Such, so far as we can represent it, is the form in which Schiller"s life and works have gradually painted their character in the mind of a secluded individual, whose solitude he has often charmed, whom he has instructed, and cheered, and moved. The original impression, we know, was faint and inadequate, the present copy of it is still more so; yet we have sketched it as we could: the figure of Schiller, and of the figures he conceived and drew are there; himself, "and in his hand a gla.s.s which shows us many more." To those who look on him as we have wished to make them, Schiller will not need a farther panegyric. For the sake of Literature, it may still be remarked, that his merit was peculiarly due to her. Literature was his creed, the dictate of his conscience; he was an Apostle of the Sublime and Beautiful, and this his calling made a hero of him. For it was in the spirit of a true man that he viewed it, and undertook to cultivate it; and its inspirations constantly maintained the n.o.blest temper in his soul. The end of Literature was not, in Schiller"s judgment, to amuse the idle, or to recreate the busy, by showy spectacles for the imagination, or quaint paradoxes and epigrammatic disquisitions for the understanding: least of all was it to gratify in any shape the selfishness of its professors, to minister to their malignity, their love of money, or even of fame. For persons who degrade it to such purposes, the deepest contempt of which his kindly nature could admit was at all times in store. "Unhappy mortal!" says he to the literary tradesman, the man who writes for gain, "Unhappy mortal, who with science and art, the n.o.blest of all instruments, effectest and attemptest nothing more than the day-drudge with the meanest; who, in the domain of perfect Freedom, bearest about in thee the spirit of Slave!" As Schiller viewed it, genuine Literature includes the essence of philosophy, religion, art; whatever speaks to the immortal part of man. The daughter, she is likewise the nurse of all that is spiritual and exalted in our character. The boon she bestows is truth; truth not merely physical, political, economical, such as the sensual man in us is perpetually demanding, ever ready to reward, and likely in general to find; but truth of moral feeling, truth of taste, that inward truth in its thousand modifications, which only the most ethereal portion of our nature can discern, but without which that portion of it languishes and dies, and we are left divested of our birthright, thenceforward "of the earth earthy," machines for earning and enjoying, no longer worthy to be called the Sons of Heaven. The treasures of Literature are thus celestial, imperishable, beyond all price: with her is the shrine of our best hopes, the palladium of pure manhood; to be among the guardians and servants of this is the n.o.blest function that can be intrusted to a mortal. Genius, even in its faintest scintillations, is "the inspired gift of G.o.d;" a solemn mandate to its owner to go forth and labour in his sphere, to keep alive "the sacred fire" among his brethren, which the heavy and polluted atmosphere of this world is forever threatening to extinguish. Woe to him if he neglect this mandate, if he hear not its small still voice! Woe to him if he turn this inspired gift into the servant of his evil or ign.o.ble pa.s.sions; if he offer it on the altar of vanity, if he sell it for a piece of money!
"The Artist, it is true," says Schiller, "is the son of his age; but pity for him if he is its pupil, or even its favourite! Let some beneficent Divinity s.n.a.t.c.h him when a suckling from the breast of his mother, and nurse him with the milk of a better time; that he may ripen to his full stature beneath a distant Grecian sky. And having grown to manhood, let him return, a foreign shape, into his century; not, however, to delight it by his presence; but terrible, like the Son of Agamemnon, to purify it. The Matter of his works he will take from the present; but their Form he will derive from a n.o.bler time, nay from beyond all time, from the absolute unchanging unity of his nature. Here from the pure aether of his spiritual essence, flows down the Fountain of Beauty, uncontaminated by the pollutions of ages and generations, which roll to and fro in their turbid vortex far beneath it. His Matter caprice can dishonour as she has enn.o.bled it; but the chaste Form is withdrawn from her mutations. The Roman of the first century had long bent the knee before his Caesars, when the statues of Rome were still standing erect; the temples continued holy to the eye, when their G.o.ds had long been a laughing-stock; and the abominations of a Nero and a Commodus were silently rebuked by the style of the edifice which lent them its concealment. Man has lost his dignity, but Art has saved it, and preserved it for him in expressive marbles.
Truth still lives in fiction, and from the copy the original will be restored.
