[737] Marshall to Skipwith, Bordeaux, April 21, 1798; MS., Pa. Hist.
Soc.
[738] Murray to J. Q. Adams, April 24, 1798; _Letters_: Ford, 399.
[739] Same to same, May 18, 1798; _ib._, 407.
[740] Pinckney to King, Paris, April 4, 1798, enclosed in a letter to Secretary of State, April 16, 1798; Pickering MSS., Ma.s.s. Hist. Soc.
CHAPTER IX
THE TRIUMPHANT RETURN
The present crisis is the most awful since the days of Vandalism.
(Robert Troup.)
Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute. (Toast at banquet to Marshall.)
We shall remain free if we do not deserve to be slaves. (Marshall to citizens of Richmond.)
What a wicked use has been made of the X. Y. Z. dish cooked up by Marshall. (Jefferson.)
While Talleyrand"s drama of shame was enacting in Paris, things were going badly for the American Government at home. The French party in America, with whose wrath Talleyrand"s male and female agents had threatened our envoys, was quite as powerful and aggressive against President Adams as the French Foreign Office had been told that it was.[741]
Notwithstanding the hazard and delay of ocean travel,[742] Talleyrand managed to communicate at least once with his sympathizers in America, whom he told that the envoys" "pretensions are high, that possibly no arrangement may take place, but that there will be no declaration of war by France."[743]
Jefferson was alert for news from Paris. "We have still not a word from our Envoys. This long silence (if they have been silent) proves things are not going on very roughly. If they have not been silent, it proves their information, if made public, would check the disposition to arm."[744] He had not yet received the letter written him March 17, by his agent, Skipwith. This letter is abusive of the Administration of Washington as well as of that of Adams. Marshall was "one of the declaiming apostles of Jay"s Treaty"; he and Pinckney courted the enemies of the Revolutionary Government; and Gerry"s "paralytic mind"
was "too weak" to accomplish anything.[745]
The envoys" first dispatches, sent from Paris October 22, 1797, reached Philadelphia on the night of March 4, 1798.[746] These doc.u.ments told of the corrupt French demands and machinations. The next morning President Adams informed Congress of their arrival.[747] Two weeks later came the President"s startling message to Congress declaring that the envoys could not succeed "on terms compatible with the safety, the honor, or the essential interests of the nation" and "exhorting" Congress to prepare for war.[748]
The Republicans were dazed. White hot with anger, Jefferson writes Madison that the President"s "insane message ... has had great effect.
Exultation on the one side & a certainty of victory; while the other [Republican] is petrified with astonishment."[749] The same day he tells Monroe that the President"s "almost insane message" had alarmed the merchants and strengthened the Administration; but he did not despair, for the first move of the Republicans "will be a call for papers [the envoys" dispatches].[750] In Congress the battle raged furiously; "the question of war & peace depends now on a toss of cross & pile,"[751] was Jefferson"s nervous opinion.
But the country itself still continued French in feeling; the Republicans were gaining headway even in Ma.s.sachusetts and Connecticut; Jefferson expected the fall elections to increase the Republican strength in the House; pet.i.tions against war measures were pouring into Congress from every section; the Republican strategy was to gain time.
Jefferson thought that "the present period, ... of two or three weeks, is the most eventful ever known since that of 1775."[752]
The Republicans, who controlled the House of Representatives, demanded that the dispatches be made public: they were sure that these papers would not justify Adams"s grave message. If the President should refuse to send Congress the papers it would demonstrate, said the "Aurora,"
that he "suspects the popularity of his conduct if exposed to public view.... If he thinks he has done right, why should he be afraid of letting his measures be known?" Let the representatives of the people see "_the whole_ of the papers ... a _partial_ communication would be worse than none."[753]
Adams hesitated to reveal the contents of the dispatches because of "a regard for the _personal safety_ of the Commissioners and an apprehension of the effect of a disclosure upon our future diplomatic intercourse."[754] High Federalist business men, to whom an intimation of the contents of the dispatches had been given, urged their publication. "We wish much for the papers if they can with propriety be made public" was Mason"s reply to Otis. "The Jacobins want them. And in the name of G.o.d let them be gratified; it is not the first time they have wished for the means of their destruction."[755]
Both Federalists who were advised and Republicans who were still in the dark now were gratified in their wish to see the incessantly discussed and mysterious message from the envoys. The effect on the partisan maneuvering was as radical and amusing as it is illuminative of partisan sincerity. When, on April 3, the President transmitted to Congress the dispatches thus far received, the Republicans instantly altered their tactics. The dispatches did not show that the negotiations were at an end, said the "Aurora"; it was wrong, therefore, to publish them--such a course might mean war. Their publication was a Federalist trick to discredit the Republican Party; and anyway Talleyrand was a monarchist, the friend of Hamilton and King. So raged and protested the Republican organ.[756]
Troup thus reports the change: The Republicans, he says, "were very clamorous for the publication [of the dispatches] until they became acquainted with the intelligence communicated. From that moment they opposed publication, and finally they carried a majority against the measure. The Senate finding this to be the case instantly directed publication."[757] The President then transmitted to Congress the second dispatch which had been sent from Paris two weeks after the first. This contained Marshall"s superb memorial to Talleyrand. It was another blow to Republican hopes.
