FRENCH DRAMAS AND MELODRAMAS.
There are three kinds of drama in France, which you may subdivide as much as you please.
There is the old cla.s.sical drama, wellnigh dead, and full time too: old tragedies, in which half a dozen characters appear, and spout sonorous Alexandrines for half a dozen hours. The fair Rachel has been trying to revive this genre, and to untomb Racine; but be not alarmed, Racine will never come to life again, and cause audiences to weep as of yore. Madame Rachel can only galvanize the corpse, not revivify it. Ancient French tragedy, red-heeled, patched, and be-periwigged, lies in the grave; and it is only the ghost of it that we see, which the fair Jewess has raised. There are cla.s.sical comedies in verse, too, wherein the knavish valets, rakish heroes, stolid old guardians, and smart, free-spoken serving-women, discourse in Alexandrines, as loud as the Horaces or the Cid. An Englishman will seldom reconcile himself to the roulement of the verses, and the painful recurrence of the rhymes; for my part, I had rather go to Madame Saqui"s or see Deburau dancing on a rope: his lines are quite as natural and poetical.
Then there is the comedy of the day, of which Monsieur Scribe is the father. Good heavens! with what a number of gay colonels, smart widows, and silly husbands has that gentleman peopled the play-books. How that unfortunate seventh commandment has been maltreated by him and his disciples. You will see four pieces, at the Gymnase, of a night; and so sure as you see them, four husbands shall be wickedly used. When is this joke to cease? Mon Dieu! Play-writers have handled it for about two thousand years, and the public, like a great baby, must have the tale repeated to it over and over again.
Finally, there is the Drama, that great monster which has sprung into life of late years; and which is said, but I don"t believe a word of it, to have Shakspeare for a father. If Monsieur Scribe"s plays may be said to be so many ingenious examples how to break one commandment, the drame is a grand and general chaos of them all; nay, several crimes are added, not prohibited in the Decalogue, which was written before dramas were.
Of the drama, Victor Hugo and Dumas are the well-known and respectable guardians. Every piece Victor Hugo has written, since "Hernani," has contained a monster--a delightful monster, saved by one virtue. There is Triboulet, a foolish monster; Lucrece Borgia, a maternal monster; Mary Tudor, a religious monster; Monsieur Quasimodo, a humpback monster; and others, that might be named, whose monstrosities we are induced to pardon--nay, admiringly to witness--because they are agreeably mingled with some exquisite display of affection. And, as the great Hugo has one monster to each play, the great Dumas has, ordinarily, half a dozen, to whom murder is nothing; common intrigue, and simple breakage of the before-mentioned commandment, nothing; but who live and move in a vast, delightful complication of crime, that cannot be easily conceived in England, much less described.
When I think over the number of crimes that I have seen Mademoiselle Georges, for instance, commit, I am filled with wonder at her greatness, and the greatness of the poets who have conceived these charming horrors for her. I have seen her make love to, and murder, her sons, in the "Tour de Nesle." I have seen her poison a company of no less than nine gentlemen, at Ferrara, with an affectionate son in the number; I have seen her, as Madame de Brinvilliers, kill off numbers of respectable relations in the first four acts; and, at the last, be actually burned at the stake, to which she comes shuddering, ghastly, barefooted, and in a white sheet. Sweet excitement of tender sympathies! Such tragedies are not so good as a real, downright execution; but, in point of interest, the next thing to it: with what a number of moral emotions do they fill the breast; with what a hatred for vice, and yet a true pity and respect for that grain of virtue that is to be found in us all: our b.l.o.o.d.y, daughter-loving Brinvilliers; our warmhearted, poisonous Lucretia Borgia; above all, what a smart appet.i.te for a cool supper afterwards, at the Cafe Anglais, when the horrors of the play act as a piquant sauce to the supper!
Or, to speak more seriously, and to come, at last, to the point. After having seen most of the grand dramas which have been produced at Paris for the last half-dozen years, and thinking over all that one has seen,--the fict.i.tious murders, rapes, adulteries, and other crimes, by which one has been interested and excited,--a man may take leave to be heartily ashamed of the manner in which he has spent his time; and of the hideous kind of mental intoxication in which he has permitted himself to indulge.
Nor are simple society outrages the only sort of crime in which the spectator of Paris plays has permitted himself to indulge; he has recreated himself with a deal of blasphemy besides, and has pa.s.sed many pleasant evenings in beholding religion defiled and ridiculed.
Allusion has been made, in a former paper, to a fashion that lately obtained in France, and which went by the name of Catholic reaction; and as, in this happy country, fashion is everything, we have had not merely Catholic pictures and quasi religious books, but a number of Catholic plays have been produced, very edifying to the frequenters of the theatres or the Boulevards, who have learned more about religion from these performances than they have acquired, no doubt, in the whole of their lives before. In the course of a very few years we have seen--"The Wandering Jew;" "Belshazzar"s Feast;" "Nebuchadnezzar:" and the "Ma.s.sacre of the Innocents;" "Joseph and his Brethren;" "The Pa.s.sage of the Red Sea;" and "The Deluge."
The great Dumas, like Madame Sand before mentioned, has brought a vast quant.i.ty of religion before the foot-lights. There was his famous tragedy of "Caligula," which, be it spoken to the shame of the Paris critics, was coldly received; nay, actually hissed, by them. And why?
Because, says Dumas, it contained a great deal too much piety for the rogues. The public, he says, was much more religious, and understood him at once.
"As for the critics," says he, n.o.bly, "let those who cried out against the immorality of Antony and Marguerite de Bourgogne, reproach me for THE CHASt.i.tY OF MESSALINA." (This dear creature is the heroine of the play of "Caligula.") "It matters little to me. These people have but seen the form of my work: they have walked round the tent, but have not seen the arch which it covered; they have examined the vases and candles of the altar, but have not opened the tabernacle!
"The public alone has, instinctively, comprehended that there was, beneath this outward sign, an inward and mysterious grace: it followed the action of the piece in all its serpentine windings; it listened for four hours, with pious attention (avec recueillement et religion), to the sound of this rolling river of thoughts, which may have appeared to it new and bold, perhaps, but chaste and grave; and it retired, with its head on its breast, like a man who had just perceived, in a dream, the solution of a problem which he has long and vainly sought in his waking hours."
You see that not only Saint Sand is an apostle, in her way; but Saint Dumas is another. We have people in England who write for bread, like Dumas and Sand, and are paid so much for their line; but they don"t set up for prophets. Mrs. Trollope has never declared that her novels are inspired by heaven; Mr. Buckstone has written a great number of farces, and never talked about the altar and the tabernacle. Even Sir Edward Bulwer (who, on a similar occasion, when the critics found fault with a play of his, answered them by a pretty decent declaration of his own merits,) never ventured to say that he had received a divine mission, and was uttering five-act revelations.
All things considered, the tragedy of "Caligula" is a decent tragedy; as decent as the decent characters of the hero and heroine can allow it to be; it may be almost said, provokingly decent: but this, it must be remembered, is the characteristic of the modern French school (nay, of the English school too); and if the writer take the character of a remarkable scoundrel, it is ten to one but he turns out an amiable fellow, in whom we have all the warmest sympathy. "Caligula" is killed at the end of the performance; Messalina is comparatively well-behaved; and the sacred part of the performance, the tabernacle-characters apart from the mere "vase" and "candlestick" personages, may be said to be depicted in the person of a Christian convert, Stella, who has had the good fortune to be converted by no less a person than Mary Magdalene, when she, Stella, was staying on a visit to her aunt, near Narbonne.
STELLA (Continuant.) Voila Que je vois s"avancer, sans pilote et sans rames, Une barque portant deux hommes et deux femmes, Et, spectacle inou qui me ravit encor, Tous quatre avaient au front une aureole d"or D"ou partaient des rayons de si vive lumiere Que je fus obligee a baisser la paupiere; Et, lorsque je rouvris les yeux avec effroi, Les voyageurs divins etaient aupres de moi. Un jour de chacun d"eux et dans toute sa gloire Je te raconterai la marveilleuse histoire, Et tu l"adoreras, j"espere; en ce moment, Ma mere, il te suffit de savoir seulement Que tous quatre venaient du fond de la Syrie: Un edit les avait bannis de leur patrie, Et, se faisant bourreaux, des hommes irrites, Sans avirons, sans eau, sans pain et garrotes, Sur une frele barque echouee au rivage, Les avaient a la mer pousses dans un orage.
