[72] "Respectfully returned to the Honourable the Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, with the following opinion:
"The acts given in the attached letter of the Provincial Governor of Nueva Vizcaya, dated September 14, 1905, in so far as they refer to the purchase and sale of human beings, are not provided for or punished under the existing Penal Code; but such actions are punishable under that Code when they const.i.tute either the kidnapping of a minor, illegal detention or serious threats, according to sections 481, 484 and 494 thereof.
"Therefore, in accordance with the fourth paragraph of the letter of the said Provincial Governor, I am of the opinion that not only the Igorrotes who stole the Igorrote boy, but also those who received and sold him, as well as the woman who bought him for forty pesos, are guilty of illegal detention. The latter is furthermore guilty of grave threats, inasmuch as she threatened to kill the purchased Igorrote if he tried to escape from her service.
"With reference to paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the attached letter, I believe that those who stole the little Igorrote and also the woman Antonia, who sold him when knowing him to have been kidnapped, are guilty of the offence of illegal detention.
"If the boy who was stolen and sold, referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the enclosed letter, was under seven years of age, then those who stole him are guilty of the offence of kidnapping a minor, and the Igorrote woman, Antonia, and the wife of Senor Arriola, the Clerk of the Court, are accomplices in the crime. But if the child was over seven years old, then the offence would be illegal detention. The same may be said of the case recounted in paragraphs 14 and 15 of this communication. The parties who stole, sold and bought the little Igorrote are guilty of kidnapping a minor or of illegal detention according to the age of the victim.
"The acts committed by Captain Vicente Tomang, referred to in paragraph 16 of this letter, are punishable both as a serious threat and as illegal detention, because he unlawfully deprived the two Igorrote women of their liberty when they desired to leave his service, for which purpose he threatened to kill them.
"Although not asked for in the indors.e.m.e.nt to which this is a reply, I venture to suggest that the Igorrotes who armed themselves and formed a band for the purpose of kidnapping persons for subsequent sale, be punished under Act 1121, which penalizes as bandolerismo the abduction of persons for any purpose, even though there may be no extortion or ransom demanded, if the abduction be done by an armed band.
(Signed) "L. R. Wilfley, "Attorney-General."
[73] Also written "Jamaya."
[74] Republished in "Slavery and Peonage," pp. 37-39.
[75] "Slavery and Peonage," pp. 14-15.
[76] Ibid., p. 21.
[77] Ibid., pp. 23-25.
[78] Ibid., pp. 17-19.
[79] "The Filipino People," Vol. II, No. 1, p. 15, September, 1913.
[80] November 1, 1913.
[81] Speaker of the a.s.sembly.
[82] P. I. R., 206. 1.
[83] Dukut means secret a.s.sa.s.sination.
[84] "I was informed that some Spanish prisoners have succeeded in escaping. It is necessary to redouble vigilance upon them, especially upon the officers of rank and upon the friars, because said prisoners might be of great use to us later on. They should, however, be well treated, but without giving them liberty, and confined within prison walls. If the country requires that they should be killed, you should do so. If you deem it wise, you should secretly issue an order to kill the friars that they may capture. They should be frightened."--P. I. R., 471. 4.
[85] Taylor, Ex. 833. Spanish A. L. S. 32-2.
[86] Taylor, 46 AJ.
[87] Ibid., 15 HS.
[88] "To Chiefs of the Philippine Guerillas:
"The undersigned, Chief of the General Staff in the office of the Captain General, recommends that all chiefs of guerillas, provided that, in their judgment, there is no obstacle in the way, should kindly order their subordinates, down to the lowest, to learn the verb "Dukutar," so as to put it immediately in practice.
"It is the most efficacious specific against every kind of evil-doer, and most salutary for our country.
"Simeon S. Villa.
"Kagayan Valley, November 15, 1900."
Extract from letter-sent book in Spanish of E. Aguinaldo, captured with him.--P. I. R., 368-3.
[89] Dukutar means to a.s.sa.s.sinate.
[90] P. I. R., 1281 and 368. 3.
[91] P. I. R., 1199-1.
[92] "1. The presidentes of all towns who subscribe to and recognize American sovereignty, shall be pursued by all the revolutionists without mercy and when captured shall be sent to these Headquarters for a most summary trial and execution as traitors to the country.
"2. All Filipino citizens, including the wealthy, of the towns, are subject to the preceding regulation.
"3. It shall be the duty of the revolutionary armies with regard to the towns which shall recognize or intend to recognize such sovereignty, to destroy the town or towns and without any consideration whatsoever to kill all males, even the poorest, and set fire to all the houses, without respecting any property excepting that of foreigners. And in order that hereafter such misfortunes may not occur, as chief of this province, I warn all the presidentes and wealthy people of each town to help us as Filipinos as we are your brothers fighting here in the field to give liberty to our mother country and woe to the traitor who falls into the hands of this revolutionary government, which will strictly carry out all the prescriptions above-mentioned.
"As the government which the invaders are endeavoring to establish is always provisional, if all the inhabitants of this province are true Filipinos, they can easily and simply answer that we are subject to the will of the Honorable President Senor Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we follow and recognize in this new born Republic as the President of the Nation."
[93] Taylor, 80 HS.
[94] "January, 1900.
"To the Local Presidente, Tigbauan (Iloilo).
"It is with profound regret that I have to state to you that in accordance with reliable information this military delegation has heard that you and various residents of that town have as electors already taken an oath recognizing the American sovereignty. If this news is true, you still have time to retract the oath, as otherwise we will raze that town to the ground without any hesitation whatever, and you and your companions who have taken the oath shall be considered as proscribed, and consequently deserving of the terrible penalties prescribed by the laws of the revolution. This is not a threat: it is loyal and sincere advice for your own good and that of the town in general.
"May G.o.d keep you many years.
"Pio Claveria, "Delegate of the Military Government.
"31st, 1900." --P. I. R., 1054-8.
[95] "April 3, 1900.
"To the local chiefs mentioned in the margin.
"I have heard with great sorrow that some of the towns of the southern district of this province have taken out the certificates of citizenship issued by the North American enemy, and have also complied with all the orders issued by them; this is exactly opposed to the conduct of the northern district of the province and shows little love for the country and an implied a.s.sent to the Government established by them, for which reason I see myself obliged to impose the severest punishment which is a sentence of death and confiscation of property of all those who shall submit to said Government, from the Chief and his local Cabinet to the lowest citizen, and annihilating their towns. For this purpose I have ordered the Commanders of Zones to watch in their respective districts the towns which may show weakness before said Government, and to impose the punishment which I have mentioned above. This circular is to be published three consecutive nights for general information of all, a report that this has been done being made to these Headquarters. Send it by the fastest couriers from one town to the other, the last one returning it with the endors.e.m.e.nts of the preceding ones.
"Headquarters of Tierra Alta, April 3, 1900.
"Leandro Fullon, "General and P. M. Governor."
--P. I. R., 1047. 2.
[96] P. I. R., 1047. 2.
[97] Ibid., 824. 1.