wolf grey s.h.a.ggy slavering howling ripping violent hunter innocent quarry frisking grazing bleating white woolly lamb The "rule" is that the second line is composed of related adjectives and the third of related participles participles; the first two words of the middle line are nouns or nominal phrases connected to the top of the diamond, the next pair connect to the bottom. You then repeat the process symmetrically down to your end-word. The whole thing is daffy and hardly qualifies as a form for poetry, but I include it anyway. Something to do on long train journeys.
Another bizarre form, bizarrely popular if the Internet is anything to go by, is to be found in RHOPALICS RHOPALICS. A rhopalic line is one in which each successive word has one more syllable than its predecessor. This sentence cleverly exemplifies rhopalicism This sentence cleverly exemplifies rhopalicism. There are variations, like increasing each word in a line letter by letter (I am not sure about trying variant rhopalics) and decreasing rather than increasing the count (stultifying staggering tediously complete b.l.o.o.d.y waste, f.u.c.k off... ). Or there is this kind of thing: ). Or there is this kind of thing: My feelings and emotionsIn their restless motionsSeethe and swell like oceansOf the kind a Stoic shuns,Better find some calmer "uns The dwindling but aurally congruent rhyme-returns yielded from emotions, motions, oceans, shuns emotions, motions, oceans, shuns and and "uns "uns const.i.tute const.i.tute DIMINISHING RHYME DIMINISHING RHYME, which may seem arid and futile, but George Herbert, the deeply religious and verbally playful poet whose "Easter Wings" we have seen, used them with great seriousness in his poem "Paradise": I bless Thee, Lord, because I growAmong the trees, which in a rowTo Thee both fruit and order ow.
Certain other pointless forms demand a prescribed diminishing or ascending syllable count. The TETRACTYS TETRACTYS asks the poet to produce five lines of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 syllables. Where"s the asks the poet to produce five lines of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 syllables. Where"s the tetra tetra in that, for heaven"s sake, you may be wondering. I believe it may be to do with a "mystic tetrad" in Pythagoreanism and kabbalism and some a.r.s.e-dribble or other connected to Tarot card layout and the four elements. 1+2+3+4=10 is the sum on which Ray Stebbing, the form"s inventor, based the poetic tetractys. No doubt he meant well by it. Tetractys, appropriately enough, is p.r.o.nounced to rhyme with in that, for heaven"s sake, you may be wondering. I believe it may be to do with a "mystic tetrad" in Pythagoreanism and kabbalism and some a.r.s.e-dribble or other connected to Tarot card layout and the four elements. 1+2+3+4=10 is the sum on which Ray Stebbing, the form"s inventor, based the poetic tetractys. No doubt he meant well by it. Tetractys, appropriately enough, is p.r.o.nounced to rhyme with wet practice wet practice.
who choose to compose tetractyses are welcome to them, far as I"m concerned
and I really cannot see the virtue in flipping them: too heavy on top no?
Mr Stebbing is a serious and accomplished poet, and if he believes his form to be the new native haiku then I wish him well. An even arsier form is the NONET NONET: deathto thosewho composesuch wastes of breaththey have no gracesat least in my poor eyesthey suggest useless tracesof ancient forms more pure and wisewhen people start to count, true verse dies.
The syllabic count starts at one and increases until it reaches nine. Mine, in desperation, rhymes. Syllabics? Silly b.o.l.l.o.c.ks, more like.
ACROSTICS.
ACROSTICS have been popular for years; nineteenth-century children produced them instead of watching televisionthose who were lucky enough not to be sent down chimneys or kidnapped by gangs of pickpockets did, anyway. have been popular for years; nineteenth-century children produced them instead of watching televisionthose who were lucky enough not to be sent down chimneys or kidnapped by gangs of pickpockets did, anyway.
So you want a dedication then?For you I"ll do my very bestRead the letters downwards, darling, thenYou"ll see I"ve pa.s.sed your little test.
What is going on below, you might wonder?
age is areal b.u.g.g.e.rso few yea.r.s.ending up whitewrinkled weak as strawincontinence comes and ip.i.s.s myself in every waystopeternity"s too short too short a time That is a DOUBLE ACROSTIC DOUBLE ACROSTIC, both the first first and and last last letters of each line spell out the same defiance and physical disgust. I haven"t highlighted the letters; you can trace them down yourself. In case you are wondering, I have not reached that stage yet.i.t is an imaginative leap, we are allowed those from time to time: all functions working smoothly last time I checked. You could in theory spell words down from the middle of a linethis is called a letters of each line spell out the same defiance and physical disgust. I haven"t highlighted the letters; you can trace them down yourself. In case you are wondering, I have not reached that stage yet.i.t is an imaginative leap, we are allowed those from time to time: all functions working smoothly last time I checked. You could in theory spell words down from the middle of a linethis is called a mesostich mesostich and is just plain silly. and is just plain silly.
The French seem to be the people most interested in acrostics and other poetic wordplay. Salomon Certon wrote a whole sonnet omitting the letter "e": this is known as a LIPOGRAM LIPOGRAM. Not Not the same root as liposuction, as it happens, despite the apparent similarity of meaning. These days, you might feel, a poem that never uses an "I" would be a real achievement... the same root as liposuction, as it happens, despite the apparent similarity of meaning. These days, you might feel, a poem that never uses an "I" would be a real achievement...
PARONOMASIA is a grand word for "pun": Thomas Hood, whose rich rhyme effusion you have read, was famous for these: "He went and told the s.e.xton and the s.e.xton tolled the bell," that kind of thing. is a grand word for "pun": Thomas Hood, whose rich rhyme effusion you have read, was famous for these: "He went and told the s.e.xton and the s.e.xton tolled the bell," that kind of thing.