The dispatches told the whole story, simply yet with dramatic art. The names of Hottenguer, Bellamy, and Hauteval were represented by the letters X, Y, and Z,[758] which at once gave to this picturesque episode the popular name that history has adopted. The effect upon public opinion was instantaneous and terrific.[759] The first result, of course, was felt in Congress. Vice-President Jefferson now thought it his "duty to be silent."[760] In the House the Republicans were "thunderstruck."[761] Many of their boldest leaders left for home; others went over openly to the Federalists.[762] Marshall"s disclosures "produced such a shock on the republican mind, as has never been seen since our independence," declared Jefferson.[763] He implored Madison to write for the public an a.n.a.lysis of the dispatches from the Republican point of view.[764]
After recovering from his "shock" Jefferson tried to make light of the revelations; the envoys had "been a.s.sailed by swindlers," he said, "but that the Directory knew anything of it is neither proved nor probable."
Adams was to blame for the unhappy outcome of the mission, declared Jefferson; his "speech is in truth the only obstacle to negotiation."[765] Promptly taking his cue from his master, Madison a.s.serted that the publication of the dispatches served "more to inflame than to inform the country." He did not think Talleyrand guilty--his "conduct is scarcely credible. I do not allude to its depravity, which, however heinous, is not without example. Its unparalleled stupidity is what fills me with astonishment."[766]
The hot-blooded Washington exploded with anger. He thought "the measure of infamy was filled" by the "profligacy ... and corruption" of the French Directory; the dispatches ought "to open the eyes of the blindest," but would not "change ... the _leaders_ of the opposition unless there shou"d appear a manifest desertion of the followers."[767]
Washington believed the French Government "capable [of] any thing bad"
and denounced its "outrageous conduct ... toward the United States"; but he was even more wrathful at the "inimitable conduct of its partisans [in America] who aid and abet their measures." He concluded that the Directory would modify their defiant att.i.tude when they found "the spirit and policy of this country rising with resistance and that they have falsely calculated upon support from a large part of the people thereof."[768]
Then was heard the voice of the country. "The effects of the publication [of the dispatches] ... on the people ... has been prodigious.... The leaders of the opposition ... were astonished & confounded at the profligacy of their beloved friends the French."[769] In New England, relates Ames, "the Jacobins [Republicans] were confounded, and the trimmers dropt off from the party, like windfalls from an apple tree in September."[770] Among all cla.s.ses were observed "the most magical effects"; so "irresistible has been the current of public opinion ...
that ... it has broken down the opposition in Congress."[771] Jefferson mournfully informed Madison that "the spirit kindled up in the towns is wonderful.... Addresses ... are pouring in offering life & fortune."[772] Long afterwards he records that the French disclosures "carried over from us a great body of the people, real republicans & honest men, under virtuous motives."[773] In New England, especially, the cry was for "open and deadly war with France."[774] From Boston Jonathan Mason wrote Otis that "war for a time we must have and our fears ... are that ... you [Congress] will rise without a proper _climax_.... We pray that decisive orders may be given and that accursed Treaty [with France] may be annulled.... The time is now pa.s.sed, when we should fear giving offense.... The yeomanry are not only united but spirited."[775]
Public meetings were held everywhere and "addresses from all bodies and descriptions of men" poured "like a torrent on the President and both Houses of Congress."[776] The blood of Federalism was boiling. "We consider the present crisis as the most awful since the days of Vandalism," declared the ardent Troup.[777] "Yankee Doodle," "Stony Point," "The President"s March," supplanted in popular favor "ca ira"
and the "Ma.r.s.eillaise," which had been the songs Americans best loved to sing.
The black c.o.c.kade, worn by patriots during the Revolutionary War, suddenly took the place of the French c.o.c.kade which until the X. Y. Z.
disclosures had decorated the hats of the majority in American cities.
The outburst of patriotism produced many songs, among others Joseph Hopkinson"s "Hail Columbia!" ("The President"s March"), which, from its first presentation in Philadelphia, caught the popular ear. This song is of historic importance, in that it expresses lyrically the first distinctively National consciousness that had appeared among Americans.
Everywhere its stirring words were sung. In cities and towns the young men formed American clubs after the fashion of the democratic societies of the French party.
"Hail, Columbia! happy land!
Hail, ye heroes! heaven-born band!
