.i.p.alities, was sent by the Porte to Russia and rejected: war broke out, and the first encounter at Oltenitza, on the 4th of November, resulted in favour of Turkey. Meanwhile both the British and French fleets had been sent to the East, and, on the declaration of war, the British Admiral was instructed to take any action he thought fit to prevent Russian aggression on Turkish territory. On the 30th of November the Turkish Fleet in Sinope Harbour was destroyed by the Russian squadron, this occurrence provoking profound indignation in England, though it had been urged both within the Cabinet and outside that the despatch of the combined Western Fleets through the Dardanelles was more likely to appear as a defiance to Russia than a support to Turkey.
Earlier in the year Lord Aberdeen had desired to retire, but enquiry soon disclosed that Lord John Russell no longer had the influence necessary to form a Ministry, and in the face of danger Lord Aberdeen remained at his post. But there were sharp dissensions in the Cabinet, especially between Lord Palmerston, representing the anti-Russian party, on the one hand, and on the other Lord Aberdeen, who distrusted the Turks, and Mr Gladstone, who disavowed any obligation to uphold the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. In December, Lord Palmerston resigned office, the ostensible reason being his opposition to the contemplated Reform Bill of the Government. The real cause was his opinion that apathy was being shown by his colleagues in reference to the Eastern Question; however, after arrangements had been made for replacing him, he was, at his own desire, re-admitted to the Cabinet.
CHAPTER XXII
1853
_Queen Victoria to the King of the Belgians._
WINDSOR CASTLE, _4th January 1853._
MY DEAREST UNCLE,--... Our new Government will really, I think, command a large support, and, I trust, be of duration, which is a great object. Their only difficulty will be the Budget.
The coldness and tardiness of the Northern Powers in recognising _our_ new _bon Frere_ annoys him very much, and produces a bad effect in France. I don"t think it is wise. Unnecessary irritation may produce _real_ mischief. To squabble about _how_ to call him, after having praised and supported him after the _Coup d"etat_, seems to me very _kleinlich_ and inconsistent, and I think our conduct throughout has been much more dignified....
I have read with pleasure the loyal addresses of the Chambers, and with peculiar satisfaction the allusion to Leopold"s visit to England.
Let him and Philippe come here often and regularly, and let them study this country and her laws _a fond_--it will do them more good than all the studying and reading in the world. They all three express most warmly to us their hopes of returning to us soon. Do let us have the hope of seeing you in February. It would be delightful!... I must now wish you good-bye. Ever your devoted Niece,
VICTORIA R.
[Pageheading: HEADMASTERSHIP OF ETON]
_The Earl of Aberdeen to Queen Victoria._
LONDON, _9th January 1853._
... Lord Aberdeen also begs to mention to your Majesty that he saw Dr Hawtrey yesterday and in signifying your Majesty"s gracious intentions[1] towards him, took an opportunity of expressing in very strong terms the great importance of the choice of his successor as Headmaster of Eton, and described the requisite qualifications for such a situation, as well as the objections to which some appointments might be liable. Lord Aberdeen was perfectly understood by Dr Hawtrey, although no name was mentioned; and the subject was regarded as being of the utmost importance, not only to the school itself, but to the nation at large.
[Footnote 1: Dr E. C. Hawtrey was advanced to the Provostship of Eton upon the death of the Rev. Francis Hodgson. Dr C. O.
Goodford succeeded to the Headmastership.]