Mais a peine l"esquif eut-il touche les flots Qu"au cantique chante par les saints matelots, L"ouragan replia ses ailes fremissantes, Que la mer aplanit ses vagues mugissantes, Et qu"un soleil plus pur, reparaissant aux cieux, Enveloppa l"esquif d"un cercle radieux!...
JUNIA.--Mais c"etait un prodige.
STELLA.-- Un miracle, ma mere! Leurs fers tomberent seuls, l"eau cessa d"etre amere, Et deux fois chaque jour le bateau fut couvert D"une manne pareille a celle du desert: C"est ainsi que, pousses par une main celeste, Je les vis aborder.
JUNIA.-- Oh! dis vite le reste!
STELLA.--A l"aube, trois d"entre eux quitterent la maison: Marthe prit le chemin qui mene a Tarascon, Lazare et Maximin celui de Ma.s.silie, Et celle qui resta.... C"ETAIT LA PLUS JOLIE, (how truly French!) Nous faisant appeler vers le milieu du jour, Demanda si les monts ou les bois d"alentour Cachaient quelque retraite inconnue et profonde, Qui la put separer a tout jamais du monde..... Aquila se souvint qu"il avait penetre Dans un antre sauvage et de tous ignore, Grotte creusee aux flancs de ces Alpes sublimes, Ou l"aigle fait son aire au-dessus des abimes. Il offrit cet asile, et des le lendemain Tous deux, pour l"y guider, nous etions en chemin. Le soir du second jour nous touchames sa base: La, tombant a genoux dans une sainte extase, Elle pria long-temps, puis vers l"antre inconnu, Denouant se chaussure, elle marcha pied nu.
Nos prieres, nos cris resterent sans reponses: Au milieu des cailloux, des epines, des ronces, Nous la vimes monter, un baton a la main, Et ce n"est qu"arrivee au terme du chemin, Qu"enfin elle tomba sans force et sans haleine....
JUNIA.--Comment la nommait-on, ma fille?
STELLA.-- Madeleine.
Walking, says Stella, by the sea-sh.o.r.e, "A bark drew near, that had nor sail nor oar; two women and two men the vessel bore: each of that crew, "twas wondrous to behold, wore round his head a ring of blazing gold; from which such radiance glittered all around, that I was fain to look towards the ground. And when once more I raised my frightened eyne, before me stood the travellers divine; their rank, the glorious lot that each befell, at better season, mother, will I tell. Of this anon: the time will come when thou shalt learn to worship as I worship now.
Suffice it, that from Syria"s land they came; an edict from their country banished them. Fierce, angry men had seized upon the four, and launched them in that vessel from the sh.o.r.e. They launched these victims on the waters rude; nor rudder gave to steer, nor bread for food. As the doomed vessel cleaves the stormy main, that pious crew uplifts a sacred strain; the angry waves are silent as it sings; the storm, awe-stricken, folds its quivering wings. A purer sun appears the heavens to light, and wraps the little bark in radiance bright.
"JUNIA.--Sure, "twas a prodigy.
"STELLA.--A miracle. Spontaneous from their hands the fetters fell. The salt sea-wave grew fresh, and, twice a day, manna (like that which on the desert lay) covered the bark and fed them on their way. Thus, hither led, at heaven"s divine behest, I saw them land--
"JUNIA.--My daughter, tell the rest.
"STELLA.--Three of the four, our mansion left at dawn. One, Martha, took the road to Tarascon; Lazarus and Maximin to Ma.s.sily; but one remained (the fairest of the three), who asked us, if i" the woods or mountains near, there chanced to be some cavern lone and drear; where she might hide, for ever, from all men. It chanced, my cousin knew of such a den; deep hidden in a mountain"s h.o.a.ry breast, on which the eagle builds his airy nest. And thither offered he the saint to guide. Next day upon the journey forth we hied; and came, at the second eve, with weary pace, unto the lonely mountain"s rugged base. Here the worn traveller, falling on her knee, did pray awhile in sacred ecstasy; and, drawing off her sandals from her feet, marched, naked, towards that desolate retreat. No answer made she to our cries or groans; but walking midst the p.r.i.c.kles and rude stones, a staff in hand, we saw her upwards toil; nor ever did she pause, nor rest the while, save at the entry of that savage den.
