"In New England, and even in New York, there appears a spirit hostile to the existence of our own government." (Plumer to Gilman, Jan. 24, 1809, Plumer: _Life of William Plumer_, 368.)
[81] Adams: _U.S._ V, 158.
[82] _Annals_, 11th Cong. 2d Sess. 481.
[83] _Ib._ 943. The resolution was pa.s.sed over the strenuous resistance of the Federalists.
[84] Probably that of Madison, July 21, 1808, _Annals_, 10th Cong. 2d Sess. 1681.
[85] Marshall to Quincy, April 23, 1810, Quincy: _Life of Josiah Quincy_, 204.
[86] Tyler to Jefferson, May 12, 1810, Tyler: _Tyler_, I, 247; and see next chapter.
[87] Adams: _U.S._ V, 212-14; and see Morison: _Otis_, II, 18-19.
[88] Turreau, then the French Minister at Washington, thus reported to his Government: "To-day not only is the separation of New England openly talked about, but the people of those five States wish for this separation, p.r.o.nounce it, openly prepare it, will carry it out under British protection"; and he suggests that "perhaps the moment has come for forming a party in favor of France in the Central and Southern States, whenever those of the North, having given themselves a separate government under the support of Great Britain, may threaten the independence of the rest." (Turreau to Champagny, April 20, 1809, as quoted in Adams: _U.S._ V, 36.)
[89] For account of Jackson"s reception in Boston and the effects of it, see Adams: _U.S._ 215-17, and Morison: _Otis_, 20-22.
[90] On the other hand, Jefferson, out of his bottomless prejudice against Great Britain, drew venomous abuse of the whole British nation: "What is to restore order and safety on the ocean?" he wrote; "the death of George III? Not at all. He is only stupid;... his ministers ...
ephemeral. But his nation is permanent, and it is that which is the tyrant of the ocean. The principle that force is right, is become the principle of the nation itself. They would not permit an honest minister, were accident to bring such an one into power, to relax their system of lawless piracy." (Jefferson to Rodney, Feb. 10, 1810, _Works_: Ford, XI, 135-36.)
[91] Champagny, Duke de Cadore, to Armstrong, Aug. 5, 1810 (_Am._ _State Papers, For. Rel._ III, 386-87), and Proclamation, Nov. 2, 1810 (_ib._ 392); and see Adams: _U.S._ V, 303-04.
[92] Adams: _U.S._ V, 346.
[93] Marshall to Pickering, Feb. 22, 1811, Pickering MSS. Ma.s.s. Hist.
Soc.
[94] _Annals_, 11th Cong. 3d Sess. 525.
Daniel Webster was also emphatically opposed to the admission of new States: "Put in a solemn, decided, and spirited Protest against making new States out of new Territories. Affirm, in direct terms, that New Hampshire has never agreed to favor political connexions of such intimate nature, with any people, out of the limits of the U.S. as they existed at the time of the compact." (Webster to his brother, June 4, 1813, _Letters of Daniel Webster_: Van Tyne, 37.)
[95] _Annals_, 11th Cong. 3d Sess. 542.
[96] _Ib._ 1st and 2d Sess. 579-82.
[97] _Annals_, 12th Cong. 1st Sess. 601; also see Adams: _U.S._ V, 189-90.
[98] Adams: _U.S._ V, 316.
[99] Richardson, I, 499-505; _Am. State Papers, For. Rel._ III, 567-70.
[100] _Annals_, 12th Cong. 1st Sess. 1637. The Federalists who voted for war were: Joseph Kent of Maryland, James Morgan of New Jersey, and William M. Richardson of Ma.s.sachusetts.
Professor Channing thus states the American grievances: "Inciting the Indians to rebellion, impressing American seamen and making them serve on British war-ships, closing the ports of Europe to American commerce, these were the counts in the indictment against the people and government of Great Britain." (Channing: _Jeff. System_, 260.) See also _ib._ 268, and Jefferson"s brilliant statement of the causes of the war, Jefferson to Logan, Oct. 3, 1813, _Works_: Ford, XI, 338-39.