[Pageheading: MARRIAGE OF EMPEROR NAPOLEON]
_Lady Augusta Bruce to the d.u.c.h.ess of Kent._
RUE DE VARENNES 65, _31st January 1853._
DEAREST MADAME,--I fear that I shall not be able to add much to the newspaper account of yesterday"s ceremony,[2] for it was one the impression of which is best conveyed by a simple and accurate description of the scene, and of those arrangements and details which combined to render its effect gorgeous and dazzling. Apart, however, from the historical interest attached to it as one of the very curious acts of the extraordinary Drama now enacting in France, the impression produced was one that would be called forth by a magnificent theatrical representation, and little more. This seemed to be the public feeling, for though mult.i.tudes thronged the streets, the day being dry, they appeared to be animated by curiosity chiefly, and that _sober_ curiosity which now characterises the people of Paris, wearied as they are of _novelty_ and excitement. As far as one can judge, it does not seem that the lower orders take much interest in this marriage; the ambition and vanity of _his_ partisans have been wounded by it, and, of course, his enemies do not scruple to calumniate and slander the unfortunate object of his choice disgracefully.
It is very difficult to ascertain anything like truth as regards her, but her beauty and engaging manners will, it is thought by many, gain for her, for a time at least, a greater amount of popularity than his friends who now blame the marriage expect. That he is pa.s.sionately in love with her no one doubts, and his countenance on late occasions, as well as yesterday, wore a radiant and joyous expression very unusual.
She, on the contrary, showed a considerable amount of nervousness at the Civil Marriage, and was as pale as death yesterday--however, even with the high and determined spirit she is supposed to have, this might be expected. Lady Cowley had been kind enough to send us an invitation, of which we were tempted to avail ourselves.[3] Nothing could be more splendid than the decorations of the Cathedral--velvet and ermine--gold and silver--flags and hangings of all colours were combined and harmonised with the splendid costumes of the Clergy, the uniforms, civil and military, and the magnificent dresses of the ladies. The greatest mistake was the _conflict_ of lights--the windows not having been darkened, though countless thousands of wax candles were lighted. The music was very fine.... The object of our neighbours seemed to be to scan and criticise the dress of the Bride, and the wonderful penetration and accuracy of their eagle glances was to us something incredible! Certainly, though unable ourselves at such a distance to appreciate the details of her dress or the expression of her countenance, we saw her distinctly enough to be able to say that a more lovely _coup d"[oe]il_ could not be conceived. Her beautifully chiselled features and marble complexion, her n.o.bly _set-on head_, her exquisitely proportioned figure and graceful carriage were most striking, and the whole was like a Poet"s Vision! I believe she is equally beautiful when seen close, but at a distance at which we saw her the effect was something more than that of a lovely picture, it was aerial, ideal. On the cla.s.sically shaped head she wore a diamond crown or diadem, round her waist a row of magnificent diamonds to correspond, and the same as tr.i.m.m.i.n.g round the "basques" of her gown.
Then a sort of cloud or mist of transparent lace enveloped her, which had the effect of that for which, when speaking of the hills in Scotland, Princess Hohenlohe could find no English word, "_Duft_." I hope your Royal Highness will not think me very much carried by what pleases the eye. I felt all the while that one could view the matter but as an outside show; as such, in as far as she was concerned, it was exquisitely beautiful--and I suppose that a sort of national prejudice made me attribute the grace and dignity of the scene, for what there was of either came from her, to the blood of _Kirkpatrick!!!_
The carriages were ugly and the Procession by no means fine, and those in which the Bridal party afterwards travelled to St Cloud, were driven by individuals in the famous theatrical costume of the well-known "Postillon de Longjumeau!"[4]
[Footnote 2: The Emperor of the French was married to Mademoiselle Eugenie de Montijo on the 29th of January.
William Kirkpatrick, her maternal grandfather, had been a merchant and American Consul at Malaga, and had there married Francoise de Grivegnec. Their third daughter, Maria Manuela, married, in 1817, the Count de Teba, a member of an ill.u.s.trious Spanish family, who in 1834 succeeded his brother as Count de Montijo, and died in 1839. His widow held an influential social position at Madrid, and her elder daughter married the Duke of Alba in 1844, while she herself, with Eugenie, her younger daughter, settled in Paris in 1851.]
[Footnote 3: Lord Cowley had been specifically instructed by the Government to attend the marriage and be presented to the Empress.]
[Footnote 4: A comic opera, written by Adolphe Adam, and performed at Paris in 1836.]