Is h.e.l.l so easy a pain, or are the souls of children of so cheap, so contemptible a price, that G.o.d should so easily throw them into h.e.l.l?
This is an argument against the "sine qua non" of Baptism, not against Original Sin.
Ib. s. lxvii. p. 49.
Origen said enough to be mistaken in the question. [Greek: Hhara t Adam koinae pant"on esti. Ka ta kata taes gynaiks, ouk esti kath aes ou legetai.] "Adam"s curse is common to all. And there is not a woman on earth, to whom may not be said those things which were spoken to this woman."
Origen"s words ought to have prevented all mistake, for he plainly enough overthrows the phantom of hereditary guilt; and as to guilt from a corruption of nature, it is just such guilt as the carnivorous appet.i.tes of a weaned lion, or the instinct of a brood of ducklings to run to water. What then is it? It is an evil, and therefore seated in the will; common to all men, the beginning of which no man can determine in himself or in others. How comes this? It is a mystery, as the will itself. Deeds are in time and s.p.a.ce, therefore have a beginning. Pure action, that is, the will, is a "noumenon", and irreferable to time.
Thus Origen calls it neither hereditary nor original, but universal sin.
The curse of Adam is common to all men, because what Adam did, we all do: and thus of Eve. You may subst.i.tute any woman in her place, and the same words apply. This is the true solution of this unfortunate question. The [Greek: pr"oton pseudos] is in the dividing the will from the acts of the will. The will is "ego-agens".
Ib. s. lx.x.xii. p. 52.
This paragraph, though very characteristic of the Author, is fitter for a comedy than for a grave discourse. It puts one in mind of the play--"More sacks in the mill! Heap, boys, heap!"
Ib. s. lx.x.xiv. p. 56.
"Praeposterum est" (said Paulus the lawyer) "ante nos locupletes dici quam acquisiverimus". We cannot be said to lose what we never had; and our fathers" goods were not to descend upon us, unless they were his at his death.
Take away from me the knowledge that he was my father, dear Bishop, and this will be true. But as it stands, the whole is, "says Paulus the Lawyer;" and, "Well said, Lawyer!" say I.
Ib. p. 57.
Which though it was natural, yet from Adam it began to be a curse; just as the motion of a serpent upon his belly, which was concreated with him, yet upon this story was changed into a malediction and an evil adjunct.
How? I should really like to understand this.
Ib. ch. vii. p. 73 "in initio".
In this most eloquent treatise we may detect sundry logical lapses, sometimes in the statement, sometimes in the instances, and once or twice in the conclusions. But the main and pervading error lies in the treatment of the subject "in genere" by the forms and rules of conceptual logic; which deriving all its material from the senses, and borrowing its forms from the sense ([Greek: aisthaesis kathara]) or intuitive faculty, is necessarily inapplicable to spiritual mysteries, the very definition or contra-distinguishing character of which is that they transcend the sense, and therefore the understanding, the faculty, as Archbishop Leighton and Immanuel Kant excellently define it, which judges according to sense. In the Aids to Reflection, [12] I have shewn that the proper function of the understanding or mediate faculty is to collect individual or sensible concretes into kinds and sorts ("genera et species") by means of their common characters ("notae communes"); and to fix and distinguish these conceptions (that is, generalized perceptions) by words. Words are the only immediate objects of the understanding. Spiritual verities, or truths of reason "respective ad realia", and herein distinguished from the merely formal, or so called universal truths, are differenced from the conceptions of the understanding by the immediatcy of the knowledge, and from the immediate truths of sense,--that is, from both pure and mixed intuitions,--by not being sensible, that is, not representable by figure, measurement or weight; nor connected with any affection of our sensibility, such as color, taste, odors, and the like. And such knowledges we, when we speak correctly, name ideas.
Now Original Sin, that is, sin that has its origin in itself, or in the will of the sinner, but yet in a state or condition of the will not peculiar to the individual agent, but common to the human race, is an idea: and one diagnostic or contra-distinguishing mark appertaining to all ideas, is, that they are not adequately expressible by words. An idea can only be expressed (more correctly suggested) by two contradictory positions; as for example; the soul is all in every part;--nature is a sphere, the centre of which is everywhere, and its circ.u.mference no where, and the like.