"But how is the Artist to guard himself from the corruptions of his time, which on every side a.s.sail him? By despising its decisions. Let him look upwards to his dignity and his mission, not downwards to his happiness and his wants. Free alike from the vain activity, that longs to impress its traces on the fleeting instant; and from the discontented spirit of enthusiasm, that measures by the scale of perfection the meagre product of reality, let him leave to _common sense_, which is here at home, the province of the actual; while _he_ strives from the union of the possible with the necessary to bring out the ideal. This let him imprint and express in fiction and truth, imprint it in the sport of his imagination and the earnest of his actions, imprint it in all sensible and spiritual forms, and cast it silently into everlasting Time."[40]
[Footnote 40: _uber die aesthetische Erziehung des Menschen._]
Nor were these sentiments, be it remembered, the mere boasting manifesto of a hot-brained inexperienced youth, entering on literature with feelings of heroic ardour, which its difficulties and temptations would soon deaden or pervert: they are the calm principles of a man, expressed with honest manfulness, at a period when the world could compare them with a long course of conduct. In this just and lofty spirit, Schiller undertook the business of literature; in the same spirit he pursued it with unflinching energy all the days of his life.
The common, and some uncommon, difficulties of a fluctuating and dependent existence could not quench or abate his zeal: sickness itself seemed hardly to affect him. During his last fifteen years, he wrote his n.o.blest works; yet, as it has been proved too well, no day of that period could have pa.s.sed without its load of pain.[41] Pain could not turn him from his purpose, or shake his equanimity: in death itself he was _calmer and calmer_. Nor has he gone without his recompense. To the credit of the world it can be recorded, that their suffrages, which he never courted, were liberally bestowed on him: happier than the mighty Milton, he found "fit hearers," even in his lifetime, and they were not "few." His effect on the mind of his own country has been deep and universal, and bids fair to be abiding: his effect on other countries must in time be equally decided; for such n.o.bleness of heart and soul shadowed forth in beautiful imperishable emblems, is a treasure which belongs not to one nation, but to all. In another age, this Schiller will stand forth in the foremost rank among the master-spirits of his century; and be admitted to a place among the chosen of all centuries. His works, the memory of what he did and was, will rise afar off like a towering landmark in the solitude of the Past, when distance shall have dwarfed into invisibility the lesser people that encompa.s.sed him, and hid him from the near beholder.
[Footnote 41: On a surgical inspection of his body after death, the most vital organs were found totally deranged.
"The structure of the lungs was in great part destroyed, the cavities of the heart were nearly grown up, the liver had become hard, and the gall-bladder was extended to an extraordinary size." _Doering._]
On the whole, we may p.r.o.nounce him happy. His days pa.s.sed in the contemplation of ideal grandeurs, he lived among the glories and solemnities of universal Nature; his thoughts were of sages and heroes, and scenes of elysian beauty. It is true, he had no rest, no peace; but he enjoyed the fiery consciousness of his own activity, which stands in place of it for men like him. It is true, he was long sickly; but did he not even then conceive and body-forth Max Piccolomini, and Thekla, and the Maid of Orleans, and the scenes of _Wilhelm Tell_? It is true, he died early; but the student will exclaim with Charles XII. in another case, "Was it not enough of life when he had conquered kingdoms?" These kingdoms which Schiller conquered were not for one nation at the expense of suffering to another; they were soiled by no patriot"s blood, no widow"s, no orphan"s tear: they are kingdoms conquered from the barren realms of Darkness, to increase the happiness, and dignity, and power, of all men; new forms of Truth, new maxims of Wisdom, new images and scenes of Beauty, won from the "void and formless Infinite;" a ?t?a e? a?e?, "a possession forever," to all the generations of the Earth.
SUPPLEMENT OF 1872.
HERR SAUPE"S BOOK.
[NOTE IN PEOPLE"S EDITION.]
In the end of Autumn last a considerately kind old Friend of mine brought home to me, from his Tour in Germany, a small Book by a Herr Saupe, one of the Head-masters of Gera High-School,-Book ent.i.tled "Schiller and His Father"s Household,"[42]-of which, though it has been before the world these twenty years and more, I had not heard till then. The good little Book,-an altogether modest, lucid, exact and amiable, though not very lively performance, offering new little facts about the Schiller world, or elucidations and once or twice a slight correction of the old,-proved really interesting and instructive; awoke, in me especially, multifarious reflections, mournfully beautiful old memories;-and led to farther readings in other Books touching on the same subject, particularly in these three mentioned below,[43]-the first two of them earlier than Saupe"s, the third later and slightly corrective of him once or twice;-all which agreeably employed me for some weeks, and continued to be rather a pious recreation than any labour.
