The Mammoth Book of Steampunk.
Sean Wallace.
Steampunk: Looking to the Future Through the Lens of the Past.
Ekaterina Sedia.
With the recent release of The Steampunk Bible (ed. Jeff VanderMeer and SJ Chambers), it seems that steampunk as a genre finally came into its own and has grown enough to demand its own compendium, summarizing various parts of this remarkably protean movement, and pointing out interesting things happening in its DIY culture, cosplay, film, literature and music. The fact that the steampunk esthetic penetrates all aspects and art forms indicates that it is remarkably malleable and yet recognizable. We often see steampunk as gears and goggles glued to top hats, but this impression is of course superficial, and there is much more complexity to the fashion and maker aspects of it just take a look at the Steampunk Workshop website by Jake Von Slatt if you don"t believe me! And yet, much like p.o.r.nography, all of these expressions conform to a common pattern difficult to describe beyond the superficial, but one just knows it when one sees it.
And of course the literary component of the genre has complexity beyond what is visible to a casual reader. Some will think of early steampunk, as envisioned by Powers, Baylock and Jeter; others will recall the retrofuturism of Wells and Verne; yet others will shrug and deride faux Victoriana with its grafted-on machinery. The beauty of steampunk is that none would be wrong much like trying to determine the shape of an elephant by feel, summarizing literary steampunk is daunting, and it is tempting to grab a trunk and call it an elephant. It is tempting to say that in order to be properly steampunk, a story needs to be an alternate history, or to be set in Victorian England, or at least have an airship or two. And surely there cannot be steampunk without steam engines?
Instead, I think, it is more constructive to avoid trope-based definitions altogether, and focus instead on the operational that is, what do these stories do? And this is where we see that time and time again, great steampunk stories confront an uneasy past with its history of oppression and science that serves to promote dominance, where women are chattel and where other races are deemed subhuman and therefore fit to exploit, where we can take things because we feel like it, where the code of moral conduct does not apply to treatment of lower cla.s.ses. Industrial revolution came with a heavy price, and now as its inheritors we cannot help but look back and ask, is this really progress? And if it is, can we have progress without the horror that accompanies it? What would happen if, for example, Galton"s eugenics and Spencer"s Social Darwinism were dismissed while John Stuart Mill"s The Subjection of Women became a mainstream success, influencing policies and laws?
The answer will of course differ from one writer to the next. But this examining and interrogation of the past, the search for alternative turns, imagining what would happen if technology were used to uplift rather than oppress: this is the "punk" element, the rejection of calcified norms and either examining them or appropriating them for the use these norms had previously shunned. Challenging the centrality of Western civilization or the common perception of men as movers of history as women stand quietly by the side, the invisibility of genders other than binary, s.e.xualities other than hetero all of these issues are currently receiving attention. We as a society are struggling for acceptance and tolerance, and we are recognizing the importance of talking about these issues. Websites such as Beyond Victoriana and Silver Goggles question the Eurocentric narrative of what we perceive as the history of civilization, while fiction writers are busily reworking our histories to let the voices omitted from the mainstream (and actively suppressed) be heard and to tell their stories.
The question, of course, remains: what does it matter if we reimagine the past? Sure, it is nice to pretend that the wealth we"re enjoying now was not ill-gotten, but it doesn"t really help to right past wrongs. However, I would argue that by reimagining how things could"ve gone, we can hold up the mirror to our present, and by extension to our future. After all, if we cannot imagine a better past, how can we even begin to understand what we need to do today to build a more equitable, more sustainable, kinder future?
This book offers as many answers as there are writers from Freidrich Engels building a Dialectical Engine and the mechanical-jawed factory girls of Nick Mamatas to the creation of Shweta Narayan"s mechanical bird to Catherynne M. Valente"s unapologetically punk approach to Victoriana, the possibilities are as boundless as their imaginations. All of these stories have one thing in common: while they may push the boundaries of what is commonly considered steampunk, they never waver in their interrogation of the human condition, and the ways in which our past shapes our future.
Ekaterina Sedia, May 2011, New Jersey.
Fixing Hanover.
Jeff VanderMeer.
When Shyver can"t lift it from the sand, he brings me down from the village. It lies there on the beach, entangled in the seaweed, dull metal scoured by the sea, limpets and barnacles stuck to its torso. It"s been lost a long time, just like me. It smells like rust and oil still, but only a tantalizing hint.
"It"s good salvage, at least," Shyver says. "Maybe more."
"Or maybe less," I reply. Salvage is the life"s blood of the village in the off-season, when the sea"s too rough for fishing. But I know from past experience, there"s no telling what the salvagers will want and what they"ll discard. They come from deep in the hill country ab.u.t.ting the sea cliffs, their needs only a glimmer in their savage eyes.
