SHAKSPEARE"S ENGLISH HISTORICAL PLAYS.
The first form of poetry is the epic, the essence of which may be stated as the successive in events and characters. This must be distinguished from narration, in which there must always be a narrator, from whom the objects represented receive a coloring and a manner;--whereas in the epic, as in the so called poems of Homer, the whole is completely objective, and the representation is a pure reflection. The next form into which poetry pa.s.sed was the dramatic;--both forms having a common basis with a certain difference, and that difference not consisting in the dialogue alone. Both are founded on the relation of providence to the human will; and this relation is the universal element, expressed under different points of view according to the difference of religions, and the moral and intellectual cultivation of different nations. In the epic poem fate is represented as overruling the will, and making it instrumental to the accomplishment of its designs:--
[Greek (transliterated):--------Dios de teleieto boulae.]
In the drama, the will is exhibited as struggling with fate, a great and beautiful instance and ill.u.s.tration of which is the Prometheus of aeschylus; and the deepest effect is produced, when the fate is represented as a higher and intelligent will, and the opposition of the individual as springing from a defect.
In order that a drama may be properly historical, it is necessary that it should be the history of the people to whom it is addressed. In the composition, care must be taken that there appear no dramatic improbability, as the reality is taken for granted. It must, likewise, be poetical;--that only, I mean, must be taken which is the permanent in our nature, which is common, and therefore deeply interesting to all ages. The events themselves are immaterial, otherwise than as the clothing and manifestation of the spirit that is working within. In this mode, the unity resulting from succession is destroyed, but is supplied by a unity of a higher order, which connects the events by reference to the workers, gives a reason for them in the motives, and presents men in their causative character. It takes, therefore, that part of real history which is the least known, and infuses a principle of life and organization into the naked facts, and makes them all the framework of an animated whole.
In my happier days, while I had yet hope and onward-looking thoughts, I planned an historical drama of King Stephen, in the manner of Shakspeare. Indeed it would be desirable that some man of dramatic genius should dramatize all those omitted by Shakspeare, as far down as Henry VII. Perkin Warbeck would make a most interesting drama. A few scenes of Marlow"s Edward II. might be preserved. After Henry VIII., the events are too well and distinctly known, to be, without plump inverisimilitude, crowded together in one night"s exhibition. Whereas, the history of our ancient kings--the events of their reigns, I mean,--are like stars in the sky;--whatever the real inters.p.a.ces may be, and however great, they seem close to each other. The stars--the events--strike us and remain in our eye, little modified by the difference of dates. An historic drama is, therefore, a collection of events borrowed from history, but connected together in respect of cause and time, poetically and by dramatic fiction. It would be a fine national custom to act such a series of dramatic histories in orderly succession, in the yearly Christmas holidays, and could not but tend to counteract that mock cosmopolitism, which under a positive term really implies nothing but a negation of, or indifference to, the particular love of our country. By its nationality must every nation retain its independence;--I mean a nationality "quoad" the nation. Better thus;--nationality in each individual, "quoad" his country, is equal to the sense of individuality "quoad" himself; but himself as subsensuous, and central. Patriotism is equal to the sense of individuality reflected from every other individual. There may come a higher virtue in both--just cosmopolitism. But this latter is not possible but by antecedence of the former.
Shakspeare has included the most important part of nine reigns in his historical dramas--namely--King John, Richard II.--Henry IV.
(two)--Henry V.--Henry VI. (three) including Edward V. and Henry VIII., in all ten plays. There remain, therefore, to be done, with exception of a single scene or two that should be adopted from Marlow--eleven reigns--of which the first two appear the only unpromising subjects;--and those two dramas must be formed wholly or mainly of invented private stories, which, however, could not have happened except in consequence of the events and measures of these reigns, and which should furnish opportunity both of exhibiting the manners and oppressions of the times, and of narrating dramatically the great events;--if possible--the death of the two sovereigns, at least of the latter, should be made to have some influence on the finale of the story. All the rest are glorious subjects; especially Henry 1st. (being the struggle between the men of arms and of letters, in the persons of Henry and Becket,) Stephen, Richard I., Edward II., and Henry VII.
KING JOHN.
Act. I. sc. 1.
"Bast". James Gurney, wilt thou give us leave awhile?
"Gur". Good leave, good Philip.
"Bast". Philip? _sparrow_! James, &c.
Theobald adopts Warburton"s conjecture of "_spare me_."
O true Warburton! and the "sancta simplicitas" of honest dull Theobald"s faith in him! Nothing can be more lively or characteristic than "Philip!
Sparrow!" Had Warburton read old Skelton"s "Philip Sparrow," an exquisite and original poem, and, no doubt, popular in Shakspeare"s time, even Warburton would scarcely have made so deep a plunge into the _bathetic_ as to have deathified "sparrow" into "spare me!"
Act iii. sc. 2. Speech of Faulconbridge:--
Now, by my life, this day grows wondrous hot; Some _airy_ devil hovers in the sky, &c.
