[Footnote 153: Thibaudeau estimated that of the population of 35,000,000 the following a.s.sortment might be made: Protestants, Jews, and Theophilanthropists, 3,000,000; Catholics, 15,000,000, equally divided between orthodox and const.i.tutionals; and as many as 17,000,000 professing no belief whatever.]
[Footnote 154: See Roederer, "Oeuvres," vol. iii., p. 475. On the discontent of the officers, see Pasquier"s "Mems.," vol. i., ch. vii.; also Marmont"s "Mems.," bk. vi.]
[Footnote 155: See the drafts in Count Boulay de la Meurthe"s "Negociation du Concordat," vol. ii., pp. 58 and 268.]
[Footnote 156: Theiner, vol. i., pp. 193 and 196.]
[Footnote 157: Meneval, "Mems.," vol. i., p. 81.]
[Footnote 158: Thiers omits any notice of this strange transaction.
Lanfrey describes it, but unfortunately relies on the melodramatic version given in Consalvi"s "Memoirs," which were written many years later and are far less trustworthy than the Cardinal"s letters written at the time. In his careful review of all the doc.u.mentary evidence, Count Boulay de la Meurthe (vol. iii., p. 201, note) concludes that the new project of the Concordat (No. VIII.) was drawn up by Hauterive, was "submitted immediately to the approbation of the First Consul," and thereupon formed the basis of the long and heated discussion of July 14th between the Papal and French plenipotentiaries. A facsimile of this interesting doc.u.ment, with all the erasures, is appended at the end of his volume.]
[Footnote 159: Pasquier, "Mems.," vol. i., ch. vii. Two of the organic articles portended the abolition of the revolutionary calendar. The first restored the old names of the days of the week; the second ordered that Sunday should be the day of rest for all public functionaries. The observance of _decadis_ thenceforth ceased; but the months of the revolutionary calendar were observed until the close of the year 1805. Theophilanthropy was similarly treated: when its votaries applied for a building, their request was refused on the ground that their cult came within the domain of philosophy, not of any actual religion! A small number of priests and of their parishioners refused to recognize the Concordat; and even to-day there are a few of these _anti-concordataires_.]
[Footnote 160: Chaptal, "Souvenirs," pp. 237-239. Lucien Bonaparte, "Mems.," vol. ii., p. 201, quotes his brother Joseph"s opinion of the Concordat: "Un pas retrograde et irreflechi de la nation qui s"y soumettait."]
[Footnote 161: Thibaudeau, "Consulat," ch. xxvi.]
[Footnote 162: "Code Napoleon," art. 148.]
[Footnote 163: In other respects also Bonaparte"s influence was used to depress the legal status of woman, which the men of 1789 had done so much to raise. In his curious letter of May 15th, 1807, on the Inst.i.tution at Ecouen, we have his ideas on a sound, useful education for girls: "... We must begin with religion in all its severity. Do not admit any modification of this. Religion is very important in a girls" public school: it is the surest guarantee for mothers and husbands. We must train up believers, not reasoners. The weakness of women"s brains, the unsteadiness of their ideas, their function in the social order, their need of constant resignation and of a kind of indulgent and easy charity--all can only be attained by religion."
They were to learn a little geography and history, but no foreign language; above all, to do plenty of needlework.]
[Footnote 164: Sagnac, "Legislation civile de la Rev. Fr.," p. 293.]
[Footnote 165: Divorce was suppressed in 1816, but was re-established in 1884.]
[Footnote 166: Sagnac, _op. cit._, p. 352.]
[Footnote 167: "The Life of Sir S. Romilly," vol. i., p. 408.]
[Footnote 168: Madelin in his "Fouche," ch. xi., shows how Bonaparte"s private police managed the affair. Harel was afterwards promoted to the governorship of the Castle of Vincennes: the four talkers, whom he and the police had lured on, were executed after the affair of Nivose.
That dextrous literary flatterer, the poet Fontanes, celebrated the "discovery" of the Arena plot by publishing anonymously a pamphlet ("A Parallel between Caesar, Cromwell, Monk, and Bonaparte") in which he decided that no one but Caesar deserved the honour of a comparison with Bonaparte, and that certain destinies were summoning him to a yet higher t.i.tle. The pamphlet appeared under the patronage of Lucien Bonaparte, and so annoyed his brother that he soon despatched him on a diplomatic mission to Madrid as a punishment for his ill-timed suggestions.]
[Footnote 169: Thibaudeau, _op. cit_., vol. ii., p. 55. Miot de Melito, ch. xii.]
[Footnote 170: It seems clear, from the evidence so frankly given by Cadoudal in his trial in 1804, as well as from his expressions when he heard of the affair of Nivose, that the hero of the Chouans had no part in the bomb affair. He had returned to France, had empowered St.