[Footnote 42: _Schiller und sein Vaterliches Haus._ Von Ernst Julius Saupe, Subconrector am Gymnasium zu Gera. Leipzig: Verlagsbuchhandlung von J. J. Weber, 1851.]
[Footnote 43: _Schiller"s Leben von Gustav Schwab_ (Stuttgart, 1841).
_Schiller"s Leben, verfa.s.st aus_, &c. By Caroline von Wolzogen, _born_ von Lengefeld (Schiller"s Sister-in-law): Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1845.
_Schiller"s Beziehungen zu Eltern, Geschwistern und der Familie von Wolzogen, aus den Familien-Papieren._ By Baroness von Gleichen (Schiller"s youngest Daughter) and Baron von Wolzogen (her Cousin): Stuttgart, 1859.]
To this accident of Saupe"s little Book there was, meanwhile, added another not less unexpected: a message, namely, from Bibliopolic Head-quarters that my own poor old Book on Schiller was to be reprinted, and that in this "_People"s Edition_" it would want (on deduction of the German Piece by Goethe, which had gone into the "_Library Edition_," but which had no fitness here) some sixty or seventy pages for the proper size of the volume. _Saupe_, which I was still reading, or idly reading-about, offered the ready expedient:-and here accordingly _Saupe_ is. I have had him faithfully translated, and with some small omissions or abridgments, slight transposals here and there for clearness" sake, and one or two elucidative patches, gathered from the three subsidiary Books already named, all duly distinguished from Saupe"s text;-whereby the gap or deficit of pages is well filled up, almost of its own accord. And thus I can now certify that, in all essential respects, the authentic _Saupe_ is here made accessible to English readers as to German; and hope that to many lovers of Schiller among us, who are likely to be lovers also of humbly beautiful Human Worth, and of such an unconsciously n.o.ble scene of Poverty made _richer_ than any California, as that of the elder Schiller Household here manifests, it may be a welcome and even profitable bit of reading.
Chelsea, Nov. 1872.
T. C.
SAUPE"S
"SCHILLER AND HIS FATHER"S HOUSEHOLD."
I. THE FATHER.
"Schiller"s Father, Johann Caspar Schiller, was born at Bittenfeld, a parish hamlet in the ancient part of Wurtemberg, a little north of Waiblingen, on the 27th October 1723. He had not yet completed his tenth year when his Father, Johannes Schiller, _Schultheiss_, "Petty Magistrate," of the Village, and by trade a Baker, died, at the age of fifty-one. Soon after which the fatherless Boy, hardly fitted out with the most essential elements of education, had to quit school, and was apprenticed to a Surgeon; with whom, according to the then custom, he was to learn the art of "Surgery;" but in reality had little more to do than follow the common employment of a Barber.
"After completing his apprenticeship and proof-time, the pushing young lad, eager to get forward in the world, went, during the Austrian-Succession War, in the year 1745, with a Bavarian Hussar Regiment, as "Army-Doctor," into the Netherlands. Here, as his active mind found no full employment in the practice of his Art, he willingly undertook, withal, the duties of a sub-officer in small military enterprises. On the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, when a part of this Regiment was disbanded, and Schiller with them, he returned to his homeland; and set himself down in Marbach, a pleasant little country town on the Neckar, as practical Surgeon there. Here, in 1749, he married the Poet"s Mother; then a young girl of sixteen: Elisabetha Dorothea, born at Marbach in the year 1733, the daughter of a respectable townsman, Georg Friedrich Kodweis, who, to his trade of Baker adding that of Innkeeper and Woodmeasurer, had gathered a little fortune, and was at this time counted well-off, though afterwards, by some great inundation of the Neckar," date not given, "he was again reduced to poverty. The brave man by this unavoidable mischance came, by degrees, so low that he had to give-up his house in the Market-Place, and in the end to dwell in a poor hut, as Porter at one of the Toll-Gates of Marbach. Elisabetha was a comely girl to look upon; slender, well-formed, without quite being tall; the neck long, hair high-blond, almost red, brow broad, eyes as if a little sorish, face covered with freckles; but with all these features enlivened by a soft expression of kindliness and good-nature.