"The United States," says Henry Adams, "had a superfluity of only too good causes for war with Great Britain." (Adams: _Life of Albert Gallatin_, 445.) Adams emphasizes this: "The United States had the right to make war on England with or without notice, either for her past spoliations, her actual blockades, her Orders in Council other than blockades, her Rule of 1756, her impressments, or her attack on the "Chesapeake," not yet redressed,--possibly also for other reasons less notorious." (Adams: _U.S._ V, 339.) And see Roosevelt, chaps, I and II.
[101] _Annals_, 12th Cong. 1st Sess. 1675-82.
[102] Salem _Gazette_, July 7, 1812, as quoted in Morison: _Otis_, I, 298.
[103] Story to Williams, Aug. 24, 1812, Story, I, 229.
[104] Pickering to Pennington, July 12, 1812, _N.E. Federalism_: Adams, 389.
[105] Of course the National courts were attacked: "Attempts ... are made ... to break down the Judiciary of the United States through the newspapers, and mean and miserable insinuations are made to weaken the authority of its judgments." (Story to Williams, Aug. 3, 1813, Story, I, 247.) And again: "Conspirators, and traitors are enabled to carry on their purposes almost without check." (Same to same, May 27, 1813, _ib._ 244.) Story was lamenting that the National courts had no common-law jurisdiction. Some months earlier he had implored Nathaniel Williams, Representative in Congress from Story"s district, to "induce Congress to give the Judicial Courts of the United States power to punish all crimes ... against the Government.... Do not suffer conspiracies to destroy the Union." (Same to same, Oct. 8, 1812, _ib._ 243.)
Jefferson thought the people were loyal: "When the questions of separation and rebellion shall be nakedly proposed ... the Gores and the Pickerings will find their levees crowded with silk stocking gentry, but no yeomanry." (Jefferson to Gerry, June 11, 1812, _Works_: Ford, XI, 257.)
[106] Stoddert to McHenry, July 15, 1812, Steiner: _Life and Correspondence of James McHenry_, 581-83.
[107] "To the Citizens of the United States," in the _Spirit of Seventy-Six_, July 17, 1812.
[108] Stoddert refers to this person as "Jo Davies." By some this has been thought to refer to Marshall"s brother-in-law, "Jo" Daveiss of Kentucky. But the latter was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811.
While the ident.i.ty of Stoddert"s agent cannot be established with certainty, he probably was one John Davis of Salisbury, England, as described in the text. "Jo" was then used for John as much as for Joseph; and Davis was frequently spelled "Davies." A John or "Jo" Davis or Davies, an Englishman, was a very busy person in America during the first decade of the nineteenth century. (See Loshe: _Early American Novel_, 74-77.) Naturally he would have been against the War of 1812, and he was just the sort of person that an impracticable man like Stoddert would have chosen for such a mission.
[109] Stoddert to McHenry, July 15, 1812, Steiner, 582.
[110] See King, V, 266.
[111] Adams: _U.S._ V, 375-78.
[112] Smith: _An Address to the People of the United States_, 42-43.
[113] Marshall to Smith, July 27, 1812, Dreer MSS. "American Lawyers,"
Pa. Hist. Soc.
[114] _Am. State Papers, For. Rel._ III, 603; and see Charming: _U.S._ IV, 449.
[115] See vol. II, 243-44, 245-47, of this work.
[116] Marshall to Smith, July 27, 1812, Dreer MSS. "American Lawyers,"
Pa. Hist. Soc.
A single quotation from the letters of Southern Federalists will show how accurately Marshall interpreted Federalist feeling during the War of 1812: "Heaven grant that ... our own Country may not be found ultimately, a solitary friend of this great Robber of Nations."
(Tallmadge to McHenry, May 30, 1813, Steiner, 598.) The war had been in progress more than ten months when these words were written.
[117] Story to Williams, Oct. 8, 1812, Story, I, 243.
[118] Marshall to Monroe, June 25, 1812, Monroe MSS. Lib. Cong.
[119] Marshall, however, was a member of the "Vigilance Committee" of Richmond, and took an important part in its activities. (_Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, VII, 230-31.)
[120] _Report of the Commissioners appointed to view Certain Rivers within the Commonwealth of Virginia_, 5.