Rejant to buy arms and horses, "dont je me servirai plus tard"; and it seems certain that he intended to form a band of desperate men who were to waylay, kidnap, or kill the First Consul in open fight. This plan was deferred by the bomb explosion for three years. As soon as he heard of this event, he exclaimed: "I"ll bet that it was that---- St.
Rejant. He has upset all my plans." (See "Georges Cadoudal," par G. de Cadoudal.)]
[Footnote 171: Roederer, "Oeuvres," vol. iii., p. 352. For these negotiations see Bowman"s "Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens"
(Toronto, 1899).]
[Footnote 172: Porter, "Progress of the Nation," ch. xiv.]
[Footnote 173: "New Letters of Napoleon I." See too his letter of June 17th.]
[Footnote 174: "Cornwallis Correspondence," vol. iii., pp. 380-382.
Few records exist of the negotiations between Lord Hawkesbury and M.
Otto at London. I have found none in the Foreign Office archives. The general facts are given by Garden, "Traites," vol. vii., ch. x.x.xi.; only a few of the discussions were reduced to writing. This seriously prejudiced our interests at Amiens.]
[Footnote 175: Lefebvre, "Cabinets de l"Europe," ch. iv]
[Footnote 176: Chaptal. "Mes Souvenirs," pp. 287, 291, and 359.]
[Footnote 177: See Chapter XIV. of this work.]
[Footnote 178: Thibaudeau, _op. cit_., ch. xxvi.; Lavisse, "Napoleon,"
ch. i.]
[Footnote 179: "A Diary of St. Helena," by Lady Malcolm, p. 97.]
[Footnote 180: "The Two d.u.c.h.esses," edited by Vere Foster, p. 172.
Lord Malmesbury ("Diaries," vol. iv., p. 257) is less favourable: "When B. is out of his ceremonious habits, his language is often coa.r.s.e and vulgar."]
[Footnote 181: Jurien de la Graviere, "Guerres Maritimes," vol. ii., chap. vii.]
[Footnote 182: These facts were fully acknowledged later by Otto: see his despatch of January 6th, 1802, to Talleyrand, published by Du Ca.s.se in his "Negociations relatives au Traite d"Amiens," vol. iii.]
[Footnote 183: "F.O.," France, No. 59. The memoir is dated October 19th, 1801.]
[Footnote 184: "F.O.," France, No. 59.]
[Footnote 185: Castlereagh, "Letters and Despatches," Second Series, vol. i., p. 62, and the speeches of Ministers on November 3rd, 1801.]
[Footnote 186: Cornwallis, "Correspondence," vol. iii., despatch of December 3rd, 1801. The feelings of the native Maltese were strongly for annexation to Britain, and against the return of the Order at all.
They sent a deputation to London (February, 1802), which was shabbily treated by our Government so as to avoid offending Bonaparte. (See "Correspondence of W.A. Miles," vol. ii., pp. 323-329, who drew up their memorial.)]
[Footnote 187: Cornwallis"s despatches of January 10th and 23rd, 1802.]
[Footnote 188: Project of a treaty forwarded by Cornwallis to London on December 27th, 1801, in the Public Record Office, No. 615.]
[Footnote 189: See the "Paget Papers," vol. ii. France gained the right of admission to the Black Sea: the despatches of Mr. Merry from Paris in May, 1802, show that France and Russia were planning schemes of part.i.tion of Turkey. ("F.O.," France, No. 62.)]
[Footnote 190: The despatches of March 14th and 22nd, 1802, show how strong was the repugnance of our Government to this shabby treatment of the Prince of Orange; and it is clear that Cornwallis exceeded his instructions in signing peace on those terms. (See Garden, vol. vii., p. 142.) By a secret treaty with Prussia (May, 1802), France procured Fulda for the House of Orange.]
[Footnote 191: Pasolini, "Memorie," _ad init_.]
[Footnote 192: "Lettres inedites de Talleyrand a Napoleon" (Paris, 1889).]
[Footnote 193: Mr. Jackson"s despatch of February 17th, 1802, from Paris. According to Miot de Melito ("Mems.," ch. xiv.), Bonaparte had offered the post of President to his brother Joseph, but fettered it by so many restrictions that Joseph declined the honour.]
[Footnote 194: Roederer tells us ("OEuvres," vol. iii., p. 428) that he had drawn up two plans of a const.i.tution for the Cisalpine; the one very short and leaving much to the President, the other precise and detailed. He told Talleyrand to advise Bonaparte to adopt the former as it was "_short and_"--he was about to add "_clear_" when the diplomatist cut him short with the words, "_Yes: short and obscure!_"]
[Footnote 195: Napoleon"s letter of February 2nd, 1802, to Joseph Bonaparte; see too Cornwallis"s memorandum of February 18th.]
[Footnote 196: It is only fair to Cornwallis to quote the letter, marked "Private," which he received from Hawkesbury at the same time that he was bidden to stand firm: