The dark-colored viscous substance remaining after the large crystals of sucrose have been removed is called mola.s.ses. This contains small crystals of sucrose, which has pa.s.sed through the perforations of the centrifugal screens, sucrose in solution, glucose, fructose, and other organic substances, such as pectin bodies, alb.u.menoids, coloring substances, etc., besides the inorganic matter const.i.tuting the ash upon incineration of the mola.s.ses.
The composition of the mola.s.ses varies with the working of each factory, also with the condition of cane, time of harvest, etc. The juice from green cane and that which has reached ultramaturity will contain a higher percentage of invert sugar and organic non-sugars than a properly matured cane. Then factories that have ample boiling-house provision, and crystallizers as well as magma tanks, will be able to send out a mola.s.ses with lower purity, thus recovering more of the crystallizable sugar.
In any case there will be some mola.s.ses produced, and this const.i.tutes a valuable sugar-house by-product, if properly cared for. It may be disposed of in one of several forms, namely, as a human food, a stock feed, a source of alcohol, factory fuel, and a fertilizer.
Cane mola.s.ses as a human food.--For many years low-grade cane mola.s.ses has been used as a human food in the United States. It was originally sold under the name of New Orleans mola.s.ses, but in recent years a number of companies have employed clarifying and bleaching agents and thus turned out a very fancy article, under various trade names, for baking purposes. With the boiling at low temperatures practiced to-day, there is little or no caramel formed during this work, and consequently it is only necessary to clarify and bleach the organic non-sugars, in order to make a salable mola.s.ses. The bleaching is usually accomplished by the use of a hydrosulphite, either in the form of sodium or calcium, but sometimes only the sulphurous acid gas is used.
The bleaching effect of none of these reagents is permanent, especially when the product is exposed to the air and light. Such chemicals must therefore be used with great caution, and as late in the process as possible. Care must be exercised too that an excessive amount is not employed, since an undesirable tint is liable to result as well as an excessive amount of the sulphites to be admitted, which is not permitted by the Pure-Food Law. It is astonishing how much of this low-grade mola.s.ses is thus manufactured and used in the United States for cooking purposes, and what a high price this product commands.
Cane mola.s.ses as a stock feed.--Perhaps more of the exhausted mola.s.ses is used for this purpose in these Islands than for any other.
Ordinary mola.s.ses contains from 30 to 35 per cent of sucrose and almost as much glucose. These being purely carbohydrates, it is necessary to combine them with some protein-bearing feed in order to make a perfect ration. Many leguminous plants, such as alfalfa, cowpeas, peanut vines, etc., may be cut fine and used as an absorbent for mola.s.ses. This makes a most excellent feed as it contains a sufficient amount of roughage, and at the same time offers a balanced ration if properly composed. In this country there is a great amount of exhausted cake from the coconut-oil factories, which is exported to Europe each year. There is no good reason why this should not be used as an absorbent for the mola.s.ses in making a concentrated feed, which could be transported to various parts of the Islands or exported abroad for stock.
To-day the Philippines are dependent upon Australia and other countries for many thousand head of cattle each year. The by-products from sugar factories are thrown into the rivers or flushed away from the factories through drains, and the leaves and tops of the cane are burned on the ground in order to facilitate cultivation. In the attempt to grow our own beef, these feeds should be an important factor.
Cane mola.s.ses as a source of alcohol.--Alcohol can be made from a great variety of substances containing the necessary const.i.tuents, viz, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Of the numerous alcohols possible, ethyl alcohol is the one ordinarily sought and the easiest produced. This alcohol is represented by the following chemical formula: C2H5-OH.
While glucose is the substance which may be easily transferred into alcohol by fermentation, sucrose may also be used, providing it is first changed into glucose or invert sugar. Even cellulose and starch may be used after being transferred into reducing sugars.
The process of changing glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide is called fermentation and is accomplished by a minute organism. Sucrose will not directly ferment, consequently it must first be changed into glucose. This is usually accomplished by an enzyme which is secreted by a ferment.
The following chemical formula will serve to show the steps necessary to pa.s.s from sugar to an alcohol:
C12H22O11 (sucrose) + H2O (water) Presence of an 342 M. W.
enzyme --> Invert sugar ------------------------------------------ (C6H12O6 (dextrose) C6H12O6 (levulose)) 180 M. W. 180 M. W.
--> C2H5-OH (ethyl alcohol) + 4CO2 (carbon dioxide) 184 (2 M. W.) 176 CM. W.