Keats slips most of the name of his hero into a line in the poem Endymion: this is known as a PARAGRAM PARAGRAM:
...I Will trace the story of Endymion.The very m music o of the n name has gone There are those who loathe puns, anagrams and wordplay of any description. They regard pract.i.tioners as trivial, posey, feeble, nerdy and facetious. As one such pract.i.tioner, I do understand the objections. Archness, cuteness, pedantry and showoffiness do const.i.tute dangers. However, as a non-singing, non-games-playing, -dancing, -painting, -diving, -running, -catching, -kicking, -riding, -skating, -skiing, -sailing, -climbing, -caving, -swimming, -free-falling, -cycling, -canoeing, -jumping, -bouncing, -boxing sort of person, words are all I have. As the old cliche has it, they are my friends friends. I like to say them, weigh them, poke them, tease them, chant their sound, gaze at their shape and savour their juiciness, and, yes, play with them. Some words are made up of the same letters as others, some can fit inside others, some can be said the same backwards as frontwards, some rhyme outrageously, some seem unique and peculiar like yacht yacht and and quirk quirk and and frump frump and and canoodle canoodle. I take pleasure in their oddities and pleasures and contradictions. It amuses me that a cowboy cowboy is a boy who rounds up cows, but a is a boy who rounds up cows, but a carboy carboy is a flagon of acid, that is a flagon of acid, that conifer conifer is an anagram of is an anagram of fir cone fir cone and and esoteric esoteric of of coteries coteries, that gold gold has a hundred rhymes but has a hundred rhymes but silver silver has none. has none.20 It saddens me that the French talk of the It saddens me that the French talk of the jouissance jouissance of language, its joyousness, juiciness, ecstasy and bliss, but that we of all peoples, with English as our mother tongue, do not. Such frolicsome larkiness may put you off, but if you wish to make poems it seems to me necessary that some part of your verse, however small, will register the sensuousness, oddity and pleasure of words themselves, as words, regardless of their semantic and communicatory duties. Not all paintings draw attention to their brushworkart can, of course, as validly make transparent its process as exhibit its presencebut each tradition has value and none represents the only true aesthetic. of language, its joyousness, juiciness, ecstasy and bliss, but that we of all peoples, with English as our mother tongue, do not. Such frolicsome larkiness may put you off, but if you wish to make poems it seems to me necessary that some part of your verse, however small, will register the sensuousness, oddity and pleasure of words themselves, as words, regardless of their semantic and communicatory duties. Not all paintings draw attention to their brushworkart can, of course, as validly make transparent its process as exhibit its presencebut each tradition has value and none represents the only true aesthetic.
In fact, I shall start the final chapter with an exploration of the idea that there are no limits to the depth of commitment to language that a poet can have. Not before you have completed...
Poetry Exercise 20 Write one one PATTERN POEM PATTERN POEM in the shape of a cross, and in the shape of a cross, and another another in the shape of a big capital "I" (for ego) (obviously it should be a Roman I with serifs, otherwise it would just be a block of verse). Make the words relevant to their shape. When you have finished that, write a rhyming in the shape of a big capital "I" (for ego) (obviously it should be a Roman I with serifs, otherwise it would just be a block of verse). Make the words relevant to their shape. When you have finished that, write a rhyming ACROSTIC VERSE ACROSTIC VERSE spelling either your surname or forename. spelling either your surname or forename.
CHAPTER FOUR.
Diction and Poetics Today
I.
How I learned to love poetrytwo storiesdiction
The Whale, the Cat and Madeline I was fortunate in my own introduction to poetry. My mother had, and still has, a mind packed with lines of verse. She could recite, like many of her generation but with more perfect recall than most, all the usual nursery rhymes along with most of A. A. Milne, Beatrix Potter, Lewis Carroll, Struwwelpeter Struwwelpeter, Eleanor Farjeon and other hardy annuals from the garden of English verse. This standard childhood repertoire somehow slid, without me noticing and without any didactic literary purpose, into bedtime recitations, readings or merry s.n.a.t.c.hes of Belloc, Chesterton, Wordsworth, Tennyson and Browning. Then one birthday a G.o.dfather gave me Palgrave"s Golden Treasury Palgrave"s Golden Treasury. This solid, Empire-made anthology (published in 1861, the same year as Mrs Beeton"s Household Management Mrs Beeton"s Household Management and regarded by some as its verse equivalent) had been updated by the then Poet Laureate, Cecil Day Lewis, and included works by Betjeman, Auden and Laurie Lee, but its greatest emphasis was still on the lyrical and the romantic. That year I won the first and only school prize of my life, an edition of the and regarded by some as its verse equivalent) had been updated by the then Poet Laureate, Cecil Day Lewis, and included works by Betjeman, Auden and Laurie Lee, but its greatest emphasis was still on the lyrical and the romantic. That year I won the first and only school prize of my life, an edition of the Collected Poems Collected Poems of John Keats. In this I found a line, just one line, that finished the job my mother started and made me for ever a true slave to poetry. I will come to it in a minute, but first, a story about Keats himself and then an instance of poetry in motion. of John Keats. In this I found a line, just one line, that finished the job my mother started and made me for ever a true slave to poetry. I will come to it in a minute, but first, a story about Keats himself and then an instance of poetry in motion.
THE W WHALE.
When Keats was a teenager (so the story goes), he came across a line from Spenser"s Faerie Queen Faerie Queen. Not even a line, actually: a phrase: ...the sea-shouldering whale.