Hence many of Bishop Taylor"s objections, grounded on his expositions of the doctrine, prove nothing more than that the doctrine concerns an idea. But besides this, Taylor everywhere a.s.sumes the consequences of Original Sin as superinduced on a pre-existing nature, in no essential respect differing from our present nature;--for instance, on a material body, with its inherent appet.i.tes and its pa.s.sivity to material agents;--in short, on an animal nature in man. But this very nature, as the antagonist of the spirit or supernatural principle in man, is in fact the Original Sin,--the product of the will indivisible from the act producing it; just as in pure geometry the mental construction is indivisible from the constructive act of the intuitive faculty. Original Sin, as the product, is a fact concerning which we know by the light of the idea itself, that it must originate in a self-determination of a will. That which we do not know is how it originates, and this we cannot explain; first, from the necessity of the subject, namely, the will; and secondly, because it is an idea, and all ideas are inconceivable. It is an idea, because it is not a conception.
Ib. s. ii. p. 74, 75.
And they are injurious to Christ, who think that from Adam we might have inherited immortality. Christ was the giver and preacher of it; "he brought life and immortality to light through the gospel". It is a singular benefit given by G.o.d to mankind through Jesus Christ.
And none inherit it but those who are born of Christ; "ergo", bad men and infidels are not immortal. Immortality is one thing, a happy immortality another. St. Paul meant the latter: Taylor either the former, or his words have no meaning at all; for no man ever thought or dreamed that we inherited heaven from Adam, but that as sons of Adam, that is, as men, we have souls that do not perish with the body. I often suspect that Taylor, in "abditis fidei" [Greek: es_oterikaes], inclined to the belief that there is no other immortality but heaven, and that h.e.l.l is a "paena d.a.m.ni negativa, haud privativa". I own myself strongly inclined to it;--but so many texts against it! I am confident that the doctrine would be a far stronger motive than the present; for no man will believe eternal misery of himself, but millions would admit, that if they did not amend their lives they would be undeserving of living for ever.
Ib. s. vi. p. 77.
[Greek: hina mae plaemmura tn en haemin katapontisae logismn eis tn taes hamartias buthon.]
"Lest the tumultuous crowd throw the reason within us over bridge into the gulf of sin." What a vivid figure! It is enough to make any man set to work to read Chrysostom.
Ib.
... "peccantes mente sub una."
Note Prudentius"s use of "mente sub una" for "in one person."
Ib. p. 78.
For even now we see, by a sad experience, that the afflicted and the miserable are not only apt to anger and envy, but have many more desires and more weaknesses, and consequently more aptnesses to sin in many instances than those who are less troubled. And this is that which was said by Arn.o.bius; "p.r.o.ni ad culpas, et ad libidinis varios appet.i.tos vitio sumus infirmitatis ingenitae".
No. Arn.o.bius never said so good and wise a thing in his lifetime. His quoted words have no such profound meaning.
Ib. s. vii. p. 78.
That which remained was a reasonable soul, fitted for the actions of life and reason, but not of anything that was supernatural.
What Taylor calls reason I call understanding, and give the name reason to that which Taylor would have called spirit.
Ib. s. xii. p. 84.
And all that evil which is upon us, being not by any positive infliction, but by privative, or the taking away gifts, and blessings, and graces from us, which G.o.d, not having promised to give, was neither naturally, nor by covenant, obliged to give,--it is certain he could not be obliged to continue that to the sons of a sinning father, which to an innocent father he was not obliged to give.
Oh! certainly not, if h.e.l.l were not attached to acts and omissions, which without these very graces it is morally impossible for men to avoid. Why will not Taylor speak out?
Ib. s. xiv. p. 85.
The doctrine of the ancient Fathers was that free will remained in us after the Fall.
Yea! as the locomotive faculty in a man in a strait waistcoat. Neither St. Augustine nor Calvin denied the remanence of the will in the fallen spirit; but they, and Luther as well as they, objected to the flattering epithet "free" will. In the only Scriptural sense, as concerning the unregenerate, it is implied in the word will, and in this sense, therefore, it is superfluous and tautologic; and, in any other sense, it is the fruit and final end of Redemption,--the glorious liberty of the Gospel.
Ib. s. xvi. p. 92.
For my part I believe this only as certain, that nature alone cannot bring them to heaven, and that Adam left us in a state in which we could not hope for it.
This is likewise my belief, and that man must have had a Christ, even if Adam had continued in Paradise--if indeed the history of Adam be not a "mythos"; as, but for pa.s.sages in St. Paul, we should most of us believe; the serpent speaking, the names of the trees, and so on; and the whole account of the creation in the first chapter of Genesis seems to me clearly to say:--"The literal fact you could not comprehend if it were related to you; but you may conceive of it as if it had taken place thus and thus."
Ib. s. 1. p. 166.