The theoretical yield then of alcohol from sucrose would be 53 per cent and from invert sugar 51 per cent. In practice, however, this yield would not be experienced on account of the yeast converting some of the sugars into substances other than alcohol and carbon dioxide. These will consist mostly of glycerine and succinic acid and will amount to 4 or 5 per cent.
Since the working conditions determine to a very great extent the yield of alcohol, it is obvious that a thoroughly efficient person should be in charge of this work. In the selecting of cultures for the fermenting, the manufacturer should use only the purest, otherwise acetic acid and other foreign substances will be formed during fermentation, thus decreasing the yield of the alcohol as well as lowering its purity.
Where the percentage of sucrose and glucose of a mola.s.ses is known, it is a simple matter to calculate the theoretical amount of alcohol to be recovered and by knowing the efficiency of the factory, a factor may be obtained which multiplied by the theoretical yield will give the true amount of alcohol to be expected. In this manner it is easy to determine the price that may be paid for any mola.s.ses.
The separation of the alcohol from the water and dirt (lees) is accomplished in an apparatus termed a "still." In this the liquor is heated by steam which causes the alcohol to evaporate. Since ethyl alcohol boils at a temperature of 78 or a little higher, depending upon the percentage present, it may be separated from the water and impurities during the evaporation, and recovered from the coils of the condenser in a fairly pure state.
There is always, however, more or less water vapor escaping with the alcohol and consequently it is impossible to secure absolute alcohol without after-treatment, although in the modern still a very high grade is often recovered in the first distillation.
In this connection the strength of alcohol is usually determined by referring it to "proof," which is an old English system used before modern methods of testing spirits were available. In its original application, gunpowder was moistened with the spirit and the mixture subjected to the flame of a match. When just enough alcohol was present to set fire to the powder, it was said to be "proof spirit." If not enough alcohol was present to accomplish this, it was said to be "under proof," and when the gunpowder was lighted easily by it, it was said to be "over proof."
By an act of the English Parliament, the term "proof spirit" was fixed as one which contains exactly 12/13 of an equal volume of water (distilled) at 51 F., which represents 57.1 per cent of alcohol by volume, or 49.3 per cent by weight.
The simplest method of determining the percentage of alcohol is by the use of a gravity spindle for liquids lighter than water, and by referring to the accompanying table for this purpose, the percentage of alcohol may be ascertained.
Table for calculating the percentage of alcohol. [5]
===================================================================================================Specific gravitySpecific gravitySpecific gravitySpecific gravityat--at--at--at-- Volume.----------------Volume.----------------Volume.----------------Volume.----------------15.56 2515.56 2515.56 2515.56 2515.56 15.5615.56 15.5615.56 15.5615.56 15.56 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P. ct.P. ct.P. ct.P. ct.10.9985 0.9970260.9698 0.9655510.9323 0.9246760.8745 0.8665 2.9970 .995327.9691 .964652.9303 .922577.8721 .8641 3.9956 .993828.9678 .963153.9283 .920578.8696 .8616 4.9942 .992229.9665 .961754.9262 .918479.8664 .8583 5.9930 .990930.9652 .960355.9242 .916480.8639 .8558 6.9914 .989331.9643 .959456.9221 .914381.8611 .8530 7.9898 .987632.9631 .958257.9200 .912282.8581 .8500 8.9890 .986833.9618 .956758.9178 .910083.8557 .8476 9.9878 .985534.9609 .955659.9160 .908184.8526 .8444 10.9869 .984635.9593 .953860.9135 .905685.8496 .8414 11.9855 .983136.9578 .952161.9113 .903486.8466 .8384 12.9841 .981537.9565 .950762.9090 .901187.8434 .8352 13.9828 .980138.9550 .948963.9069 .898988.8408 .8326 14.9821 .979339.9535 .947364.9047 .896989.8373 .8291 15.9815 .978740.9519 .945665.9025 .894790.8340 .8258 16.9802 .977341.9503 .943866.9001 .892391.8305 .8223 17.9789 .975942.9490 .942467.8973 .889592.8272 .8191 18.9778 .974643.9470 .940268.8949 .887093.8237 .8156 19.9766 .973344.9452 .938269.8925 .884694.8199 .8118 20.9760 .972645.9434 .936370.8900 .882195.8164 .8083 21.9753 .971946.9416 .934371.8875 .879696.8125 .8044 22.9741 .970647.9396 .932372.8850 .877197.8084 .8003 23.9728 .969248.9381 .930773.8825 .874698.8041 .7960 24.9716 .967849.9362 .928874.8799 .871999.7995 .7914 25.9709 .966850.9343 .926775.8769 .8689100.7964 .7865 ===================================================================================================
Mola.s.ses as a fuel.--Many experiments have been made, using this substance as a sugar-house fuel, and while ordinarily it may be better employed in some other manner, at the same time where no other provision is made for the use of this material, and where there is a scarcity of fuel as well, satisfactory results may be secured in its combustion if it is properly handled.