Some versions of the story maintain that Keats burst into tears when he read this. He had never known before what poetic language could do do. He had no idea it was capable of making images spring so completely to life. In an instant he was able to see, hear and feel the roar, the plunging, the spray, the great ma.s.s and slow colossal upheaving energy of a whale, all from two words yoked together: "sea" and "shouldering". From that moment on Keats got got poetry. He began to understand the power that words could convey and the metaphorical daring with which a poet could treat them. We might say now that it was as if he had grasped their atomic nature, how with the right manipulation, and in the right combinations, words can release unimaginable energy. If not nuclear physics, then perhaps a living poetry. He began to understand the power that words could convey and the metaphorical daring with which a poet could treat them. We might say now that it was as if he had grasped their atomic nature, how with the right manipulation, and in the right combinations, words can release unimaginable energy. If not nuclear physics, then perhaps a living magick magick, whose verbal incantations conjure and summon a live thing out of thin air. Duke Theseus in A Midsummer Night"s Dream A Midsummer Night"s Dream put it this way: put it this way: And, as imagination bodies forthThe forms of things unknown, the poet"s penTurns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothingA local habitation and a name.
For Keats the grand plan of The Faerie Queen The Faerie Queen, its narrative, its religious, metaphysical, political and philosophical allegory and high epic seriousness dwindled to nothing in comparison with the poetic act as realised in two words. He "would dwell in ecstasy" on the phrase, his friend Charles Cowden Clarke wrote later. This may sound rather extremethere goes another typically high-strung nancy-boy poet in a loose neckcloth, swooning at a phrasebut I think the story goes to the heart of poetry"s fundamental nature. I am sure there must have been moments like this for painters struck, not by the composition and grand themes of a masterpiece, but by one brush stroke, one extraordinary solution to the problem of transmitting truth by applying pigment to canvas. Poetry is constructed by the conjoining of words, one next to the other. Not every instance of poetic language will yield so rich an epiphany as Spenser"s did for Keatsthere are muddy backgrounds in poems as in paintingsand poetry can never hope to rival the essay, the novel or a philosophical treatise when it comes to imparting thought, story and abstract truths, but it can make words live in a most particular way, it can achieve things like "the sea-shouldering whale". You may not think it the finest poetic phrase ever wrought, but it unlocked poetry for the young Keats. Most of us have an inexplicably best-loved film or book that opened our eyes to the power of cinema and literature, and these favourites may not necessarily be part of the canon of Great Cinema or Great Literature, they just happened to be the ones that were there when we were ready for them. First Love comes when it comes and often we are hard put to explain later just why such and such a person was the object of our ardent youthful adoration when photographs now reveal just how plain they really were.
THE C CAT AND THE A ACT.
Let me give you another example, this time it is from a poem by Ted Hughes called "Wilfred Owen"s Photographs". Hughes tells the story, simply and directly, of how Parnell"s Irish Members of Parliament in the late nineteenth century called for a motion to abolish the cat-o"-nine-tails as a punishment in the Royal Navy: Predictably, ParliamentSquared against the motion. As soonLet the old school tie be rentOff their necks...
Absolutely. "n.o.ble tradition! Trafalgar, what?" The cat-o"-nine-tails was, the old guard in Parliament cried, "No shame, but a monument..."
"To discontinue it were as muchAs ship not powder and cannonb.a.l.l.sBut brandy and women" (Laughter). Hearing whichA witty profound Irishman callsFor a "cat" into the House, and sits to watchThe gentry fingering its stained tails.Whereupon...
quietly, unopposed, The motion was pa.s.sed.
There, to some extent, you have it all. Poetry (literally) in Motion. Poetry (literally again) enacted enacted, pa.s.sed into Act. Hughes calls the unnamed Irishman who cried for the cat to be brought in "witty and profound" for good reason. That Irishman did in life what poems try to do in words: to make the idea fact, the abstract concrete and the general particular.
The politicians run their fingers over the stained leather, real human blood flakes off and the Idea of the cat is no longer an idea, it is now a real whip which has scourged very flesh and drawn very blood. That obscene carrier of flesh and blood pa.s.ses along the benches and the motion is, of course, pa.s.sed unopposed and in silence. Essays, journalism and novels can parade political, philosophical and social ideas and arguments about corporal punishment or any other d.a.m.ned thing, but such talk has none of the power of the real. We use prose words to describe, but poetic language attempts, like the magician or the profound Irishman, to body forth those notions into their very act act, to reify them. Poetry, the art of making, pushes the Idea into becoming the Thing Itself. Witty and profound. This wit and profundity might be harnessed to release a real whale to appear before us, or to compel us to handle the stained tails of a barbaric whip. Hughes made a poem that celebrated an act that tells us what poetry does, which is why he ent.i.tled his poem not "Death of the Cat" or something similar, but "Wilfred Owen"s Photographs", for Owen gave us not the idea idea of war but the torn flesh and smashed bone of "limbs so dear achieved", he gave us the of war but the torn flesh and smashed bone of "limbs so dear achieved", he gave us the fact fact of war. He called for photographs of the ruined minds and bodies of soldiers to be brought into of war. He called for photographs of the ruined minds and bodies of soldiers to be brought into our our houses and pa.s.sed along for inspection. The patriotic cheers stuck in our throats. houses and pa.s.sed along for inspection. The patriotic cheers stuck in our throats.
MADELINE.
Madeline, ah, Madeline. I wish I could tell you that the line of verse that awoke me to the power of poetry was as perfectly contained and simple in its force as Spenser"s, or that it had all the cold rage and perfection of the Hughes description of the Irish member"s act of wit. It was a line of Keats"s, an alexandrine as it happens, not that I knew that then, of a sensuousness and melodic perfection that hit me like a first lungful of cannabis, but without the great arcs of vomit, inane giggling and clammy paranoia attendant upon ingestion of that futile and overrated narcotic. The line is from "The Eve of Saint Agnes": And Madeline asleep in lap of legends old.
