9b. Leaves smooth beneath; filaments smooth, inserted at the middle of the perianth tube (5-15 dm. high) =Great Solomon"s Seal, Polygonatum commutatum.=
10a. Leaves distinctly clasping the stem; flowers greenish-white =Twisted-stalk, Streptopus amplexifolius.=
10b. Leaves closely sessile; flowers reddish to purple --11.
11a. Rootstock short and thick; berries spherical =Twisted-stalk, Streptopus roseus.=
11b. Rootstock long and slender; berries 3-angled =Twisted-stalk, Streptopus longipes.=
12a. Perianth-segments 5-12 cm. long --13.
12b. Perianth-segments shorter than 5 cm. --19.
13a. Leaves all or chiefly basal, stem-leaves bract-like or none --14.
13b. Leaves chiefly or entirely on the stem --15.
14a. Leaves numerous, linear or sword-shape (flowers orange, summer) =Day Lily, Hemerocallis fulva.=
14b. Leaves a single pair, oblong or lanceolate --21.
15a. Leaves a single whorl of 3 (Wake Robin, Trillium) --22.
15b. Leaves numerous (6-12 dm. high; flowers yellow, orange, or red, in summer) (Lily) --16.
16a. Flowers erect --17.
16b. Flowers nodding --18.
17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 6-15 mm. wide, mostly whorled =Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphic.u.m.=
17b. Leaves linear, 5 mm. wide or less, almost all alternate =Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphic.u.m var. andinum.=
18a. Perianth-segments strongly revolute =Turk"s-cap Lily, Lilium superb.u.m.=
18b. Perianth-segments half-recurved =Yellow Lily, Lilium canadense.=
19a. Flower solitary --20.
19b. Flowers in cl.u.s.ters, not solitary --31.
20a. Stem with a single pair of basal leaves (Dog"s-tooth Violet) --21.
20b. Stem with a single whorl of 3 leaves (1-3 dm. high; spring) (Wake Robin, Trillium) --22.
20c. Stem leafy (Bellwort) --29.
21a. Perianth yellow =Dog"s-tooth Violet, Erythronium americanum.=
21b. Perianth white, bluish, or pinkish =Dog"s-tooth Violet, Erythronium albidum.=
22a. Flower sessile, red or brown --23.
22b. Flower peduncled, white or pink, rarely red --24.
23a. Leaves sessile, sepals spreading =Wake Robin, Trillium sessile.=
23b. Leaves short-petioled, sepals reflexed =Wake Robin, Trillium recurvatum.=
24a. Ovary with 6 distinct wing-like angles --25.
24b. Ovary obtusely 3-angled or lobed --28.
25a. Stamens distinctly longer than the pistil --26.
25b. Stamens equaling or shorter than the pistil --27.
26a. Stigmas erect or nearly so, slender =Wake Robin, Trillium grandiflorum.=
26b. Stigmas strongly recurved or spreading =Wake Robin, Trillium er.e.c.t.u.m.=
27a. Filaments about as long as the anthers =Wake Robin, Trillium cernuum.=
27b. Filaments half as long as the anthers or shorter =Wake Robin, Trillium declinatum.=
28a. Leaves obtuse; petals obtuse, white =Dwarf White Trillium, Trillium nivale.=
28b. Leaves ac.u.minate; petals acute, purple-striped at base =Painted Trillium, Trillium undulatum.=
29a. Leaves sessile (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, spring) =Bellwort, Oakesia sessilifolia.=
29b. Leaves perfoliate (4-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, in spring) --30.
30a. Leaves minutely p.u.b.escent beneath =Bellwort, Uvularia grandiflora.=
30b. Leaves glabrous and all glaucous =Bellwort, Uvularia perfoliata.=
31a. Stem bearing 2 whorls of 3-9 leaves (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale yellow, early summer) =Indian Cuc.u.mber-root, Medeola virginiana.=
31b. Stem-leaves not whorled, or all leaves basal --32.
32a. Flowers in umbels --33.
32b. Flowers in racemes or panicles --38.
33a. Plant with the odor of onions or garlic (leaves all or chiefly basal; flower-stalks 2-8 dm. high, late spring or summer) --34.
33b. Plant not with the odor of onions (leaves basal; flower-stalks 2-3 dm. high, with an umbel of 3-6 greenish-yellow flowers in late spring) =Clintonia, Clintonia borealis.=