[Footnote A: Compare "Childe Harold"s Pilgrimage" (canto iv. II):
"The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord."
Ed.]
"Once did She hold the gorgeous east in fee."
The special glory of Venice dates from the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1202. The fourth Crusade--in which the French and Venetians alone took part--started from Venice, in October 1202, under the command of the Doge, Henry Dandolo. Its aim, however, was not the recovery of Palestine, but the conquest of Constantinople. At the close of the crusade, Venice received the Morea, part of Thessaly, the Cyclades, many of the Byzantine cities, and the coasts of the h.e.l.lespont, with three-eighths of the city of Constantinople itself, the Doge taking the curious t.i.tle of Duke of three-eighths of the Roman Empire.
"And was the safeguard of the west."
This may refer to the prominent part which Venice took in the Crusades, or to the development of her naval power, which made her mistress of the Mediterranean for many years, and an effective bulwark against invasions from the East.
"The eldest Child of Liberty."
The origin of the Venetian State was the flight of many of the inhabitants of the mainland--on the invasion of Italy by Attila--to the chain of islands that lie at the head of the Adriatic.
"In the midst of the waters, free, indigent, laborious, and inaccessible, they gradually coalesced into a republic: the first foundations of Venice were laid in the island of Rialto.... On the verge of the two empires the Venetians exult in the belief of primitive and perpetual independence."
Gibbon"s "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", chap. lx.
"And, when she took unto herself a Mate, She must espouse the everlasting Sea."
In 1177, Pope Alexander III. appealed to the Venetian Republic for protection against the German Emperor. The Venetians were successful in a naval battle at Saboro, against Otho, the son of Frederick Barbarossa.
In return, the Pope presented the Doge Liani with a ring, with which he told him to wed the Adriatic, that posterity might know that the sea was subject to Venice, "as a bride is to her husband."
In September 1796, nearly six years before this sonnet was written, the fate of the old Venetian Republic was sealed by the treaty of Campo Formio. The French army under Napoleon had subdued Italy, and, having crossed the Alps, threatened Vienna. To avert impending disaster, the Emperor Francis arranged a treaty which extinguished the Venetian Republic. He divided its territory between himself and Napoleon, Austria retaining Istria, Dalmatia, and the left bank of the Adige in the Venetian State, with the "maiden city" itself; France receiving the rest of the territory and the Ionian Islands. Since the date of that treaty the city has twice been annexed to Italy.--Ed.
THE KING OF SWEDEN
Composed August, 1802.--Published 1807
The Voice of song from distant lands shall call To that great [1] King; shall hail the crowned Youth Who, taking counsel of unbending Truth, By one example hath set forth to all How they with dignity may stand; or fall, 5 If fall they must. Now, whither doth it tend?
And what to him and his shall be the end?
That thought is one which neither can appal Nor cheer him; for the ill.u.s.trious Swede hath done The thing which ought to be; is raised _above_ [2] 10 All consequences: work he hath begun Of fort.i.tude, and piety, and love, Which all his glorious ancestors approve: The heroes bless him, him their rightful son.
VARIANTS ON THE TEXT
[Variant 1:
1807.
... bold ... In 1838 only.]
[Variant 2:
1845.
... He stands _above_ 1807.]
The following is Wordsworth"s note to this sonnet, added in 1837:
"In this and a succeeding Sonnet on the same subject, let me be understood as a Poet availing himself of the situation which the King of Sweden occupied, and of the principles AVOWED IN HIS MANIFESTOS; as laying hold of these advantages for the purpose of embodying moral truths. This remark might, perhaps, as well have been suppressed; for to those who may be in sympathy with the course of these Poems, it will be superfluous; and will, I fear, be thrown away upon that other cla.s.s, whose besotted admiration of the intoxicated despot hereafter placed [A] in contrast with him, is the most melancholy evidence of degradation in British feeling and intellect which the times have furnished."
The king referred to is Gustavus IV., who was born in 1778, proclaimed king in 1792, and died in 1837. His first public act after his accession was to join in the coalition against Napoleon, and dislike of Napoleon was the main-spring of his policy. It is to this that Wordsworth refers in the sonnet:
"... the ill.u.s.trious Swede hath done The thing which ought to be ..."
It made him unpopular, however, and gave rise to a conspiracy against him, and to his consequent abdication in 1809. He "died forgotten and in poverty."--Ed.
[Footnote A: See the sonnet beginning "Call not the royal Swede unfortunate," vol. iv. p. 224.--Ed.]
TO TOUSSAINT L"OUVERTURE
Composed August, 1802.--Published 1807 [A]