It is very possible that you will see nothing remarkable in this line at all. I had been dizzily in love with it for months before I became consciously aware of its extraordinary consonantal symmetry. Moving inwards from each extremity, we see the letter D at either end, moving through a succession of Ls, Ss, Ps and Ns. D-L-N-SL-P-N-L-P-L-N-D-S-L-D. This may be b.o.l.l.o.c.ks to you, but I thought it a miracle. I still still think it remarkable. It has none of the embarra.s.sing obviousness of over-alliterated lines, but its music is as perfectly achieved as any line of verse I know. It was not, however, the sonorous splendours of the words that had first captivated me, but the image evoked by them. I found the line as completely visual as anything I had ever read. I suppose that subconsciously think it remarkable. It has none of the embarra.s.sing obviousness of over-alliterated lines, but its music is as perfectly achieved as any line of verse I know. It was not, however, the sonorous splendours of the words that had first captivated me, but the image evoked by them. I found the line as completely visual as anything I had ever read. I suppose that subconsciously diction diction had been as responsible as had been as responsible as description description, which is to say the nature and physical attributions of the words chosen had made the image vivid in my mind quite as much as their literal meanings. "It ain"t what you say, it"s the way that you say it," the song goes. It is both both of course. And what of course. And what had had Keats said? That a girl was asleep in the lap of...not a person, but some old legends. It had never occurred to me before that you were allowed to do this. It was like a nonsense joke or a category mistake. You can sleep in a Keats said? That a girl was asleep in the lap of...not a person, but some old legends. It had never occurred to me before that you were allowed to do this. It was like a nonsense joke or a category mistake. You can sleep in a person"s person"s lap, but not a lap, but not a legend"s legend"s. Legends don"t have laps any more than whales have shoulders. Yet straight into my head came a suffused and dreamy picture of a long-haired maiden, eyes closed, with armoured knights and dragons rising up from her sleeping head. An image, I was later to discover, that greatly influenced the works of Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood of painters. Music and painting in one twelve-syllable line, but something more than either and this "something more than either" is what we mean, I suppose, by poetry.
I know this is all very fey and mockable. Very sensitive cardigan-wearing reading-gla.s.ses on a thin gold chain old poof who runs an antique business and yearns for beauty. Ah, my beloved Keats, such a solace to me in this world of reality television and chicken nuggets. They don"t understand, you know. Well, perhaps. I am not sure that it is in truth any more mockable than bloodless mirror-shaded cool in black jackets or disengaged postmodern quotation marks or sneery journalism or any style of cheap social grading one wishes to indulge in. I am not going to waste time trying to claim that a line of sensuous romantic poetry is cool and hard and powerful and relevant and intellectually muscled: it is quite enough for me that it astonishes with its beauty. Christopher Ricks wrote a book called Keats and Embarra.s.sment Keats and Embarra.s.sment and while his thesis went far beyond the usual implications of the word, a sense of embarra.s.sment will always cling to poetry that isn"t hip like Bukowski. and while his thesis went far beyond the usual implications of the word, a sense of embarra.s.sment will always cling to poetry that isn"t hip like Bukowski.
"Oh, play that thing!" says Larkin in his poem to the jazz saxophonist and clarinettist, Sidney Bechet: On me your voice falls as they say love should,Like an enormous yes.
I reckon an enormous yes beats seven kinds of c.r.a.p out of an enormous no.
DICTION.
How does the foregoing, illuminating as it may or may not have been, help with the writing of our poetry? I suppose I was trying with those examples to promote a high doctrine of poetic diction. I am not for a minute suggesting that some high poetic al al language be reserved for poetry. The language of the everyday, the vulgar, the demotic and the technical have as much place in poetry as any other diction or discourse. I am suggesting that language be worked, as a painter works paint, as a sculptor works marble. If what you are writing has no quality that prose cannot transmit, then why should you call it a poem? We cannot all play the game of "it is art because I say it is, it is art because it hangs in a gallery, so there". David Hockney once said that his working definition of a piece of art was a made object that if left in the street, leaning against a bus shelter, would cause pa.s.sers-by to stop and stare. Like all brave stabs at defining the indefinable it has its limitations, I supposeit is not, as Aristotle would say, necessary and sufficient language be reserved for poetry. The language of the everyday, the vulgar, the demotic and the technical have as much place in poetry as any other diction or discourse. I am suggesting that language be worked, as a painter works paint, as a sculptor works marble. If what you are writing has no quality that prose cannot transmit, then why should you call it a poem? We cannot all play the game of "it is art because I say it is, it is art because it hangs in a gallery, so there". David Hockney once said that his working definition of a piece of art was a made object that if left in the street, leaning against a bus shelter, would cause pa.s.sers-by to stop and stare. Like all brave stabs at defining the indefinable it has its limitations, I supposeit is not, as Aristotle would say, necessary and sufficient1but we might agree that it is not so bad. Perhaps poetry is the same: insert some poetry inside a body of prose and surely people should notice?
The poet Robert Graves offered the Game of Telegrams as a way of defining poetry. I suppose we would make that the Game of Texting now. A telegram, sometimes called a telegraph, wire or cable, for those of you too young to remember, was a message sent via the post office (or Western Union in the States). You would pay by the word, so they tended to be shorn of ornament, detail and connective words, asyndetic if you prefer: "Arriving Wed pm stop leg broken stop" that sort of thing. Much as "r u gng out 2nite?" might now be sent by SMS. Graves"s theory was that poetry should be similar. If you could take a word out without losing any sense, then the poet was indulging himself unacceptably. He made great sport of Wordsworth"s "The Reaper": Behold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland La.s.s!Reaping and singing by herselfStop here, or gently pa.s.s!Alone she cuts and binds the grain...
Graves pointed out (with some glee as I remember, I am afraid I don"t have a copy of his essay to hand and haven"t been able to locate it in the library) that Wordsworth tells us the same thing four times in five linesthat the girl is not sharing her society with anyone else. She is single single, solitary solitary, by herself by herself and and alone alone. A needlessly extravagant telegram, then. Therefore bad poetry. Well, yes. In his callous way Graves is right, of course, but only right according to the terms of his own definition. I could erect a theory that all poets whose surnames rhyme with Waves are dunderheads. Ha! Robert Graves, you are a dunderhead, I have proved it. The fact is, the Telegram Theory is nothing like good enough. We all know that repet.i.tion is a valuable and powerful rhetorical and poetical tool. What happens to "The woods decay, the woods decay and fall" and "Break, break, break"? Sometimes profusion and repet.i.tion are the very point. That is why we have words like anaphora, antimetabole, epa.n.a.lepsis, epanodos, epistrophe, palilogy, polyptoton, repetend and rentrement among many other technical rhetorical words for kinds of repet.i.tion. Certainly I would agree that in most good lines of poetry the thing said could not be said any other way any other way, but that does not necessarily mean that each word or phrase must be semantically different. One man"s pleonasm is another man"s plenty.
Commandments that categorically insist upon contemporary language and syntax are just as open to doubt as Graves"s telegram rule. Keats himself, as I have mentioned, abandoned Hyperion Hyperion because he hated all the old-fashioned because he hated all the old-fashioned inversions inversions "his features stern" for "his stern features", for example, or "For as among us mortals omens drear/Fright and perplex, so also shuddered he" instead of "For as drear omens fright and perplex us mortals, so he shuddered" and so on. Wrenched syntax, he felt, is no better than wrenched metre, or wrenched rhyme. Of course, he is generally speaking right, as we saw all too clearly with McGonagall. But here is a line from that definitively modern poem "his features stern" for "his stern features", for example, or "For as among us mortals omens drear/Fright and perplex, so also shuddered he" instead of "For as drear omens fright and perplex us mortals, so he shuddered" and so on. Wrenched syntax, he felt, is no better than wrenched metre, or wrenched rhyme. Of course, he is generally speaking right, as we saw all too clearly with McGonagall. But here is a line from that definitively modern poem The Waste Land The Waste Land: He, the young man carbuncular, arrives Why not "He, the carbuncular young man, arrives"? It would actually scan better, perfect iambic pentameter with a trochaic first foot, in fact. So if Eliot has not wrenched the syntax to fit the metre, why did he write it the way he did? T. S. Eliot of all people, so old-fashioned? I could not possibly explain why the line is so musical and funny and perfect and memorable when inverted and so feeble and uninteresting when not. It just is. I feel the same about Frost"s unusual syntax in "Mending Wall": Something there is that doesn"t love a wall These are the kinds of lines non-singers like me chant to ourselves in the shower instead of belting out "Fly Me to the Moon". Here is Wallace Stevens in "Le Monocle de Mon Oncle" with a wondrous pair of double negatives: There is not nothing, no, no, never nothing,Like the clashed edges of two words that kill, ...and then A deep up-pouring from some saltier wellWithin me, bursts its watery syllable.
Poetic Diction is about two things, it seems to me: taste and concentration. The concentration of language Graves talks about in his telegram game, yes, but also the concentration of mind that never gives up on arranging and rearranging words and phrases until taste tells you that they are right. Sometimes, of course, they will come right first go but often they take work. Much as you might walk briskly to work every day to get fit instead of using a treadmill and getting nowhere, so poets can work on their poetic diction every day, not just when they are sitting down with pen in hand practising sonnets.
BEING A ALERT TO L LANGUAGE.
Be always alert to language: it is yours as a poet in a special way. Other may let words go without plucking them out of the air for consideration and play, we do not. Every word has its own properties. There is the obvious distinction in meaning between a word"s denotation and its connotation. For example, odour, fragrance, aroma, scent, perfume, pong, reek, stink, stench, whiff, nose and bouquet all denote smell, but they by no means connote that meaning in the same way. The more aware you are of the origins, derivations, history, evolution, social usage, nuances and character of words the better. Their physical physical qualities are as important to a poet as their meaningtheir weight, density, euphony, quant.i.ty, texture and appearance on the page. Their qualities are as important to a poet as their meaningtheir weight, density, euphony, quant.i.ty, texture and appearance on the page. Their odour odour, in fact. And as with odours, notice what physically occurs when words are combined. Not just the obvious effects of alliteration, consonance and a.s.sonance (my "occurs" being close to "words" just now is a rather infelicitous a.s.sonance, for example. Perhaps I should have used "happens" instead) but be alive to more subtle collisions too: "west" and "side" are easy words to say, but who doesn"t say "Wesside Story" dropping the "t"? "Black gla.s.s" takes extra time to say because of the contiguity of the hard "c" and "g"this kind of effect, whether euphonious or cacophonous, is something you should always be aware of. You cannot pay too much attention to every property of every word in your poems.
Imagine the intensity of painters" understanding and knowledge of all the colours in their paintbox. There is no end to the love affair they have with their paints, no limit to the subtleties and alterations achieved by mixing and combining. Just because we use them every day, it is no reason to suppose that we do not need to pay words precisely the same kind of attention. I believe we have to be more more alert. Colours have a pure and absolute state: cerulean is cerulean, umber is umber, you can even measure their frequency as wavelengths of light. Words have no such purity or fixity. So be alert to poetic diction past and present, but be no less alive to the language of magazines, newspapers, radio, television and the street. alert. Colours have a pure and absolute state: cerulean is cerulean, umber is umber, you can even measure their frequency as wavelengths of light. Words have no such purity or fixity. So be alert to poetic diction past and present, but be no less alive to the language of magazines, newspapers, radio, television and the street.
I do not mean that in your engagement with language you should become the kind of ghastly pedant who writes in to complain about confusions between "fewer" and "less", "uninterested" and "disinterested" and so on. Irritating as such imprecision can be, we all know perfectly well that when we see or hear letters d.a.m.ning them they only make us think how sad the writers of them are, how desperate to be thought of as knowledgeable and of account. No, I certainly do not mean to suggest that you need to become a grammarian or adopt an academic approach to language. Keats and Shakespeare were far from academic, after all. Keats left formal studies at fourteen and trained for a career in medicine. Wordsworth did go to university, where he studied not cla.s.sical verse and rhetoric, but mathematics. Yeats went to art school. Wilfred Owen as a boy worked as a lay a.s.sistant in a church and had no further education at all. Tennyson was educated till the age of eighteen by his absent-minded clergyman father. Browning, too, was educated by his father and left university after one term. Edgar Allan Poe managed a year at his university before running off to join the army. Sh.e.l.ley was expelled from Oxford (for atheism, rather splendidly) and Byron was more interested in his pet bear and his decadent social life at Cambridge than in his studies. But they were all pa.s.sionately interested in the life of the mind and above all in every detail and quality of language that could be learned and understood.
English is a language suited to poetry like no other. The crunch and snap of Anglo-Saxon, the lyric romanticism of Latin and Greek, the comic, ironic fusion yielded when both are yoked together, the swing and jazz of slang...the choice of words and verbal styles available to the English poet is dazzling.
Think of cityscapes. In London, thanks to a mixture of fires, blitzes, ludicrous mismanagement and muddled planning, the medieval, Tudor, Georgian, Victorian and modern jostle together in higgledy-piggledy confusion. The corporate, the ecclesiastical, the imperial and the domestic coexist in blissful chaos. Paris, to take the nearest capital to London, was planned. For reasons we won"t go into, it managed to escape the attentions of the Luftwaffe Luftwaffe. It remains a city of grand, tasteful boulevards laid out in a consistent style where, with the exception of a few self-consciously designed contemporary projects, the modern, commercial, vulgar and vernacular are held at bay beyond the outer ring of the city, like barbarians at its gates.
The English language is like London: proudly barbaric yet deeply civilised too, common yet royal, vulgar yet processional, sacred yet profane: each sentence we produce, whether we know it or not, is a mongrel mouthful of Chaucerian, Shakespearean, Miltonic, Johnsonian, d.i.c.kensian and American. Military, naval, legal, corporate, criminal, jazz, rap and ghetto discourses are mingled at every turn. The French language, like Paris, has attempted, through its Academy, to retain its purity, to fight the advancing tides of franglais franglais and international prefabrication. English, by comparison, is a shameless wh.o.r.e. and international prefabrication. English, by comparison, is a shameless wh.o.r.e.
This is partly what is meant by the flexibility flexibility of English: it is more than a question of the thousands more words available to us, it is also a question of the numberless styles, modes, jargons and slangs we have recourse to. If by poetry we mean something more than the decorative, n.o.ble and refined, then English is a perfect language for poetry. So be alert to it at all times. of English: it is more than a question of the thousands more words available to us, it is also a question of the numberless styles, modes, jargons and slangs we have recourse to. If by poetry we mean something more than the decorative, n.o.ble and refined, then English is a perfect language for poetry. So be alert to it at all times.
II.
Poetic vicesten habits to acquiregetting noticedPoetry Today, a final rantgoodbye Poetic Vices LAZINESS is the worst vice a poet can have. Sentimentality, cliche, pretension, falsity of emotion, vanity, dullness, over-ambition, self-indulgence, word-deafness, word-blindness, clumsiness, technical inept.i.tude, unoriginalityall of these are bad but they are usually subsets and products of laziness. Laziness in prose you can get away with. There are, it is true, Flaubert-style novelists who search for ever for is the worst vice a poet can have. Sentimentality, cliche, pretension, falsity of emotion, vanity, dullness, over-ambition, self-indulgence, word-deafness, word-blindness, clumsiness, technical inept.i.tude, unoriginalityall of these are bad but they are usually subsets and products of laziness. Laziness in prose you can get away with. There are, it is true, Flaubert-style novelists who search for ever for le mot juste le mot juste, but they take their inspiration from poets and try to claim for novels precisely the same linguistic diligence and perfectionism that is an absolute essential in poetry. The real reason why McGonagall"s "Tay Bridge" is such a disaster is that he did not have the first idea how much labour labour goes into the making of a poem. I do not believe that he was even dimly aware of the extremes of effort and concentration that poets a hundred thousand times more talented poured into their work. Much easier to indulge in the belief that the world is against you, that everyone else is a member of some club whose doors are closed to you because you didn"t go to the right school or have the right parents, than to realise that you goes into the making of a poem. I do not believe that he was even dimly aware of the extremes of effort and concentration that poets a hundred thousand times more talented poured into their work. Much easier to indulge in the belief that the world is against you, that everyone else is a member of some club whose doors are closed to you because you didn"t go to the right school or have the right parents, than to realise that you simply do not work hard enough simply do not work hard enough.
The first Golden Rule you signed up to when you started to read this book emphasised the necessity of taking time with poetry, as a reader and a maker of it. I emphasise that rule again with redoubled force.
I have shown you some techniques and forms of poetry, and discoursed a little on diction, but I am in no position to tell you how to write poetry that will provide you with an audience for your work. Beyond technique, the call to concentration, linguistic awareness, hard toil and the taking of time, with all the benefits of developed taste and judgement that these will bring, there is, of course, such a thing as talent. I cannot give you that and only you can judge whether you possess enough of it to make poems that others will want to read. For me, the pleasure of the thing is enough. Here, though, for what little they are worth, are a few more things to consider before we say goodbye.
