[945] Jefferson to c.o.xe, May 21, 1799; _Works_: Ford, ix, 69-70.
[946] _Ib._, 70.
[947] For instances of these military letters, see Marshall to Washington, June 12, 1799; Washington MSS., Lib. Cong.
[948] See Morison, i, 156-57; also Hudson: _Journalism in the United States_, 160. Party newspapers and speakers to-day make statements, as a matter of course, in every political campaign much more violent than those for which editors and citizens were fined and imprisoned in 1799-1800. (See _ib._, 315; and see summary from the Republican point of view of these prosecutions in Randall, ii, 416-20.)
[949] Adams to Pickering, July 24, 1799; _Works_: Adams, ix, 3.
[950] Adams to Pickering, Aug. 1, 1799; _ib._, 5; and same to same. Aug.
3, 1799; _ib._, 7.
[951] Professor Washington, in his edition of Jefferson"s _Writings_, leaves a blank after "apostle." Mr. Ford correctly prints Marshall"s name as it is written in Jefferson"s original ma.n.u.script copy of the letter.
[952] Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, Sept. 5, 1799; _Works_: Ford, ix, 79-81.
[953] Marshall to Pickering, Aug. 25, 1799; Pickering MSS., Ma.s.s. Hist.
Soc. Marshall had not yet grasped the deadly significance of Jefferson"s States" Rights and Nullification maneuver.
[954] _Supra._
[955] Talleyrand to Pichon, Aug. 28, and Sept. 28; _Am. St. Prs._, ii, 241-42; Murray to Adams, Appendix of _Works_: Adams, viii. For familiar account of Pichon"s conferences with Murray, see Murray"s letters to J.
Q. Adams, then U.S. Minister to Berlin, in _Letters_: Ford, 445, 473, 475-76; and to Pickering, _ib._, 464.
[956] "Murray, I guess, wanted to make himself a greater man than he is by going to France," was Gallatin"s shrewd opinion. Gallatin to his wife, March 1, 1799; Adams: _Gallatin_, 227-28.
[957] _Ib._
[958] Ames to Dwight, Feb. 27, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 252.
[959] Cabot to King, March 10, 1799; King, ii, 551.
[960] Cabot to King, Feb. 16, 1799; _ib._, 543.
[961] Ames to Pickering, March 12, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 253.
[962] Ames to Pickering, Oct. 19, 1799; _ib._, 257.
[963] Uriah Tracy to McHenry, Sept. 2, 1799; Steiner, 417.
[964] Ames to Pickering, Nov. 5, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 260-61.
[965] Ames to Pickering, March 12, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 254.
[966] "Men of princ.i.p.al influence in the Federal party ... began to entertain serious doubts about his [Adams"s] fitness for the station, yet ... they thought it better to indulge their hopes than to listen to their fears, [and] ... determined to support Mr. Adams for the Chief Magistracy." ("Public Conduct, etc., John Adams"; Hamilton: _Works_: Lodge, vii, 318.)
[967] Ames to Dwight, Feb. 27, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 252.
[968] Ames to Pickering, Nov. 5, 1799; _ib._, 260.
[969] Cabot to King, March 10, 1799; King, ii, 552.
[970] Higginson to Pickering, April 16, 1800; Pickering MSS., Ma.s.s.
Hist. Soc., printed in _An. Rept._, Amer. Hist. a.s.sn., 1896, i, 836.
[971] For an excellent summary of this important episode in our history see Allen: _Our Naval War with France_.
[972] Pickering to King, March 6, 1799; King, ii, 548-49.
[973] Ames to Pickering, March 12, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 254.
[974] Ames to Dwight, Oct. 20, 1799; _ib._, 259.
[975] Ames to Pickering, Oct. 19, 1799; _ib._, 257.
[976] Wolcott to Ames, Aug. 10, 1800; Gibbs, ii, 403.
[977] Jefferson to Pendleton, Feb. 19, 1799; _Works_: Ford, ix, 54.
[978] Lee to Adams, March 14, 1799; _Works_: Adams, viii, 628.
[979] Adams to Lee, March 29, 1799; _ib._, 629.
[980] Cabinet to President, Sept. 7, 1799; _Works_: Adams, ix, 21-23; and same to same, May 20, 1799; _ib._, 59-60.
[981] Adams to Lee, May 21, 1800; _ib._, 60. For account of Fries"s Rebellion see McMaster, ii, 435-39. Also Hildreth, v, 313.
[982] Pickering to Cabot, June 15, 1800; Lodge: _Cabot_, 275.
[983] "Public Conduct, etc., John Adams"; Hamilton: _Works_: Lodge, vii, 351-55; and see Gibbs, ii, 360-62.
[984] See Hamilton"s arraignment of the Fries pardon in "Public Conduct, etc., John Adams"; _Works_: Lodge, vii, 351-55.
[985] McRee, ii, 551.
[986] "The Aurora, in a.n.a.lyzing the reasons upon which Fries, Hainy, and Getman have been pardoned brings the President forward as, by this act, condemning: 1. The tax law which gave rise to the insurrection; 2. The conduct of the officers appointed to collect the tax; 3. The marshal; 4.
The witnesses on the part of the United States; 5. The juries who tried the prisoners; 6. The court, both in their personal conduct and in their judicial decisions. In short, every individual who has had any part in pa.s.sing the law--in endeavoring to execute it, or in bringing to just punishment those who have treasonably violated it." (_Gazette of the United States_, reviewing bitterly the comment of the Republican organ on Adams"s pardon of Fries.)
[987] Many Federalists regretted that Fries was not executed by court-martial. "I suppose military execution was impracticable, but if some executions are not had, of the most notorious offenders--I shall regret the events of lenity in "94 & "99--as giving a fatal stroke to Government.... Undue mercy to villains, is cruelty to all the good & virtuous. Our people in this State are perfectly astonished, that cost must continually be incurred for insurrections in Pennsylvania for which they say they are taxed & yet no punishment is inflicted on the offenders. I am fatigued & mortified that our Govt. which is weak at best, would withhold any of its strength when all its energies should be doubled." (Uriah Tracy to McHenry, on Fries, May 6, 1799; Steiner, 436.) And "I am in fear that something will occur to release that fellow from merited Death." (Same to same, May 20, 1790; _ib._)
[988] "Public Conduct, etc., John Adams"; Hamilton: _Works_: Lodge, vii, 351-55.
[989] Ames to Pickering, Nov. 23, 1799; _Works_: Ames, i, 270.
[990] Troup to King, May 6, 1799; King, iii, 14.
[991] Adams"s home, now Quincy, Ma.s.sachusetts.
[992] Troup to King, June 5, 1799; King, iii, 34.