Here, powerless and panting, fell she then.
"JUNIA.--What was her name, my daughter?
"STELLA. MAGDALEN."
Here the translator must pause--having no inclination to enter "the tabernacle," in company with such a spotless high-priest as Monsieur Dumas.
Something "tabernacular" may be found in Dumas"s famous piece of "Don Juan de Marana." The poet has laid the scene of his play in a vast number of places: in heaven (where we have the Virgin Mary and little angels, in blue, swinging censers before her!)--on earth, under the earth, and in a place still lower, but not mentionable to ears polite; and the plot, as it appears from a dialogue between a good and a bad angel, with which the play commences, turns upon a contest between these two worthies for the possession of the soul of a member of the family of Marana.
"Don Juan de Marana" not only resembles his namesake, celebrated by Mozart and Moliere, in his peculiar successes among the ladies, but possesses further qualities which render his character eminently fitting for stage representation: he unites the virtues of Lovelace and Lacenaire; he blasphemes upon all occasions; he murders, at the slightest provocation, and without the most trifling remorse; he overcomes ladies of rigid virtue, ladies of easy virtue, and ladies of no virtue at all; and the poet, inspired by the contemplation of such a character, has depicted his hero"s adventures and conversation with wonderful feeling and truth.
The first act of the play contains a half-dozen of murders and intrigues; which would have sufficed humbler genius than M. Dumas"s, for the completion of, at least, half a dozen tragedies. In the second act our hero flogs his elder brother, and runs away with his sister-in-law; in the third, he fights a duel with a rival, and kills him: whereupon the mistress of his victim takes poison, and dies, in great agonies, on the stage. In the fourth act, Don Juan, having entered a church for the purpose of carrying off a nun, with whom he is in love, is seized by the statue of one of the ladies whom he has previously victimized, and made to behold the ghosts of all those unfortunate persons whose deaths he has caused.
This is a most edifying spectacle. The ghosts rise solemnly, each in a white sheet, preceded by a wax-candle; and, having declared their names and qualities, call, in chorus, for vengeance upon Don Juan, as thus:--
DON SANDOVAL loquitur.
"I am Don Sandoval d"Ojedo. I played against Don Juan my fortune, the tomb of my fathers, and the heart of my mistress;--I lost all: I played against him my life, and I lost it. Vengeance against the murderer!
vengeance!"--(The candle goes out.)
THE CANDLE GOES OUT, and an angel descends--a flaming sword in his hand--and asks: "Is there no voice in favor of Don Juan?" when lo!
Don Juan"s father (like one of those ingenious toys called "Jack-in-the-box,") jumps up from his coffin, and demands grace for his son.
When Martha the nun returns, having prepared all things for her elopement, she finds Don Juan fainting upon the ground.--"I am no longer your husband," says he, upon coming to himself; "I am no longer Don Juan; I am Brother Juan the Trappist. Sister Martha, recollect that you must die!"
This was a most cruel blow upon Sister Martha, who is no less a person than an angel, an angel in disguise--the good spirit of the house of Marana, who has gone to the length of losing her wings and forfeiting her place in heaven, in order to keep company with Don Juan on earth, and, if possible, to convert him. Already, in her angelic character, she had exhorted him to repentance, but in vain; for, while she stood at one elbow, pouring not merely hints, but long sermons, into his ear, at the other elbow stood a bad spirit, grinning and sneering at all her pious counsels, and obtaining by far the greater share of the Don"s attention.
In spite, however, of the utter contempt with which Don Juan treats her,--in spite of his dissolute courses, which must shock her virtue,--and his impolite neglect, which must wound her vanity, the poor creature (who, from having been accustomed to better company, might have been presumed to have had better taste), the unfortunate angel feels a certain inclination for the Don, and actually flies up to heaven to ask permission to remain with him on earth.
And when the curtain draws up, to the sound of harps, and discovers white-robed angels walking in the clouds, we find the angel of Marana upon her knees, uttering the following address:--
LE BON ANGE.
Vierge, a qui le calice a la liqueur amere Fut si souvent offert, Mere, que l"on nomma la douloureuse mere, Tant vous avez souffert!