Who fought and bled in Freedom"s cause,"--
sang these young patriots, and "Hail, Columbia!" chanted the young women of the land.[778] On every hilltop the fires of patriotism were signaling devotion and loyalty to the American Government.
Then came Marshall. Unannounced and unlooked for, his ship, the Alexander Hamilton, had sailed into New York Harbor after a voyage of fifty-three days from Bordeaux.[779] No one knew of his coming. "General Marshall arrived here on Sunday last. His arrival was unexpected and his stay with us was very short. I have no other apology to make," writes Troup, "for our not giving him a public demonstration of our love and esteem."[780] Marshall hurried on to Philadelphia. Already the great memorial to Talleyrand and the brilliantly written dispatches were ascribed to his pen, and the belief had become universal that the Virginian had proved to be the strong and resourceful man of the mission.
On June 18, 1798, he entered the Capital, through which, twenty years before, almost to a day, he had marched as a patriot soldier on the way to Monmouth from Valley Forge. Never before had any American, excepting only Washington, been received with such demonstration.[781] Fleets of carriages filled with members of Congress and prominent citizens, and crowds of people on horseback and on foot, went forth to meet him.
"The concourse of citizens ... was immense." Three corps of cavalry "in full uniform" gave a warlike color to the procession which formed behind Marshall"s carriage six miles out from Philadelphia. "The occasion cannot be mentioned on which so prompt and general a muster of the cavalry ever before took place." When the city was reached, the church bells rang, cannon thundered, and amid "the shouts of the exulting mult.i.tudes" Marshall was "escorted through the princ.i.p.al streets to the city Tavern." The leading Federalist newspaper, the "Gazette of the United States," records that, "even in the Northern Liberties,[782]
where the demons of anarchy and confusion are attempting to organize treason and death, repeated shouts of applause were given as the cavalcade approached and pa.s.sed along."[783] The next morning O"Ellers Tavern was thronged with Senators and Representatives and "a numerous concourse of respectable citizens" who came to congratulate Marshall.[784]
The "Aurora" confirms this description of its Federalist rival; but adds bitterly: "What an occasion for rejoicing! Mr. Marshall was sent to France for the _ostensible_ purpose, at least, of effecting an amicable accommodation of differences. He returns without having accomplished that object, and on his return the Tories rejoice. This certainly looks as if they did not wish him to succeed.... Many pensive and melancholy countenances gave the glare of parade a gloom much more suited to the occasion, and more in unison with the feelings of Americans. Well may they despond: For tho" the patriotic Gerry may succeed in settling the differences between the two countries--it is too certain that his efforts can be of no avail when the late conduct of our administration, and the unprecedented intemperance of our chief executive magistrate is known in Europe."[785]
Jefferson watched Marshall"s home-coming with keen anxiety. "We heard of the arrival of Marshall at New York," he writes, "and I concluded to stay & see whether that circ.u.mstance would produce any new projects. No doubt he there received more than hints from Hamilton as to the tone required to be a.s.sumed.... Yet I apprehend he is not hot enough for his friends."
With much chagrin he then describes what happened when Marshall reached Philadelphia: "M. was received here with the utmost eclat. The Secretary of State & many carriages, with all the city cavalry, went to Frankfort to meet him, and on his arrival here in the evening, the bells rung till late in the night, & immense crowds were collected to see & make part of the shew, which was circuitously paraded through the streets before he was set down at the city tavern." But, says Jefferson, "all this was to secure him [Marshall] to their [the Administration"s] views, that he might say nothing which would expose the game they have been playing.[786] Since his arrival I can hear nothing directly from him."
Swallowing his dislike for the moment, Jefferson called on Marshall while the latter was absent from the tavern. "Thomas Jefferson presents his compliments to General Marshall" ran the card he left. "He had the honor of calling at his lodgings twice this morning, but was so unlucky as to find that he was out on both occasions. He wished to have expressed in person his regret that a pre-engagement for to-day which could not be dispensed with, would prevent him the satisfaction of dining in company with General Marshall, and therefore begs leave to place here the expressions of that respect which in company with his fellow citizens he bears him."[787]
Many years afterwards Marshall referred to the adding of the syllable "un" to the word "lucky" as one time, at least, when Jefferson came near telling the truth.[788] To this note Marshall returned a reply as frigidly polite as Jefferson"s:--
"J. Marshall begs leave to accompany his respectful compliments to Mr.
Jefferson with a.s.surances of the regret he feels at being absent when Mr. Jefferson did him the honor to call on him.
"J. Marshall is extremely sensible to the obliging expressions contained in Mr. Jefferson"s polite billet of yesterday. He sets out to-morrow for Winchester & would with pleasure charge himself with any commands of Mr.
Jefferson to that part of Virginia."[789]
Having made his report to the President and Secretary of State, Marshall prepared to start for Virginia. But he was not to leave without the highest compliment that the Administration could, at that time, pay him.