Waste mola.s.ses consists mainly of gums, sucrose, glucose, alb.u.minoids, other organic compounds, water, and a small amount of ash.
Sucrose has the chemical formula of carbon 12 (atoms), hydrogen 22 (atoms), and oxygen 11 (atoms). The burning of carbon consists in uniting oxygen to that element, forming carbon dioxide. When hydrogen burns, the oxygen combines with it, forming water. During this oxidation, two atoms of hydrogen combine with one of oxygen, but in the molecule of sugar, these two elements are already present in this proportion, consequently only the carbon may be oxidized and thus give off heat. This is found to be true also of sucrose, reducing sugars, and many organic compounds.
An instrument called a calorimeter is used to determine the amount of heat a substance will give off upon oxidation. Tests may be made on mola.s.ses in order to determine its value as a fuel, and thus a comparison may be obtained of a pound of this material and one of coal having a standard value.
The ash from the mola.s.ses contains a great deal of pota.s.sium and some magnesium, consequently care must be exercised in the burning of the mola.s.ses so that this material does not come in direct contact with the tubes of the boiler, since a heavy coating will be formed that will greatly lower the coefficient of heat transmission.
On account of the high potash content, these ashes make a valuable fertilizer, which should be mixed with the baga.s.se ashes and mud cake, and applied to the cane lands.
Mola.s.ses as a fertilizer.--While mola.s.ses is not used to any great extent as a fertilizer, there is no good reason why exhaustive experiments should not be carried out with this by-product on Philippine soils, when it is now being thrown into drains or wasted, until a better use is provided for the mola.s.ses.
Experiments have been made in Hawaii, Mauritius, and other places with this form of fertilizer, and very encouraging results were reported. The plant-food elements themselves contained in mola.s.ses are small in amount, since they are contained in the low percentage of ash after burning, except, of course, nitrogen, which will be entirely saved. Its main value, however, lies in the power to induce bacterial growth, which is so necessary in worn-out soils.
Among the organisms induced by these organic matters may be included certain azotobacter species, which contrary to other forms of plant life, have the power of using nitrogen from the air. Carbohydrates form especially good mediums for their development, and it has been found that the activities of these organisms are increased by an increased amount of this substance.
While excellent results have been attained by the use of low-grade mola.s.ses for fertilizer in other countries yet it remains for the planters here to determine results under Philippine conditions, and the best method of handling their material. In some places where irrigation water is applied, the mola.s.ses is mixed with the water and applied in the usual manner.
The plant-food material contained in mola.s.ses will vary somewhat with the methods of its production, clarifying agents previously used, etc.
The following table will indicate the composition of ash from different mola.s.ses: [6]
==================================================================================1234 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------MillDiffusionOpenCarbonitation.
sulphitation.sulphitation.kettle.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.
Potash49.4852.2051.4850.16 Soda.89.801.11.32 Lime6.476.786.588.53 Magnesia4.293.093.992.66 Iron oxide.35.33.15.47 Alumina.30.22.13.30 Silica4.124.592.834.10 Phosphoric acid3.713.802.12.91 Sulphuric acid10.796.7210.9411.18 Carbonic acid7.4911.1913.0615.78 Chlorine14.0011.959.104.59 -----------------------------------------------------101.89101.67101.4999.00 Deduct O minus Cl.3.162.702.051.04 -----------------------------------------------------98.7398.9799.4497.96 ----------------------------------------------------- Undetermined (carbon, etc.)1.271.030.562.04 Alkalinity (cc. tenth normalper gram ash) cc.809395109 ==================================================================================
In order to make a wise selection of the method of handling the different by-products the manufacturer must take into consideration many factors. Among them will be the quant.i.ty of his output, the facilities for handling it in any specified manner, the demand for different finished products to be made therefrom, etc. All of these and many other points must receive due consideration by a manager who expects to attain success in his work.
COFFEE IN THE PHILIPPINES. [7]
By P. J. Wester, Horticulturist in Charge of Lamao Experiment Station.
Preliminary Remarks.