To Shyver, maybe the thing he"d found looks like a long box with a smaller box on top. To me, in the burnishing rasp of the afternoon sun, the last of the winter winds lashing against my face, it resembles a man whose limbs have been torn off. A man made of metal. It has lamps for eyes, although I have to squint hard to imagine there ever being an ember, a spark, of understanding. No expression defiles the broad pitted expanse of metal.
As soon as I see it, I call it "Hanover", after a character I had seen in an old movie back when the projector still worked.
"Hanover?" Shyver says with a trace of contempt.
"Hanover never gave away what he thought," I reply, as we drag it up the gravel track toward the village. Sandhaven, they call it, simply, and it"s carved into the side of cliffs that are sliding into the sea. I"ve lived there for almost six years, taking on odd jobs, a.s.sisting with salvage. They still know next to nothing about me, not really. They like me not for what I say or who I am, but for what I do: anything mechanical I can fix, or build something new from poor parts. Someone reliable in an isolated place where a faulty water pump can be devastating. That means something real. That means you don"t have to explain much.
"Hanover, whoever or whatever it is, has given up on more than thoughts," Shyver says, showing surprising intuition. It means he"s already put a face on Hanover, too. "I think it"s from the Old Empire. I think it washed up from the Sunken City at the bottom of the sea."
Everyone knows what Shyver thinks, about everything. Brown-haired, green-eyed, gawky, he"s lived in Sandhaven his whole life. He"s good with a boat, could navigate a c.o.c.klesh.e.l.l through a typhoon. He"ll never leave the village, but why should he? As far as he knows, everything he needs is here.
Beyond doubt, the remains of Hanover are heavy. I have difficulty keeping my grip on him, despite the rust. By the time we"ve made it to the courtyard at the center of Sandhaven, Shyver and I are breathing as hard as old men. We drop our burden with a combination of relief and self-conscious theatrics. By now, a crowd has gathered, and not just stray dogs and bored children.
First law of salvage: what is found must be brought before the community. Is it sc.r.a.p? Should it be discarded? Can it be restored?
John Blake, council leader, all unkempt black beard, wide shoulders and watery turquoise eyes, stands there. So does Sarah, who leads the weavers, and the blacksmith Growder, and the ethereal captain of the fishing fleet: Lady Salt as she is called she of the impossibly pale, soft skin, the blonde hair in a land that only sees the sun five months out of the year. Her eyes, ever-shifting, never settling one is light blue and one is fierce green, as if to balance the sea between calm and roiling. She has tiny wrinkles in the corners of those eyes, and a wry smile beneath. If I remember little else, fault the eyes. We"ve been lovers the past three years, and if I ever fully understand her, I wonder if my love for her will vanish like the mist over the water at dawn.
With the fishing boats not launching for another week, a host of broad-faced fisher folk, joined by lesser lights and gossips, has gathered behind us. Even as the light fades: shadows of albatross and gull cutting across the horizon and the roofs of the low houses, huddled and glowing a deep gold and orange around the edges, framed by the graying sky.
Blake says, "Where?" He"s a man who measures words as if he had only a few given to him by Fate; too generous a syllable from his lips, and he might fall over dead.
"The beach, the cove," Shyver says. Blake always reduces him to a similar terseness.
"What is it?"
This time, Blake looks at me, with a glare. I"m the fixer who solved their well problems the season before, who gets the most value for the village from what"s sold to the hill scavengers. But I"m also Lady Salt"s lover, who used to be his, and depending on the vagaries of his mood, I suffer more or less for it.
I see no harm in telling the truth as I know it, when I can. So much remains unsaid that extra lies exhaust me.
"It is part of a metal man," I say.
A gasp from the more ignorant among the crowd. My Lady Salt just stares right through me. I know what she"s thinking: in scant days she"ll be on the open sea. Her vessel is as sleek and quick and buoyant as the water, and she likes to call it Seeker, or sometimes Mist, or even just Cleave. Salvage holds little interest for her.
But I can see the gears turning in Blake"s head. He thinks awhile before he says more. Even the blacksmith and the weaver, more for ceremony and obligation than their insight, seem to contemplate the rusted bucket before them.
A refurbished water pump keeps delivering from the aquifers; parts bartered to the hill people mean only milk and smoked meat for half a season. Still, Blake knows that the fishing has been less dependable the past few years, and that if we do not give the hill people something, they will not keep coming back.
"Fix it," he says.
It"s not a question, although I try to treat it like one.
Later that night, I am with the Lady Salt, whose whispered name in these moments is Rebecca.
"Not a name men would follow," she said to me once. "A landish name."
In bed, she"s as shifting as the tides, beside me, on top and beneath. Her mouth is soft but firm, her tongue curling like a question mark across my body. She makes little cries that are so different from the orders she barks out shipboard that she might as well be a different person. We"re all different people, depending.
Rebecca can read. She has a few books from the hill people, taught herself with the help of an old man who remembered how. A couple of the books are even from the Empire the New Empire, not the old. Sometimes I want to think she is not the Lady Salt, but the Lady Flight. That she wants to leave the village. That she seeks so much more. But I look into those eyes in the dimness of half-dawn, so close, so far, and realize she would never tell me, no matter how long I live here. Even in bed, there is a bit of Lady Salt in Rebecca.
When we are finished, lying in each other"s arms under the thick covers, her hair against my cheek, Rebecca asks me, "Is that thing from your world? Do you know what it is?"
I have told her a little about my past, where I came from mostly bedtime stories when she cannot sleep, little fantasies of golden spires and a million thronging people, fables of something so utterly different from the village that it must exist only in a dream. Once upon a time there was a foolish man. Once upon a time there was an Empire. She tells me she doesn"t believe me, and there"s freedom in that. It"s a strange pillow talk that can be so grim.
I tell her the truth about Hanover: "It"s nothing like what I remember." If it came from Empire, it came late, after I was already gone.
"Can you really fix it?" she asks.
I smile. "I can fix anything," and I really believe it. If I want to, I can fix anything. I"m just not sure yet I want Hanover fixed, because I don"t know what he is.
But my hands can"t lie they tremble to have at it, to explore, impatient for the task even then and there, in bed with Blake"s lost love.
I came from the same sea the Lady Salt loves. I came as salvage, and was fixed. Despite careful preparation, my vessel had been damaged first by a storm, and then a reef. Forced to the surface, I managed to escape into a raft just before my creation drowned. It was never meant for life above the waves, just as I was never meant for life below them. I washed up near the village, was found, and eventually accepted into their community; they did not sell me to the hill people.
I never meant to stay. I didn"t think I"d fled far enough. Even as I"d put distance between me and Empire, I"d set traps, put up decoys, sent out false rumors. I"d done all I could to escape that former life, and yet some nights, sleepless, restless, it feels as if I am just waiting to be found.
Even failure can be a kind of success, my father always said. But I still don"t know if I believe that.
Three days pa.s.s, and I"m still fixing Hanover, sometimes with help from Shyver, sometimes not. Shyver doesn"t have much else to do until the fishing fleet goes out, but that doesn"t mean he has to stay cooped up in a cluttered workshop with me. Not when, conveniently, the blacksmithy is next door, and with it the lovely daughter of Growder, who he adores.
Blake says he comes in to check my progress, but I think he comes to check on me. After the Lady Salt left him, he married another a weaver but she died in childbirth a year ago, and took the baby with her. Now Blake sees before him a different past: a life that might have been, with the Lady Salt at his side.
I can still remember the generous Blake, the humorous Blake who would stand on a table with a mug of beer made by the hill people and tell an amusing story about being lost at sea, poking fun at himself. But now, because he still loves her, there is only me to hate. Now there is just the brambly fence of his beard to hide him, and the pressure of his eyes, the pursed, thin lips. If I were a different man. If I loved the Lady Salt less. If she wanted him.
But instead it is him and me in the workroom, Hanover on the table, surrounded by an autopsy of gears and coils and congealed bits of metal long past their purpose. Hanover up close, over time, smells of sea gra.s.ses and brine along with the oil. I still do not know him. Or what he does. Or why he is here. I think I recognize some of it as the work of Empire, but I can"t be sure. Shyver still thinks Hanover is merely a sculpture from beneath the ocean. But no one makes a sculpture with so many moving parts.
"Make it work," Blake says. "You"re the expert. Fix it."
Expert? I"m the only one with any knowledge in this area. For hundreds, maybe thousands, of miles.
"I"m trying," I say. "But then what? We don"t know what it does."
This is the central question, perhaps of my life. It is why I go slow with Hanover. My hands already know where most of the parts go. They know most of what is broken, and why.
"Fix it," Blake says, "or at the next council meeting, I will ask that you be sent to live with the hill people for a time."
There"s no disguising the self-hatred in his gaze. There"s no disguising that he"s serious.
"For a time? And what will that prove? Except to show I can live in caves with shepherds?" I almost want an answer.
Blake spits on the wooden floor. "No use to us, why should we feed you? House you ..."
Even if I leave, she won"t go back to you.
"What if I fix it and all it does is blink? Or all it does is shed light, like a whale lamp? Or talk in nonsense rhymes? Or I fix it and it kills us all."
"Don"t care," Blake says. "Fix it."
The cliffs around the village are low, like the shoulders of a slouching giant, and caulked with bird s.h.i.t and white rock, veined through with dark green bramble. Tough, thick lizards scuttle through the branches. Tiny birds take shelter there, their dark eyes staring out from shadow. A smell almost like mint struggles through. Below is the cove where Shyver found Hanover.
Rebecca and I walk there, far enough beyond the village that we cannot be seen, and we talk. We find the old trails and follow them, sometimes silly, sometimes serious. We don"t need to be who we are in Sandhaven.
"Blake"s getting worse," I tell her. "More paranoid. He"s jealous. He says he"ll exile me from the village if I don"t fix Hanover."
"Then fix Hanover," Rebecca says.
We are holding hands. Her palm is warm and sweaty in mine, but I don"t care. Every moment I"m with her feels like something I didn"t earn, wasn"t looking for, but don"t want to lose. Still, something in me rebels. It"s tiring to keep proving myself.
"I can do it," I say. "I know I can. But ..."
"Blake can"t exile you without the support of the council," Lady Salt says. I know it"s her, not Rebecca, because of the tone, and the way her blue eye flashes when she looks at me. "But he can make life difficult if you give him cause." A pause, a tightening of her grip. "He"s in mourning. You know it makes him not himself. But we need him. We need him back."
A twinge as I wonder how she means that. But it"s true: Blake has led Sandhaven through good times and bad, made tough decisions and cared about the village.
Sometimes, though, leadership is not enough. What if what you really need is the instinct to be fearful? And the thought as we make our way back to the village: what if Blake is right about me?
So I begin to work on Hanover in earnest. There"s a complex balance to him that I admire. People think engineering is about practical application of science, and that might be right, if you"re building something. But if you"re fixing something, something you don"t fully understand say, you"re fixing a Hanover you have no access to a schematic, to a helpful context. Your work instead becomes a kind of detection. You become a kind of detective. You track down clues cylinders that fit into holes in sheets of steel, that slide into place in grooves, that lead to wires, that lead to understanding.
To do this, I have to stop my ad hoc explorations. Instead, with Shyver"s reluctant help, I take Hanover apart systematically, doc.u.ment where I find each part, and if I think it truly belongs there, or became dislodged during the trauma that resulted in his death. I note gaps. I label each part by what I believe it contributed to his overall function. In all things, I remember that Hanover has been made to look like a man, and therefore his innards roughly resemble those of a man in form or function, his makers consciously or subconsciously unable to ignore the implications of that form, that function.
Shyver looks at the parts lying glistening on the table, and says, "They"re so different out of him." So different cleaned up, greased with fresh fish oil. Through the window, the sun"s light sets them ablaze. Hanover"s burnished surface, whorled with a patina of greens, blues and rust red. The world become radiant.
When we remove the carapace of Hanover"s head to reveal a thousand wires, clockwork gears and strange fluids, even Shyver cannot think of him as a statue anymore.
"What does a machine like this do?" Shyver says, who has only rarely seen anything more complex than a hammer or a watch.
I laugh. "It does whatever it wants to do, I imagine."
By the time I am done with Hanover, I have made several leaps of logic. I have made decisions that cannot be explained as rational, but in their rightness set my head afire with the absolute certainty of Creation. The feeling energizes me and horrifies me all at once.
It was long after my country became an Empire that I decided to escape. And still I might have stayed, even knowing what I had done. That is the tragedy of everyday life: when you are in it, you can never see yourself clearly.
Even seven years in, Sandhaven having made the Past the past, I still had nightmares of gleaming rows of airships. I would wake, screaming, from what had once been a blissful dream, and the Lady Salt and Rebecca would both be there to comfort me.
Did I deserve that comfort?
Shyver is there when Hanover comes alive. I"ve spent a week speculating on ways to bypa.s.s what look like missing parts, missing wires. I"ve experimented with a hundred different connections. I"ve even identified Hanover"s independent power source and recharged it using a hand-cranked generator.
Lady Salt has gone out with the fishing fleet for the first time and the village is deserted. Even Blake has gone with her, after a quick threat in my direction once again. If the fishing doesn"t go well, the evening will not go any better for me.
Shyver says, "Is that a spark?"
A spark?
"Where?"
I have just put Hanover back together again for possibly the twentieth time and planned to take a break, to just sit back and smoke a hand-rolled cigarette, compliments of the enigmatic hill people.
"In Hanover"s ... eyes."
Shyver goes white, backs away from Hanover, as if something monstrous has occurred, even though this is what we wanted.
It brings memories flooding back of the long-ago day steam had come rushing out of the huge iron bubble and the canvas had swelled, and held, and everything I could have wished for in my old life had been attained. That feeling had become addiction I wanted to experience it again and again but now it"s bittersweet, something to cling to and cast away.
My a.s.sistant then had responded much as Shyver does now: both on some instinctual level knowing that something unnatural has happened.