Theobald adopts Warburton"s conjecture of "fiery."
I prefer the old text; the word "devil" implies "fiery." You need only read the line, laying a full and strong emphasis on "devil," to perceive the uselessness and tastelessness of Warburton"s alteration.
RICHARD II.
I have stated that the transitional link between the epic poem and the drama is the historic drama; that in the epic poem a pre-announced fate gradually adjusts and employs the will and the events as its instruments, whilst the drama, on the other hand, places fate and will in opposition to each other, and is then most perfect, when the victory of fate is obtained in consequence of imperfections in the opposing will, so as to leave a final impression that the fate itself is but a higher and a more intelligent will.
From the length of the speeches, and the circ.u.mstance that, with one exception, the events are all historical, and presented in their results, not produced by acts seen by, or taking place before, the audience, this tragedy is ill suited to our present large theatres. But in itself, and for the closet, I feel no hesitation in placing it as the first and most admirable of all Shakspeare"s purely historical plays.
For the two parts of Henry IV. form a species of themselves, which may be named the mixed drama. The distinction does not depend on the mere quant.i.ty of historical events in the play compared with the fictions; for there is as much history in Macbeth as in Richard, but in the relation of the history to the plot.
In the purely historical plays, the history forms the plot; in the mixed, it directs it; in the rest, as Macbeth, Hamlet, Cymbeline, Lear, it subserves it. But, however unsuited to the stage this drama may be, G.o.d forbid that even there it should fall dead on the hearts of Jacobinized Englishmen! Then, indeed, we might say--"praeteriit gloria mundi"! For the spirit of patriotic reminiscence is the all-permeating soul of this n.o.ble work. It is, perhaps, the most purely historical of Shakspeare"s dramas. There are not in it, as in the others, characters introduced merely for the purpose of giving a greater individuality and realness, as in the comic parts of Henry IV., by presenting, as it were, our very selves. Shakspeare avails himself of every opportunity to effect the great object of the historic drama, that, namely, of familiarizing the people to the great names of their country, and thereby of exciting a steady patriotism, a love of just liberty, and a respect for all those fundamental inst.i.tutions of social life, which bind men to-gether:--
This royal throne of kings, this scepter"d isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise; This fortress, built by nature for herself, Against infection, and the hand of war; This happy breed of men, this little world; This precious stone set in the silver sea, Which serves it in the office of a wall, Or as a moat defensive to a home, Against the envy of less happier lands; This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England, This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings, Fear"d by their breed, and famous by their birth, &c.
Add the famous pa.s.sage in King John:--
This England never did, nor ever shall, Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror, But when it first did help to wound itself.
Now these her princes are come home again, Come the three corners of the world in arms, And we shall shock them: nought shall make us rue, If England to itself do rest but true.
And it certainly seems that Shakspeare"s historic dramas produced a very deep effect on the minds of the English people, and in earlier times they were familiar even to the least informed of all ranks, according to the relation of Bishop Corbett. Marlborough, we know, was not ashamed to confess that his princ.i.p.al acquaintance with English history was derived from them; and I believe that a large part of the information as to our old names and achievements even now abroad is due, directly or indirectly, to Shakspeare.
Admirable is the judgment with which Shakspeare always in the first scenes prepares, yet how naturally, and with what concealment of art, for the catastrophe. Observe how he here presents the germ of all the after events in Richard"s insincerity, partiality, arbitrariness, and favoritism, and in the proud, tempestuous, temperament of his barons. In the very beginning, also, is displayed that feature in Richard"s character, which is never forgotten throughout the play--his attention to decorum, and high feeling of the kingly dignity. These antic.i.p.ations show with what judgment Shakspeare wrote, and ill.u.s.trate his care to connect the past and future, and unify them with the present by forecast and reminiscence.
It is interesting to a critical ear to compare the six opening lines of the play--
Old John of Gaunt, time-honor"d Lancaster, Hast thou, according to thy oath and band, &c.
each closing at the tenth syllable, with the rhythmless metre of the verse in Henry VI. and t.i.tus Andronicus, in order that the difference, indeed, the heterogeneity, of the two may be felt "etiam in simillimis prima superficie". Here the weight of the single words supplies all the relief afforded by intercurrent verse, while the whole represents the mood. And compare the apparently defective metre of Bolingbroke"s first line,--
Many years of happy days befall--
with Prospero"s,
Twelve years since, Miranda! twelve years since--
The actor should supply the time by emphasis, and pause on the first syllable of each of these verses.
Act i. sc. 1. Bolingbroke"s speech:--
First, (heaven be the record to my speech!) In the devotion of a subject"s love, &c.
I remember in the Sophoclean drama no more striking example of the [Greek (transliterated): To prepon kai semnon] than this speech; and the rhymes in the last six lines well express the preconcertedness of Bolingbroke"s scheme so beautifully contrasted with the vehemence and sincere irritation of Mowbray.