TEN H HABITS OF S SUCCESSFUL P POETS THAT T THEY D DON" T TTEACH Y YOU AT H HARVARD P POETRY S SCHOOL, OR C CHICKENVERSE FOR THE S SOUL I IS FROM M MARS BUT Y YOU A ARE W WHATYOU R READ IN J JUST S SEVEN D DAYS OR Y YOUR M MONEY B BACK Concentration and total commitment to language are far and away the most important qualities needed for poetry writing. These other pieces of advice I have for you, hedged about with ifs and buts as they are, offer little more than obvious common-sense observations. They may seem too simple to be attractive. A complicated regimen is easy and (for a while) fun to follow, but the plain dictum don"t eat so much don"t eat so much, while an infinitely better way of losing weight than any diet ever devised, is much harder and usually less fun.
1. 1. CONSIDER YOUR READERS: it is only good manners to do so. Are you giving them a good time? Are you confusing them, upsetting them, boring them? Maybe you are and this is part of a deliberate poetic strategy. Just be sure you know what you are doing. This leads to my next suggestion...
2. 2. KEEP A JOURNAL: sometimes only by talking to ourselves do we discover what we are up to. "Today I wrote a poem that was confusing and incoherent. But it was what I meant. Or was it? Hm. I must go back to it."
3. 3. CONSIDER THE VOICE OF YOUR POEM: who is speaking? You or a pretend authorial version of you?
4. 4. READ POETRY: I did warn you that I was going to be obvious. Most popular musicians I know are fans first and foremost, owners of enormous record collections. I do not know of any poets who are not readers of poetry. You are allowed to hate hate some poets and be indifferent to others. But get to know as many as you can. Variety is important or you end up as an imitative shadow of your favourites. some poets and be indifferent to others. But get to know as many as you can. Variety is important or you end up as an imitative shadow of your favourites.
5. 5. TRUTHFULNESS: are the emotions (disgust, joy, anger, terror and so on) in your poem really felt really felt, or are you feigning them for effect? Readers can tell bulls.h.i.t and pretence as easily as we can detect it in someone we meet at a party. Of course, artifice is a part of poetry but again, be sure you know what you are doing.
6. 6. CONTROL: "All bad poetry springs from genuine feeling," Oscar Wilde wrote. Which is absolutely not absolutely not the same as saying that the same as saying that all all genuine feeling produces bad poetry, or that all genuine feeling produces bad poetry, or that all good good poetry springs from poetry springs from false false feeling. But genuine feeling is not feeling. But genuine feeling is not enough enough in poetry any more than it is in painting or music. Genuine feeling which isn"t pressed into some sort of shape is a tantrum or a sentimental mess. in poetry any more than it is in painting or music. Genuine feeling which isn"t pressed into some sort of shape is a tantrum or a sentimental mess. Negative capability Negative capability and the and the objective correlative objective correlative are (rather hackneyed) phrases you may want to check out, via the glossary and your own researches. are (rather hackneyed) phrases you may want to check out, via the glossary and your own researches.
7. 7. ENJOY YOURSELF: poetry might be a need in you, but it should not be a penance. Unless you believe yourself to be cursed by an unwanted vocation, the labour involved should be one of love.
8. 8. FORGIVE YOURSELF: everyone writes s.h.i.t from time to time. Don"t get all hysterical about it. Keep your poetic toys in the pram and start again when you feel better. Write some light and stupid verse to take the taste away. 9 THE MUSE IS CAPRICIOUS: the Greek idea of a real, living Muse whispering in your ear is a good one and it works quite well. Sometimes it truly is as if we are inspired. The work flows, we concentrate yet we are supremely relaxed, beta and theta waves are active in the brain. We are in a true creative statethe Muse is at our shoulder. BUT: next morning we may well discover that she has poured not wine but ullage into our ears. You never know with her. Our own judgement cannot go to sleep. It is the same with writing when under the influence of drugs or alcohol: we may think they are giving us poetic nectar but it can turn out next morning to be prosaic a.r.s.e-gravy.
9. 9. SAY IT OUT LOUD: however much your poetry is meant for the page, most readers will say say it, out loud or in their heads. Read your work to yourself all the time, even as you are composing it. it, out loud or in their heads. Read your work to yourself all the time, even as you are composing it.
Well, I did warn you that the points would be obvious. Suppose you have learned all you have learned from my book, read all you have read, followed all the precepts and avoided all the vices? Suppose you now have a body of work, however small, that languishes unread and suppose you wish to do something about this. What to do?
GETTING N NOTICED.
Most people who paint and play musical instruments do so at home, not for profit or attention but for their own pleasure. This is how I write my poetry, entirely for myself. I am therefore not qualified to enlarge upon ways to get yours noticed, published and talked about. There are many compet.i.tions, poetry clubs and societies, not to mention thousands of websites, chat-rooms and online bulletin boards which offer net-based or face-to-face advice, workshops and courses. Poetry Slams and public reading events of a similar nature have migrated from the United States and appear to be growing in popularity here. There are outlets and venues for performance poetry not unlike, and often connected to, the standup comedy circuit. New poets can be heard, applauded or gonged off like comics if they have the courage. I must add the obvious caveat that such outlets tend to promote a rather crowd-pleasing line in off-the-peg wit and ready-made satire, but this may suit your ambitions.
The first opinion you should trust, I believe, is your own, so long as it is pitilessly honest. Ask yourself, through your journal or face to face with yourself in a mirror, whether you think what you have written truly deserves a readership or audience. If the answer is an absolutely honest yesthen you will already have the confidence to proceed. If you are sincerely unsure, find someone you trust and who is patient enough and kind enough to look at your poetry or have it read to them and offer a serious and unconditionally candid response. Choose such a person well.
POETRY T TODAY.