"This marriage, for the first eight years, was childless; after that, they gradually had six children, two of whom died soon after birth; the Poet Schiller was the second of these six, and the only Boy. The young couple had to live in a very narrow, almost needy condition, as neither of them had any fortune; and the Husband"s business could hardly support a household. There is still in existence a legal Marriage Record and Inventory, such as is usual in these cases, which estimates the money and money"s worth brought together by the young people at a little over 700 gulden (70_l._). Out of the same Inventory, one sees, by the small value put upon the surgical instruments, and the outstanding debts of patients, distinctly enough, that Caspar Schiller"s practice, at that point of time, did not much exceed that of a third-cla.s.s Surgeon, and was scarcely adequate, as above stated, to support the thriftiest household. And therefore it is not surprising that Schiller, intent on improving so bare a position, should, at the breaking-out of the Seven-Years War, have anew sought a military appointment, as withal more fit for employing his young strength and ambitions.
"In the beginning of the year 1757 he went, accordingly, as Ensign and Adjutant, into the Wurtemberg Regiment Prince Louis; which in several of the campaigns in the Seven-Years War belonged to an auxiliary corps of the Austrian Army."-Was he at the _Ball of Fulda_, one wonders?
Yes, for certain! He was at the Ball of Fulda (tragi-comical Explosion of a Ball, _not_ yet got to the dancing-point); and had to run for life, as his Duke, in a highly-ridiculous manner, had already done.
And, again, tragically, it is certain that he stood on the fated Austrian left-wing at the _Battle of Leuthen_; had his horse shot under him there, and was himself nearly drowned in a quagmire, struggling towards Breslau that night.[44]
[Footnote 44: See _Life of Friedrich_ (Book xix. chap. 8; Book xviii. chap. 10), and Schiller Senior"s rough bit of Autobiography, called "_Meine Lebensgeschichte_," in _Schiller"s Beziehungen zu Eltern, Geschwistern und der Familie von Wolzogen_ (mentioned above), p. 1 et seqq.]
"In Bohemia this Corps was visited by an infectious fever, and suffered by the almost pestilential disorder a good deal of loss. In this bad time, Schiller, who by his temperance and frequent movement in the open air had managed to retain perfect health, showed himself very active and helpful; and cheerfully undertook every kind of business in which he could be of use. He attended the sick, there being a scarcity of Doctors; and served at the same time as Chaplain to the Regiment, so far as to lead the Psalmody, and read the Prayers. When, after this, he was changed into another Wurtemberg Regiment, which served in Hessen and Thuringen, he employed every free hour in filling up, by his own industrious study, the many deeply-felt defects in his young schooling; and was earnestly studious. By his perseverant zeal and diligence, he succeeded in the course of these war-years in acquiring not only many medical, military and agricultural branches of knowledge, but also, as his Letters prove, in ama.s.sing a considerable amount of general culture. Nor did his praiseworthy efforts remain without recognition and external reward.
At the end of the Seven-Years War, he had risen to be a Captain, and had even saved a little money.
"His Wife, who, during these War-times, lived, on money sent by him, in her Father"s house at Marbach, he could only visit seldom, and for short periods in winter-quarters, much as he longed for his faithful Wife; who, after the birth of a Daughter, in September 1757, was dearer to him than ever. But never had the rigid fetters of War-discipline appeared more oppressive than when, two years later, in November 1759, a Son, the Poet, was born. With joyful thanks to G.o.d, he saluted this dear Gift of Heaven; in daily prayer commended Mother and Child to "the Being of all Beings;" and waited now with impatience the time when he should revisit his home, and those that were his there. Yet there still pa.s.sed four years before Father Schiller, on conclusion of the Hubertsburg Peace, 1763, could return home from the War, and again take up his permanent residence in his home-country.
Where, on his return, his first Garrison quarters were, whether at Ludwigsburg, Cannstadt or what other place, is not known. On the other hand, all likelihoods are, that, so soon as he could find it possible, he carried over his Wife and his two Children, the little Daughter Christophine six, and the little Friedrich now four, out of Marbach to his own quarters, wherever these were."
There is no date to the Neckar Inundation above mentioned; but we have elsewhere evidence that the worthy Father Kodweis with his Wife, at this time, still dwelt in their comfortable house in the Market-Place.
We know also, though it is not mentioned in the text, that their pious Daughter struggled zealously to the last to alleviate their sore poverty; and the small effect, so far as money goes, may testify how poor and straitened the Schiller Family itself then was.
"With the Father"s return out of War, there came a new element into the Family, which had so long been deprived of its natural Guardian and Counsellor. To be House-Father in the full sense of the word was now all the more Captain Schiller"s need and duty, the longer his War-service had kept him excluded from the sacred vocation of Husband and Father. For he was throughout a rational and just man, simple, strong, expert, active for practical life, if also somewhat quick and rough. This announced itself even in the outward make and look of him; for he was of short stout stature and powerful make of limbs; the brow high-arched, eyes sharp and keen. Withal, his erect carriage, his firm step, his neat clothing, as well as his clear and decisive mode of speech, all testified of strict military training; which also extended itself over his whole domestic life, and even over the daily devotions of the Family. For although the shallow Illuminationism of that period had produced some influence on his religious convictions, he held fast by the pious principles of his forebears; read regularly to his household out of the Bible; and p.r.o.nounced aloud, each day, the Morning and Evening Prayer. And this was, in his case, not merely an outward decorous bit of discipline, but in fact the faithful expression of his Christian conviction, that man"s true worth and true happiness can alone be found in the fear of the Lord, and the moral purity of his heart and conduct. He himself had even, in the manner of those days, composed a long Prayer, which he in later years addressed to G.o.d every morning, and which began with the following lines:
True Watcher of Israel!
To Thee be praise, thanks and honour.
Praying aloud I praise Thee, That earth and Heaven may hear.[45]
[Footnote 45:
"Treuer Wachter Israels!
Dir sei Preis und Dank und Ehren; Laut betend lob" ich Dich, Da.s.s es Erd" und Himmel h.o.r.en" &c.]
"If, therefore, a certain otherwise accredited Witness calls him a kind of crotchety, fantastic person, mostly brooding over strange thoughts and enterprises, this can only have meant that Caspar Schiller in earlier years appeared such, namely at the time when, as incipient Surgeon at Marbach, he saw himself forced into a circle of activity which corresponded neither to his inclination, strength nor necessities.
"On the spiritual development of his Son this conscientious Father employed his warmest interest and activities; and appears to have been for some time a.s.sisted herein by a near relation, a certain Johann Friedrich Schiller from Bittenfeld; the same who, as _Studiosus Philosophiae_, was, in 1759, G.o.dfather to the Boy. He is said to have given the little G.o.dson Fritz his first lessons in Writing, Natural-History and Geography. A more effective a.s.sistance in this matter the Father soon after met with on removing to Lorch.
"In the year 1765, the reigning Duke, Karl of Wurtemberg, sent Captain Schiller as Recruiting Officer to the Imperial Free-Town Schwabish-Gmund; with permission to live with his Family in the nearest Wurtemberg place, the Village and Cloister of Lorch. Lorch lies in a green meadow-ground, surrounded by beech-woods, at the foot of a hill, which is crowned by the weird buildings of the Cloister, where the Hohenstaufen graves are; opposite the Cloister and Hamlet, rise the venerable ruins of Hohenstaufen itself, with a series of hills; at the bottom winds the Rems," a branch of the Neckar, "towards still fruitfuler regions. In this attractive rural spot the Schiller Family resided for several years; and found from the pious and kindly people of the Hamlet, and especially from a friend of the house, Moser, the worthy Parish-Parson there, the kindliest reception. The Schiller children soon felt themselves at home and happy in Lorch, especially Fritz did, who, in the Parson"s Son, Christoph Ferdinand Moser, a soft gentle child, met with his first boy-friend. In this worthy Parson"s house he also received, along with the Parson"s own Sons, the first regular and accurate instruction in reading and writing, as also in the elements of Latin and Greek. This arrangement pleased and comforted Captain Schiller not a little: for the more distinctly he, with his clear and candid character, recognised the insufficiency of his own instruction and stock of knowledge, the more impressively it lay on him that his Son should early acquire a good foundation in Languages and Science, and learn something solid and effective. What he could himself do in that particular he faithfully did; bringing out, with this purpose, partly the grand historical memorials of that neighbourhood, partly his own life-experiences, in instructive and exciting dialogues with his children. He would point out to the listening little pair the venerable remains of the Hohenstaufen Ancestral Castle, or tell them of his own soldier-career.
He took the Boy with him into the Exercise Camp, to the Woodmen in the Forest, and even into the farther-distant pleasure-castle of Hohenheim; and thereby led their youthful imagination into many changeful imaginings of life.[46]
[Footnote 46: _Saupe_, p. 11.]