Sounds like the t.i.tle for a quarterly magazine, doesn"t it? Poetry Today Poetry Today. Well, in what kind of condition is is poetry today? How is its circulation? Aside from the big gunsSeamus Heaney, Andrew Motion, Craig Raine, Alan Brownjohn, Simon Armitage, Wendy Cope, Peter Porter, Carol Ann Duffy, Tony Harrison, Les Murray and others, there are hundreds and hundreds more published poets who continue to furrow their brows and plough their furrows in the service of the art. Are there "schools" of verse; is there a distinctive voice that in fifty years" time we will know speaks in unmistakable early twenty-first century tones? If there is, I have yet to hear it. I am not sure that any poem written now, social references and changes in language aside, could not have been written fifty years ago. Perhaps this is just my own deafness or ignorance. poetry today? How is its circulation? Aside from the big gunsSeamus Heaney, Andrew Motion, Craig Raine, Alan Brownjohn, Simon Armitage, Wendy Cope, Peter Porter, Carol Ann Duffy, Tony Harrison, Les Murray and others, there are hundreds and hundreds more published poets who continue to furrow their brows and plough their furrows in the service of the art. Are there "schools" of verse; is there a distinctive voice that in fifty years" time we will know speaks in unmistakable early twenty-first century tones? If there is, I have yet to hear it. I am not sure that any poem written now, social references and changes in language aside, could not have been written fifty years ago. Perhaps this is just my own deafness or ignorance.
I am aware that much in this book will enrage or stupefy some. The very idea of clinging to ancient Greek metrical words for the description of rhythm, the use of such phrases as "poetic taste" and "diction", the marshalling of so many lines from dead poetsall these will cause expostulations of contempt or slow shakings of the head from those with very certain ideas about where poetry should be going and how it should be written about. If we lived in a rich time of bountiful verse and a live contemporary poetics then I would agree with them. Allow me to become a little heated and unreasonable for a moment and see if you agree with anything I am saying.
I think that much poetry written today suffers from anaemia. There is no iron in its blood, no energy, no drive. It flows gently, sometimes persuasively, but often in a lifeless trickle of the inwardly personal and the rhetorically listless. This lack of anima does not strike me as anything like the achieved and fruitful la.s.situde of true decadence; it is much more as if the volume has been turned down, as if poets are frightened of boldness. Lots of delicate miniatures, but few gutsy explosions of life and colour. That, perhaps, is why the colour and life in the work of poets like Armitage stand out so brightly in a dull world. The poet and critic Ian Patterson, who was kind enough to correct some of the more egregious errors in the first draft of this book, points out that there are of course many contemporary poets writing "terrific poetry with amazingly live (and literary) engagement with contemporary language in the UK." He cites John James, Tom Raworth, Denise Riley, Jeremy Prynne, John Wilkinson and the tragically short-lived Veronica Forrest-Thomson, but is (wrongly) too modest to include himself. I concede that I may have exaggerated this epidemic of pernicious anaemia, but cling to my view that far too many practising poets default to a rather inward, placid and bloodless response to the world.
The Victorians, for all their faults, had energy to spare. We see it clearly in the novel with Thackeray and d.i.c.kens and in the verse of Browning, Tennyson and Whitman. The Augustans, too, for all their grandeur, had a real charge running through their couplets. Virtuosity, strength and a.s.surance seem not to be qualities of our age. There are obvious reasons for this, doubt, relativism, social sensitivity, blah, blah, blah. The short bursts of twentieth-century experimentalism (Dadaist aleatory verse, Ginsberg and chums up at Big Sur with their acid-induced Automatic Writing and cut-up poetry) are now all older than the hat Tristan Tzara drew his random words from. There is some electricity in the verse that takes its language and att.i.tude from the streets,2 certainly, but is literary poetry, ghastly as the phrase may be, all played out? Is it a kind of jingoistic fascism to bemoan the failure of nerve of our distinctive cultural voice? f.u.c.k me, I do hope not. certainly, but is literary poetry, ghastly as the phrase may be, all played out? Is it a kind of jingoistic fascism to bemoan the failure of nerve of our distinctive cultural voice? f.u.c.k me, I do hope not.
For my own taste, I would rather read the kinds of often extreme and technically flawed but always dynamic verse of a Blake, a Whitman or a Browning than the tastefully reined in works that seem to be emerging today. It may appear contradictory of me to write a book that concentrates on metrics and form in some detail, and then argue the case for wildness. Perhaps this is the most valuable and poetically fruitful paradox of formal writingtechnical perfection may be the aim, but it is out of the living and noisy struggle to escape the manacles of form that the true human voice in all its tones of love, sorrow, joy and fury most clearly emerges. "So free we seem, so fettered fast we are," says Browning"s Andrea del Sarto, before adding the now well-worn cri de coeur cri de coeur I have already quoted. I have already quoted.
Ah, but a man"s reach should exceed his grasp,Or what"s a heaven for?
Or what"s a poem poem for? for?
GOODBYE.
We have come to the end of The Ode Less Travelled The Ode Less Travelled. I hope you have enjoyed the journey and that you will write and read poetry with a new energy and commitment, and with deep, deep pleasure. Please do not send me your poems. I am horribly poverty-stricken when it comes to time. Before it was ever announced in any public arena that I was writing this book, word somehow got out and I have already been flooded with more unsolicited verses than I can cope with. If you were to send samples of your work to me it is possible that I might skim through one or two lines, but it is desperately unlikely that I could ever give them the concentration they deserve or be able to write back to you. It is all I can do to find time to go to the lavatory these days.
As for my poetry. I have already said often enough that I do not write for publication or recital. This is partly cowardice and embarra.s.sment, partly a problem connected to the fact that I am well-known enough to feel that my poems will be given more attention than they deserve, whether negative or positive makes no difference, they cannot be read without the reader being likely to hear my voice not as an individual poetic voice, but as the voice of that man who publicly disports himself in a.s.sorted noisome ways. My poems come from another me, a me who went down a road I did not take. He never entered the loud public world but became, I suspect, a teacher and eventually, in his own small way, a poet.
Incomplete Glossary of Poetic Terms I hope I haven"t left out anything vital: not all terms for metric feet are here, since they are gathered in the table of metric feet at the end of Chapter One.